Underground Space最新文献_第2页

Optimization of shield tunnel joints: Focusing on structural performance with considerations for low-carbon emissions and economic efficiency 盾构隧道接缝优化：注重结构性能，兼顾低碳排放和经济效益

IF 8.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Underground Space

Pub Date : 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.undsp.2025.02.012

Minjin Cai , Timon Rabczuk , Shuwei Zhou , Xiaoying Zhuang

Optimizing shield tunnel joints is essential to meet the evolving demands of modern construction, where balancing structural performance, environmental impact, and cost efficiency is increasingly important. Traditional cast iron joint (CIJ) has been widely used, but there remains significant room for improvement in terms of both their mechanical efficiency and sustainability. This study addresses these challenges by investigating two alternative designs: the single row sleeve joint (SRSJ) and the double row sleeve joint (DRSJ). The research focuses on evaluating their mechanical performance and potential to reduce carbon emissions and costs, offering a more comprehensive and future-forward solution compared to the traditional CIJ. Through experimental testing, key performance factors such as joint deflection, rotational angle, concrete strain, and bolt strain were analyzed alongside joint toughness, ductility, cracking patterns, embodied carbon, and material cost. Key findings revealed that SRSJ achieved 97% of CIJ’s ultimate bearing capacity, while DRSJ reached only 75%. In the elastic phase, SRSJ performed significantly better, supporting twice the load of CIJ. Bolt strain analysis showed that DRSJ experienced greater stress concentration, while SRSJ maintained balanced strain distribution. SRSJ also outperformed CIJ and DRSJ in toughness and ductility, particularly in rotational flexibility, exceeding CIJ by 76%. SRSJ and DRSJ all demonstrated lower embodied carbon and costs compared to CIJ, with reductions of up to 7.21% in emissions and 6.42% in costs. Overall, SRSJ emerged as a viable alternative, balancing mechanical performance, sustainability, and cost efficiency. In contrast, DRSJ’s stress concentration issues limited its effectiveness, making it less advantageous compared to CIJ.

在平衡结构性能、环境影响和成本效益日益重要的现代建筑中，优化盾构隧道节点对于满足不断变化的需求至关重要。传统的铸铁接头（CIJ）已被广泛使用，但在机械效率和可持续性方面仍有很大的改进空间。本研究通过研究单排套筒接头（SRSJ）和双排套筒接头（DRSJ）两种可选设计来解决这些挑战。该研究的重点是评估其机械性能和减少碳排放和成本的潜力，与传统的CIJ相比，提供更全面、更前瞻性的解决方案。通过试验测试，分析了节点挠度、转角、混凝土应变、螺栓应变等关键性能因素，以及节点韧性、延性、开裂模式、含碳量和材料成本。关键研究结果表明，SRSJ达到了CIJ极限承载力的97%，而DRSJ仅达到75%。在弹性阶段，SRSJ的表现明显更好，可以承受CIJ的两倍载荷。锚杆应变分析表明，DRSJ的应力集中程度较大，而SRSJ的应变分布较为平衡。SRSJ在韧性和延展性方面也优于CIJ和DRSJ，特别是在旋转灵活性方面，超过CIJ 76%。与CIJ相比，SRSJ和DRSJ都显示出更低的隐含碳和成本，排放量减少了7.21%，成本减少了6.42%。总之，SRSJ在平衡机械性能、可持续性和成本效率方面成为一种可行的替代方案。相比之下，DRSJ的应力集中问题限制了其有效性，使其与CIJ相比不那么有利。

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引用次数: 0

Erratum to “Numerical analysis of straight and curved underground pipeline performance after rehabilitation by cured-in-place method”. [Undergr. Sp. 5 (2020) 30–42] “就地养护法修复后地下直、弯管道性能数值分析”的勘误。[Undergr。Sp. 5 (2020) 30-42]

