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Titanium ultrasonic reactor tuned to 500 kHz 钛超声反应器调至500千赫
IF 1.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2023001
Shahar Seifer
This study describes the design considerations, principles, and performance of a water-filled ultrasonic reactor formed by a 125 mm size titanium cylinder covered with 67 piezoelectric transducers, tuned as a system for peak emissions at 500 kHz. The total acoustic power measured by a radiation force balance is 107 W. The sound intensity is amplified by the cavity and focusing attributes of the cylindrical wall. The reactor can generate ZnO nanoparticles from ZnAc2 solution, and the nanoparticle are found fixated to an epoxy substrate as observed under a scanning transmission electron microscope. These indications are similar to a sonochemical reaction reported at 20 kHz, which validates that inertial cavitation has been reached. The titanium wall has a transmission efficiency of 51% compared to a well-matched POCO graphite-resin layer. The efficiency exceeds the value of 17% expected from a naïve calculation based on the impedance-translation theorem. The problem of optimal emission from a piezoelectric source is more complex than a simple reduction of reflections at the transducer boundary. COMSOL simulations show that the condition for optimal transmission requires consideration of elasticity and piezoelectric charge matrices instead of acoustic impedance. Approximated analytical calculation is suggested as a preliminary guidance for design of an optimal matching layer.
本研究描述了一个充满水的超声波反应器的设计考虑、原理和性能,该反应器由一个125毫米大小的钛圆柱体组成,上面覆盖着67个压电换能器,作为500 kHz峰值发射系统进行调谐。用辐射力天平测得的总声功率为107瓦。声强被圆柱壁面的空腔和聚焦特性放大。该反应器可以从ZnAc2溶液中生成ZnO纳米粒子,并通过扫描透射电子显微镜观察到纳米粒子固定在环氧基板上。这些迹象类似于在20千赫报道的声化学反应,这证实了惯性空化已经达到。与匹配良好的POCO石墨树脂层相比,钛壁的透射效率为51%。效率超过了基于阻抗平移定理naïve计算的17%的预期值。压电源的最佳发射问题比在换能器边界上简单地减少反射要复杂得多。COMSOL仿真表明,最优传输条件需要考虑弹性和压电电荷矩阵,而不是声阻抗。提出了近似解析计算作为最优匹配层设计的初步指导。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis by synthesis of engine sounds for the design of dynamic auditory feedback of electric vehicles 发动机声综合分析用于电动汽车动态听觉反馈设计
IF 1.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2023031
Théophile Dupré, Sébastien Denjean, M. Aramaki, R. Kronland-Martinet
In traditional combustion engine vehicles, the sound of the engine plays an important role in enhancing the driver’s experience of the vehicle’s dynamics, and contributes to both comfort and safety. However, with the development of quieter electric vehicles, drivers no longer receive this important auditory feedback, and this can lead to a less satisfying acoustic environment in the vehicle cabin. To address this issue, sonification strategies have been developed for electric vehicles to provide similar auditory feedback to the driver, but feedback from users has suggested that the sounds produced by these strategies do not blend seamlessly with the other sounds in the vehicle cabin. This study focuses on identifying the key acoustic parameters that create a sense of cohesion between the synthetic sounds and the vehicle’s natural soundscape, based on the characteristics of traditional combustion engine vehicles. Through analyzing the time and frequency of the noises produced by combustion engine vehicles, the presence of micro-modulations in both frequency and amplitude was identified, as well as resonances caused by the transfer of sound between the engine and the cabin. These parameters were incorporated into a synthesis model for the sonification of electric vehicle dynamics, based on the Shepard-Risset illusion. A perceptual test was conducted, and the results showed that the inclusion of resonances in the synthesized sounds significantly enhanced their naturalness, while micro-modulations had no significant impact.