IF 8.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Underground Space

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.undsp.2025.11.001

K.J. Shou, C.C. Huang

引用次数: 0

Preliminary risk assessment of metro lines subjected to adjacent disturbance with time-series InSAR 基于时间序列InSAR的相邻扰动地铁线路风险初步评估

IF 8.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Underground Space

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.undsp.2025.09.002

Zhiwen Xu , Suhua Zhou , Qingshan Zhang , Jiuchang Zhang , Chuting Huang

The urban metro system is a crucial infrastructure for sustainable urban development. However, ground engineering disturbances, such as foundation pit excavations and overloading, can cause damage to the metro structure, including cracks and water leakage. By integrating small baseline subset synthetic aperture radar interferometry (SBAS-InSAR) technology, this study develops a preliminary risk assessment methodology for metro lines that are subjected to ground engineering disturbances. A relevant case from Changsha was proposed, spanning from January 2017 to July 2023, using a dataset of 147 Sentinel satellite images. Key findings include: (1) InSAR technology effectively monitors ground settlement, the areas with significant construction activities, the average annual settlement rate typically exceeds −6 mm/yr, with some regions reaching up to −10 mm/yr. In contrast, most areas without ground disturbance usually experience surface settlement not exceeding −2 mm/yr. (2) Satellite imagery analysis of metro areas with settlement differences greater than 20 mm revealed that most of these regions are influenced by foundation pit excavation, and some regions may be influenced by soil consolidation. (3) Overall, metro lines in Changsha have a low risk level, with certain areas classified as “high risk”. In the high-risk sections, Line 2 and Line 6 account for 32.7% and 20%, respectively, and regular inspections are required. This study would be beneficial to sustainable urban transportation.

城市地铁系统是城市可持续发展的重要基础设施。然而，地面工程扰动，如基坑开挖和超载，会对地铁结构造成破坏，包括裂缝和漏水。通过集成小基线子集合成孔径雷达干涉测量（SBAS-InSAR）技术，本研究开发了一种受地面工程干扰的地铁线路的初步风险评估方法。在2017年1月至2023年7月期间，利用147张Sentinel卫星图像的数据集，提出了长沙的相关案例。主要发现包括：(1)InSAR技术能有效监测地表沉降，在建筑活动量较大的区域，年平均沉降速率一般超过−6 mm/yr，部分区域可达−10 mm/yr。相比之下，大多数没有地面扰动的地区的地表沉降通常不超过- 2毫米/年。(2)沉降差异大于20 mm的地铁区域的卫星影像分析表明，大部分区域受基坑开挖的影响，部分区域可能受土体固结的影响。(3)长沙市地铁线路总体风险水平较低，部分区域为“高风险”区域。在高危路段，2号线和6号线分别占32.7%和20%，并需要定期检查。本研究对城市交通可持续发展具有一定的指导意义。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of roughness on the mechanical response of rock-like specimens with nonpersistent joints under uniaxial compression based on joint deformation analysis 基于节理变形分析的单轴压缩下粗糙度对非持久节理类岩石试件力学响应的影响

IF 8.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Underground Space

Pub Date : 2025-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.undsp.2025.09.001

Hong Yin , Zehui Gao , Yulong Shao , Shuhong Wang , Jae-Joon Song , Ye Wang , Jineon Kim , Shan Guo

Joint deformation is a key factor controlling the mechanical behavior of discontinuous rock strata under changing stress conditions, including dominating the elastic deformation in near-surface excavations and serving as a major component of settlement under higher stress. This study, focusing on joint deformation behavior, investigates the effect of joint roughness on the peak stress and failure modes of specimens under uniaxial compression. Rock-like specimens with two layers of parallel, nonpersistent joints, one rough, were fabricated using 3D printing technology. Digital image correlation was used to capture real-time surface displacement fields, and a joint deformation analysis method was developed. The results show that joints exhibit staged, non-uniform closure and slip behavior, influenced by joint roughness, distribution of primary and secondary joints, and layered arrangement. Rough joints accelerate closure but hinder slip coordination, resulting in a three-stage loading process. In stage I, primary closure and layer-coordinated slip occur, accompanied by crack initiation, joint coalescence, and steady stress growth. Stage II involves secondary closure and overall coordinated slip, leading to localized failure and stress stabilization. Stage III is characterized by complete closure, uncoordinated slip, intensified crack propagation, and specimen failure, accompanied by stress hardening. The study reveals that joint deformation serves as a bridge linking roughness and peak strength. The average joint closure level and slip coordination are linearly negatively correlated with roughness but nonlinearly positively correlated with peak strength. Roughness restricts slip coordination, limiting crack propagation and delaying failure, which slows stress growth. Redistribution of joint aperture during slip reduces joint closure, weakens wall contact, and diminishes stress hardening.