在传统的内燃机汽车中,发动机的声音在增强驾驶员对车辆动力学的体验方面起着重要的作用,对舒适性和安全性都有贡献。然而,随着更安静的电动汽车的发展,驾驶员不再接受这种重要的听觉反馈,这可能导致车辆舱内的声学环境不太令人满意。为了解决这个问题,电动汽车已经开发出了声音化策略,为驾驶员提供类似的听觉反馈,但用户的反馈表明,这些策略产生的声音不能与车内其他声音无缝融合。本研究的重点是在传统内燃机汽车的特点基础上,确定能够在合成声音和车辆自然声景之间产生凝聚力的关键声学参数。通过对内燃机车辆产生噪声的时间和频率的分析,确定了频率和振幅的微调制,以及发动机和座舱之间的声音传递引起的共振。基于Shepard-Risset错觉,将这些参数纳入电动汽车动力学声化的综合模型。我们进行了感知测试,结果表明,在合成声音中加入共振可以显著增强其自然度,而微调制则没有显著影响。
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引用次数: 0
Overview on state-of-the-art numerical modeling of the phonation process 最新的发声过程数值模拟综述
IF 1.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2023014
M. Döllinger, Zhaoyan Zhang, S. Schoder, P. Šidlof, Bogac Tur, S. Kniesburges
Numerical modeling of the human phonatory process has become more and more in focus during the last two decades. The increase in computational power and the use of high-performance computation (HPC) yielded more complex models being closer to the actual fluid-structure-acoustic interaction (FSAI) within the human phonatory process. However, several different simulation approaches with varying mathematical complexity and focus on certain parts of the phonatory process exist. Currently, models are suggested based on ordinary differential equations (reduced order models) but also on partial differential equations based on continuum mechanics as e.g. the Navier–Stokes equations for the flow discretized by Finite-Volume or Finite-Element-Methods. This review will illuminate current trends and recent progress within the area. In summary, the ultimate simulation model satisfying all physiological needs and scientific opinions still has to be developed.
近二十年来,人类发声过程的数值模拟越来越受到关注。计算能力的提高和高性能计算(HPC)的使用产生了更复杂的模型,更接近人类发声过程中实际的流体-结构-声学相互作用(FSAI)。然而,存在几种不同的模拟方法,它们具有不同的数学复杂性,并专注于发音过程的某些部分。目前,人们提出的模型是基于常微分方程(降阶模型),但也有基于连续介质力学的偏微分方程,如有限体积法或有限元法离散的Navier-Stokes方程。这一审查将阐明该领域的当前趋势和最新进展。综上所述,最终满足所有生理需求和科学观点的模拟模型仍有待发展。
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引用次数: 4
Proposal of a simplified methodology for reverberation time prediction in standard medium size rooms with non-uniformly distributed sound absorption 非均匀吸声条件下标准中型房间混响时间预测的简化方法
IF 1.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2023025
D. Mateus, A. Pereira
Sabine, Eyring and Millington formulas are commonly used for reverberation time prediction, mainly, as a calculation tool in building acoustics design. These classical theories are valid only for rooms with diffuse sound fields, in which the energy density is constant throughout the enclosure, an acoustic condition that is achieved only when using surfaces with low sound absorption. Despite these limitations, Sabine’s formula is still the most widely used in the prediction of the reverberation time, when spaces such as classrooms or offices are addressed. However, for these rooms, after the construction works are completed, it is quite often verified that the implemented sound-absorbent surface area is manifestly insufficient to fulfill the reverberation time requirement. In this technical note a simplified approach for reverberation time prediction, based on the use of Sabine’s formula, is proposed, that can be useful in acoustic design of classrooms or offices, due to its simplicity. A previous correction to the sound absorption coefficient of the lining materials declared by the manufacturer is here proposed, making use of an empirical correction that was achieved from in situ experimental results and through geometrical room acoustic modelling. The empirical correction can be employed for room conditions where diffuse sound field is not met, composed of small or medium volumes (volume below 300 m3), with regular geometry, approaching parallelepipedal shapes, where the average height is below 4.0 m.