节理变形是控制非连续岩体在变应力条件下力学行为的关键因素，在近地表开挖中主导弹性变形，是高应力下沉降的主要组成部分。本研究着眼于节理的变形行为，研究了节理粗糙度对单轴压缩下试件峰值应力和破坏模式的影响。用3D打印技术制造了两层平行的岩石样样品，其中一层是粗糙的。采用数字图像相关技术实时捕获地表位移场，并建立了一种关节变形分析方法。结果表明：受节理粗糙度、主、次节理分布和层状排列的影响，节理表现出阶段性、非均匀闭合和滑移行为；粗糙的接头加速了闭合，但阻碍了滑移协调，导致了三个阶段的加载过程。在第一阶段，发生初级闭合和层间协调滑移，伴随着裂纹萌生、节理合并和稳定的应力增长。第二阶段涉及二次闭合和整体协调滑动，导致局部破坏和应力稳定。阶段III的特征是完全闭合，滑移不协调，裂纹扩展加剧，试样破坏，并伴有应力硬化。研究表明，节理变形是连接粗糙度和峰值强度的桥梁。平均节理闭合水平和滑移协调性与粗糙度呈线性负相关，与峰值强度呈非线性正相关。粗糙度限制了滑移协调，限制了裂纹扩展，延缓了破坏，减缓了应力增长。滑移过程中节理孔径的重新分布减少了节理闭合，减弱了壁面接触，减少了应力硬化。

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引用次数: 0

Probabilistic seismic response analysis of tunnel linings considering coupled rock mass property and earthquake excitation uncertainties 考虑岩体特性耦合和地震激励不确定性的隧道衬砌概率地震反应分析

IF 8.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Underground Space

Pub Date : 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.undsp.2025.08.001

Xiancheng Mei , Jiajun Wu , Baiyi Li , Zhen Cui , Chong Yu , Qian Sheng , Jian Chen

Tunnel lining seismic performance is significantly influenced by the spatial variability of geological parameters and the uncertainty of earthquake excitation factors, which are conventionally treated in isolation. This study proposes a novel probabilistic framework that integrates random field theory with an enhanced Clough–Penzien spectrum to concurrently model both uncertainty sources. The approach offers a more realistic and integrated assessment of seismic risk for tunnels under complex geological and loading conditions. The case analysis of a railway project reveals that considering both spatial variability of rock mass and uncertainty in seismic excitation leads to significant increases in internal forces and their variability, with mean values rising up to 278.9% and coefficients of variation (COV) up to 262.8%, compared to single-factor random analyses. The non-normal distribution of responses under seismic uncertainty, combined with the broader dispersion from rock variability, necessitates integrating both random factors for reliable seismic performance assessment of tunnels. Parametric studies demonstrate spectral parameters, including initial circular frequency (ω₀), equivalent damping ratio (ξ₀), and peak acceleration (a_max), significantly influence results: increasing ω₀ and ξ₀ markedly reduces both the mean and COV of lining mechanical response-by up to 83.5% and 82.5%, respectively-potentially underestimating failure risk and underscoring the need to adopt lower-bound values in design for enhanced safety. Meanwhile, a_max positively correlates with mean structural response, while variability in internal forces follows distinct trajectories; moreover, the interaction between rock spatial variability and seismic uncertainty raises failure probabilities by 3%–38%, emphasizing the necessity of integrating both randomness sources, especially in high-intensity seismic regions.

隧道衬砌的抗震性能受地质参数的空间变异性和地震激励因素的不确定性的显著影响，这些因素通常被孤立地处理。本研究提出了一种新的概率框架，该框架将随机场理论与增强的Clough-Penzien谱结合起来，同时模拟两个不确定性源。该方法为复杂地质和荷载条件下隧道地震危险性的综合评估提供了更为现实的依据。对某铁路工程的实例分析表明，考虑岩体空间变异性和地震激励的不确定性，与单因素随机分析相比，内力及其变异性显著增加，平均值可达278.9%，变异系数（COV）可达262.8%。地震不确定性下响应的非正态分布，再加上岩石变异性的广泛分散，需要将这两种随机因素结合起来，才能进行可靠的隧道抗震性能评估。参数研究表明，包括初始圆频率（ω0）、等效阻尼比（ξ0）和峰值加速度（amax）在内的频谱参数对结果有显著影响：ω0和ξ0的增加显著降低了衬里机械响应的均值和COV——分别高达83.5%和82.5%——这可能低估了失效风险，并强调了在设计中采用下限值以增强安全性的必要性。同时，amax与平均结构响应呈正相关，而内力的变异性遵循明显的轨迹；此外，岩石空间变异性和地震不确定性之间的相互作用使破坏概率增加了3%-38%，强调了整合这两种随机性来源的必要性，特别是在高烈度地震区域。

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引用次数: 0

Development of a 3D-point cloud-based spatiotemporal series model for tunnel rock mass discontinuities prediction 基于三维点云的隧道岩体结构面时空序列预测模型研究

IF 8.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Underground Space

Pub Date : 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.undsp.2025.06.009

Gang Yang , Tianbin Li

Predicting the three-dimensional (3D) distributions of discontinuities within rock masses is crucial for evaluating tunnel stability. However, this task is challenging due to the inherent opacity of rock, which prevents the direct observation of discontinuities. Most current methods for predicting discontinuities are based on extracting the two-dimensional intersection lines of spatial discontinuities. In this paper, we propose a novel, purely visual approach to analyze and predict the 3D distributions of discontinuities in rock masses. In this method, a 3D model of the tunnel face is constructed based on motion prediction and multi-view stereo vision, and the development of discontinuities is then predicted. Each set of discontinuities is projected onto the virtual tunnel face using a convex hull algorithm, creating a virtual trace. A newly developed algorithm for predicting spatiotemporal sequences, which incorporates a self-attention mechanism and a zigzag recurrent transition mechanism, is then applied to predict the evolution of discontinuities. For testing and verification, we used smartphones to collect surface data on multiple sets of excavated rock from the Bimoyuan Tunnel in Sichuan, China. Extensive experiments involving these surface data demonstrated the effectiveness of our proposed method. The findings provide technical support for predicting tunnel collapse and ensuring tunnel safety.

岩体内结构面三维分布的预测是评价隧道稳定性的关键。然而，由于岩石固有的不透明性，这项任务具有挑战性，这阻碍了对不连续面的直接观察。目前大多数预测不连续面的方法都是基于提取空间不连续面的二维相交线。在本文中，我们提出了一种新的、纯视觉的方法来分析和预测岩体中不连续面的三维分布。该方法基于运动预测和多视点立体视觉技术，构建巷道工作面三维模型，预测不连续面的发展。使用凸包算法将每组不连续性投影到虚拟隧道表面上，创建虚拟痕迹。提出了一种新的时空序列预测算法，该算法结合了自注意机制和之字形循环过渡机制，用于预测不连续点的演化。为了测试和验证，我们使用智能手机收集了中国四川Bimoyuan隧道多组开挖岩石的表面数据。涉及这些表面数据的大量实验证明了我们提出的方法的有效性。研究结果为预测隧道塌陷、保障隧道安全提供了技术支持。