Sabine、Eyring和Millington公式通常用于混响时间预测,主要作为建筑声学设计中的计算工具。这些经典理论仅适用于具有漫射声场的房间,其中能量密度在整个外壳中是恒定的,这种声学条件只有在使用低吸声表面时才能实现。尽管有这些限制,Sabine的公式仍然是最广泛用于混响时间的预测,当教室或办公室等空间被处理时。然而,对于这些房间,在建筑工程完成后,经常被证实实施的吸声表面积明显不足以满足混响时间的要求。在本技术说明中,基于Sabine公式的使用,提出了一种简化的混响时间预测方法,由于其简单性,可用于教室或办公室的声学设计。在此建议对制造商声明的衬里材料的吸声系数进行先前的修正,利用从原位实验结果和几何室内声学建模中获得的经验修正。经验校正可用于不满足漫射声场的室内条件,由中小型体积(体积小于300 m3)组成,几何形状规则,接近平行六面体形状,平均高度在4.0 m以下。
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引用次数: 0
Measurement of the diffuse field sound absorption using a sound field synthesis method 用声场合成法测量漫射场声吸收
IF 1.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2023021
S. Dupont, Maryna Sanalatii, M. Melon, O. Robin, A. Berry, J. Le Roux
A method for measuring the diffuse field sound absorption coefficient of a material using sound field synthesis is proposed. A planar loudspeaker array is first used to generate acoustic plane waves with variable incidence angle on the surface of a material under test. Using a two-microphone probe positioned closely to the sample’s surface, the angle-dependent sound absorption coefficients are then estimated. Finally, the diffuse field absorption coefficient is computed following Paris formula. Numerical simulations are used to evaluate the respective effects of the maximum incidence angle value and the number of individual incidence angles that are required for a robust calculation of the diffuse sound field absorption. Measurements are conducted on three different materials and compared with either simulation results obtained using the Johnson-Champoux-Allard theory, or with measurement results obtained using the standard reverberation chamber method. For all considered materials and over a wide frequency range, the proposed method leads to results that are in better agreement with theoretical predictions than those obtained using standardized methods.
提出了一种利用声场合成技术测量材料散射场吸声系数的方法。首先利用平面扬声器阵列在被测材料表面产生变入射角的声平面波。使用靠近样品表面的双传声器探头,然后估计与角度相关的声吸收系数。最后,根据Paris公式计算了散射场吸收系数。数值模拟用于评估最大入射角值和单个入射角的数量各自的影响,这是需要一个稳健的漫射声场吸收计算。对三种不同的材料进行了测量,并与Johnson-Champoux-Allard理论得到的模拟结果或使用标准混响室方法得到的测量结果进行了比较。对于所有考虑的材料和在较宽的频率范围内,所提出的方法导致的结果比使用标准化方法获得的结果更符合理论预测。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing the number of twists of stranded wires using ultrasound 利用超声评估绞合钢丝的扭转次数
IF 1.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2023012
P. Pomarède, E. T. Ahmed Mohamed, N. Declercq
Wiring, of different degrees of complexity, is a dominant part of mechanical support in constructions, electromagnetic and telecommunication signal transmission cables, among other applications. Single and manifold twisted wires are prominent examples of such utilities and are susceptible to mechanical irritations and deterioration. They require ultrasonic non-destructive testing and health monitoring. The objective is to develop an ultrasound-based technique to automatically measure the number of twists per meter in winded wire strands implementable in the industry, to be used during an ultrasonic scan and provide the number of twists per meter during cable production, for instance, to verify that calibration is still in place. Fourier transformation is applied as an expedited non-destructive testing method of twisted wires. Digital signal processing to obtain spatial and time spectral representation recognition due to amplitude variance, induced by the varying distance between the transducer and wire, is developed depending on the number of twists. Two different spatial spectral analyses satisfactorily quantify the number of twists by providing the distance between each twist. The method is robust and applicable when the distance between the transducer and strand is not constant, as the industry requires.