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引用次数: 0

Physical model test and numerical simulation for the interaction analysis between tunnel and masonry arch bridge 隧道与砌体拱桥相互作用分析的物理模型试验与数值模拟

IF 8.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Underground Space

Pub Date : 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.undsp.2025.07.006

Si-yi Huang , Li-yuan Tong , Ming-fei Zhang , Tao Qiu , Xiao-dong Li , Jia-jia Wan

Masonry arch bridges serve as essential transport infrastructure and are often protected as cultural heritage sites. While most studies emphasize their response to vertical loading, limited attention has been given to their behavior under the influence of nearby tunnel excavation. This study investigates the interaction between tunnel-induced ground movement and masonry arch bridges through physical model tests and numerical simulations. Two typical arch bridge types are examined to assess deformation patterns caused by tunneling. A coupled discrete element and finite difference method is proposed to simulate soil–structure interactions, and the model is validated against experimental results. The results highlight that the arch span has a major impact on soil behavior. Larger spans lead to wider settlement zones and more uniform stress distribution but increase structural vulnerability. Semi-circular arches develop tensile strain at the crown and compressive strain at the foot under tunneling. Meanwhile, the joint displacements follow a three-dimensional Gaussian distribution, influenced by tunnel volume loss and burial depth, especially in circular arches. Increasing Young’s modulus and joint shear stiffness of masonry arch bridges through technical means, such as grouting, is helpful to reduce deformation and cracking. These findings support risk assessment and design improvements for masonry bridges in tunneling environments.

砌体拱桥是重要的交通基础设施，常作为文化遗产受到保护。虽然大多数研究都强调其对竖向荷载的响应，但对其在附近隧道开挖影响下的行为关注有限。通过物理模型试验和数值模拟，研究了隧道引起的地面移动与砌体拱桥的相互作用。研究了两种典型的拱桥类型，以评估隧道开挖引起的变形模式。提出了一种离散元-有限差分耦合方法来模拟土-结构相互作用，并与实验结果进行了对比验证。结果表明，拱跨对土体特性有重要影响。跨度越大，沉降区越宽，应力分布越均匀，结构脆弱性越大。在隧道开挖作用下，半圆拱在拱顶处产生拉应变，在拱脚处产生压应变。同时，节理位移服从三维高斯分布，受隧道体积损失和埋深的影响，圆形拱尤其明显。通过注浆等技术手段提高砌体拱桥的杨氏模量和接缝抗剪刚度，有助于减少变形和开裂。这些发现为隧道环境下砌体桥梁的风险评估和设计改进提供了依据。

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引用次数: 0

Building information modelling for 3D underground land administration: Research challenges and future pathways 三维地下土地管理的建筑信息建模：研究挑战和未来途径

IF 8.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Underground Space

Pub Date : 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.undsp.2025.07.005

Lanxuan Shen, Behnam Atazadeh, Serene Ho, Abbas Rajabifard

Underground land and property information is currently recorded, registered, and managed using two-dimensional (2D) datasets provided in survey plans. There are significant communication challenges associated with fragmented 2D land and property data in complex underground projects. On the other hand, building information modelling (BIM) has been adopted for three-dimensional (3D) digital management of the lifecycle of built assets, including those of underground infrastructure. BIM can potentially provide a fully integrated 3D representation of rights, restrictions, and responsibilities for underground assets. Therefore, this study investigates the potential of BIM to support the development of 3D underground land administration (ULA) through an integrated data modelling approach. By reviewing the current body of knowledge, research challenges, and future pathways for adopting BIM-based approaches for 3D ULA data management are identified, specifically across legal, institutional, and technical dimensions. One key finding is the critical transition from current 2D approaches to BIM environments. This will lead to integrated and smooth information flow, which is critically important for more efficient ULA practices, enhancing communication among various stakeholders, improving decision-making in ULA, and contributing to sustainable underground space planning and development.