在建筑、电磁和电信信号传输电缆等应用中,布线是机械支撑的主要部分,其复杂程度不同。单绞线和多绞线是此类公用事业的突出例子,容易受到机械刺激和恶化。它们需要超声波无损检测和健康监测。目标是开发一种基于超声波的技术,以自动测量行业中可实施的缠绕线束每米的缠绕数,用于超声波扫描,并提供电缆生产过程中每米的缠绕数,例如,验证校准是否仍然到位。将傅里叶变换应用于捻线的快速无损检测。由于换能器与导线之间的距离变化引起的振幅变化,根据扭曲的次数进行了数字信号处理,以获得空间和时间谱表示识别。两种不同的空间光谱分析通过提供每个扭曲之间的距离来令人满意地量化扭曲的数量。当传感器和钢绞线之间的距离不恒定时,该方法是稳健的,适用于工业要求。
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引用次数: 0
Numerical study of Rayleigh wave interaction with wedge geometry 瑞利波与楔形相互作用的数值研究
IF 1.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2023030
Alex Vu, S. Chakrapani
This article aims to study the interaction of Rayleigh or surface wave with a varying angled wedge using numerical simulations. This work uses numerical tools to understand this complex problem and fills some existing gaps such as the influence of frequency and geometry of the wedge (curved vs. sharp transition). Quantitative analysis was carried out by calculating the transmission and reflection coefficients, and qualitative analysis used displacement vector plots to study the scattering and mode conversion phenomenon. The results suggest a strong dependence of transmission and reflection coefficients on the frequency and geometry of transition, which has not been reported before in the literature.
本文旨在用数值模拟方法研究瑞利波或面波与不同角度楔形的相互作用。这项工作使用数值工具来理解这个复杂的问题,并填补了一些现有的空白,如频率和楔形几何形状的影响(弯曲与尖锐过渡)。通过计算透射和反射系数进行定量分析,利用位移矢量图进行定性分析,研究散射和模式转换现象。结果表明,透射和反射系数对频率和跃迁几何形状的依赖性很强,这在以前的文献中没有报道过。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of laser scanning and photogrammetric scanning accuracy on the numerical determination of Head-Related Transfer Functions of a dummy head 激光扫描和摄影测量扫描精度对假头头部相关传递函数数值确定的分析
3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2023049
Fabio Di Giusto, Sjoerd van Ophem, Wim Desmet, Elke Deckers
Individual Head-Related Transfer Functions (HRTFs) are necessary for the accurate rendering of virtual scenes. However, their acquisition is challenging given the complex pinna shape. Numerical methods can be leveraged to compute HRTFs on meshes originating from precise scans of a subject. Although photogrammetry can be used for the scanning, its inaccuracy might affect the spatial cues of simulated HRTFs. This paper aims to assess the significance of the photogrammetric error affecting a Neumann KU100 dummy head scan. The geometrical differences between the photogrammetric scan and a laser scan are mainly located at the pinna cavities. The computed photogrammetric HRTFs, compared to measured and simulated data using objective and perceptually inspired metrics, show deviation in high frequency spectral features, stemming from the photogrammetric scanning error. This spectral deviation hinders the modelled elevation perception with photogrammetric HRTFs to levels comparable to renderings with nonindividual data. Extracting the photogrammetric geometry at individual ear cavities and merging it to the laser mesh, an assessment of the influence of the inaccuracy at different pinna structures is conducted. Correlation analysis between acoustic and geometrical metrics computed on the results is used to identify the most relevant geometrical metrics in relation to the HRTFs.
单个头部相关传递函数(hrtf)对于虚拟场景的准确渲染是必要的。然而,考虑到复杂的耳廓形状,收购它们是具有挑战性的。数值方法可用于计算源自对象精确扫描的网格上的hrtf。虽然摄影测量可以用于扫描,但其不准确性可能会影响模拟hrtf的空间线索。本文旨在评估摄影测量误差对诺伊曼KU100假人头部扫描的影响。摄影测量扫描与激光扫描的几何差异主要在耳廓腔处。与使用客观和感知启发度量的测量和模拟数据相比,计算的摄影测量hrtf显示出高频频谱特征的偏差,这源于摄影测量扫描误差。这种光谱偏差阻碍了用摄影测量hrtf模拟的高程感知达到与使用非个体数据的渲染相当的水平。提取单个耳腔的摄影测量几何图形并将其合并到激光网格中,评估了不同耳廓结构的不准确性对激光网格的影响。声学和几何度量之间的相关性分析用于确定与hrtf相关的最相关的几何度量。
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引用次数: 7
Recognition of foreign-accented vocoded speech by native English listeners 母语为英语的听众对外国口音语音编码的识别
3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2023038
Jing Yang, Jenna Barrett, Zhigang Yin, Li Xu
This study examined how talker accentedness affects the recognition of noise-vocoded speech by native English listeners and how contextual information interplays with talker accentedness during this process. The listeners included 20 native English-speaking, normal-hearing adults aged between 19 and 23 years old. The stimuli were English Hearing in Noise Test (HINT) and Revised Speech Perception in Noise (R-SPIN) sentences produced by four native Mandarin talkers (two males and two females) who learned English as a second language. Two talkers (one in each sex) had a mild foreign accent and the other two had a moderate foreign accent. A six-channel noise vocoder was used to process the stimulus sentences. The vocoder-processed and unprocessed sentences were presented to the listeners. The results revealed that talkers’ foreign accents introduced additional detrimental effects besides spectral degradation and that the negative effect was exacerbated as the foreign accent became stronger. While the contextual information provided a beneficial role in recognizing mildly accented vocoded speech, the magnitude of contextual benefit decreased as the talkers’ accentedness increased. These findings revealed the joint influence of talker variability and sentence context on the perception of degraded speech.
本研究考察了说话者的口音如何影响母语为英语的听者对噪声语音的识别,以及语境信息在这一过程中如何与说话者的口音相互作用。听众包括20名母语为英语、听力正常的成年人,年龄在19至23岁之间。以英语为第二语言的四名普通话母语者(男、女各两名)所做的英语噪音听力测试(HINT)和修正噪音语音感知(R-SPIN)句子作为刺激。两个说话的人(男女各一个)有轻微的外国口音,另外两个有中度的外国口音。采用六通道噪声声码器对刺激句进行处理。将经过声码处理和未处理的句子呈现给听者。结果表明,说话者的外国口音除了会导致频谱退化外,还会带来额外的有害影响,而且这种负面影响会随着外国口音的增强而加剧。虽然上下文信息在识别轻度口音的语音编码中发挥了有益的作用,但随着说话者口音的增加,上下文信息的益处程度也会降低。这些发现揭示了说话者变异和句子语境对言语退化感知的共同影响。
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引用次数: 0
Towards predicting immersion in surround sound music reproduction from sound field features 从声场特征预测环绕声音乐再现的沉浸感
3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2023040
Roman Kiyan, Jakob Bergner, Stephan Preihs, Yves Wycisk, Daphne Schössow, Kilian Sander, Jürgen Peissig, Reinhard Kopiez
When evaluating surround sound loudspeaker reproduction, perceptual effects are commonly analyzed in relationship to different loudspeaker configurations. The presented work contributes to this by modeling perceptual effects based on acoustic properties of various reproduction formats. A model of immersion in music listening is derived from the results of an experimental study analyzing the psychological construct of immersive music experience. The proposed approach is evaluated with respect to the relationship between immersion ratings and sound field features obtained from re-recordings of the stimuli using a spherical microphone array at the listening position. Spatial sound field parameters such as inter-aural cross-correlation (IACC), diffuseness and directivity are found to be of particular relevance. Further, immersion is observed to reach a point of saturation with greater numbers of loudspeakers, which is confirmed to be predictable from the physical properties of the sound field. Although effects related to participants and musical pieces outweigh the impact of sound field features, the proposed approach is found to be suitable for predicting population-average ratings, i.e. immersion experienced by an average listener for unknown content. The proposed method could complement existing research on multichannel loudspeaker reproduction by establishing a more generalizable framework independent of particular speaker setups.
在评估环绕声扬声器再现时,通常会分析不同扬声器配置的感知效果。提出的工作有助于这一点,建模基于声学特性的各种复制格式的感知效应。通过对沉浸式音乐体验心理结构的实验研究,建立了沉浸式音乐聆听模型。根据浸入等级和声场特征之间的关系,对所提出的方法进行了评估,这些特征是通过在聆听位置使用球形麦克风阵列重新记录刺激而获得的。空间声场参数,如耳间相互关联(IACC),扩散和指向性被发现是特别相关的。此外,我们观察到,当扬声器数量更多时,浸入会达到饱和点,这被证实是可以从声场的物理性质来预测的。尽管与参与者和音乐作品相关的影响大于声场特征的影响,但所提出的方法被发现适用于预测人口平均评级,即普通听众对未知内容的沉浸感。该方法可以通过建立一个独立于特定扬声器设置的更通用的框架来补充现有的多声道扬声器再现研究。
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引用次数: 0
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