目前，地下土地和财产信息的记录、登记和管理使用的是调查计划中提供的二维数据集。在复杂的地下项目中，与碎片化的二维土地和财产数据相关的通信存在重大挑战。另一方面，建筑信息模型（BIM）已被用于对建筑资产（包括地下基础设施）的生命周期进行三维（3D）数字化管理。BIM可以潜在地为地下资产提供完全集成的权利、限制和责任的3D表示。因此，本研究探讨了BIM通过集成数据建模方法支持3D地下土地管理（ULA）发展的潜力。通过回顾当前的知识体系、研究挑战和未来采用基于bim的方法进行3D ULA数据管理的途径，特别是在法律、制度和技术方面。一个关键的发现是从当前的2D方法到BIM环境的关键转变。这将导致整合和顺畅的信息流，这对于更有效的ULA实践、加强各利益相关者之间的沟通、改进ULA决策以及促进可持续的地下空间规划和发展至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Excavation-induced fracturing mechanisms in deep hard rock: A hierarchical block model 深部硬岩开挖致裂机制：一个分层块体模型

IF 8.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Underground Space

Pub Date : 2025-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.undsp.2025.07.002

Shili Qiu , Shirui Zhang , Quan Jiang , Yuheng Fang , Ping Li , Shaojun Li , Yaxun Xiao , Dingping Xu

The fracture characteristics of the excavation damage zones (EDZs) of deeply buried tunnels are closely related to energy evolution, and they are highly valuable for support design. Advanced numerical simulation techniques have shown the potential for evaluating the EDZ properties. On the basis of the finite-discrete element method (FDEM) and Poisson’s random block generation technique, the virtual block model (VBM) is proposed to characterize the intact rock masses surrounding tunnels. Moreover, a virtual block upscale principle (VB-UP) is proposed to determine the geometric and meso-mechanical parameters. The Canadian Underground Research Laboratory (URL) and China Jinping Underground Laboratory Phase II (CJPL-II) project excavations are simulated, and the excavation-induced fracture characteristics of the surrounding rock masses are analyzed in detail. The VBM captures the tensile, shear, and mixed fracture properties under excavation-induced confining pressure evolution. Then, the thicknesses of the spalling rock slabs in Lab #7 of the CJPL-II project are evaluated via the Otsu method. Combined with onsite monitoring data, the validity and advancement of the VBM are verified. This study expands the applicability of the FDEM and provides a new method for assessing the EDZs of surrounding rocks.

深埋隧道开挖损伤区的断裂特征与能量演化密切相关，对支护设计具有重要的参考价值。先进的数值模拟技术已经显示出评估EDZ特性的潜力。在有限离散元法（FDEM）和泊松随机块体生成技术的基础上，提出了隧道围岩完整体的虚拟块体模型（VBM）。此外，还提出了一种虚拟块体升级原理（VB-UP）来确定几何参数和细观力学参数。VBM捕获了在开挖引起的围压演化下的拉伸、剪切和混合破裂特性。然后，采用Otsu法对CJPL-II项目7号实验室剥落岩板的厚度进行了评价。结合现场监测数据，验证了该方法的有效性和先进性。该研究扩展了FDEM的适用性，为评价围岩edz提供了一种新的方法。

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引用次数: 0

An introduction to tunnel lighting: Basis, calculations, and future lines in the interface between safety and sustainability 介绍隧道照明：基础，计算，和未来的线路之间的接口安全和可持续性

IF 8.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Underground Space

Pub Date : 2025-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.undsp.2025.06.008

Antonio Peña-García

The exponential increase in the number of new tunnels, their length, and complexity makes safe and comfortable driving in these infrastructures a must. Among all the technical characteristics necessary to achieve this target, accurate lighting is the most important. However, the peculiarities of driving in tunnels, narrowly linked to the infrastructure itself, but also to physiological and psychological characteristics of drivers, make good lighting complex and highly consuming in terms of energy, financial resources, use of raw materials, environmental impact, and maintenance. The relatively recent introduction of LEDs in tunnels and the new strategies to decrease energy demands and profit from sunlight, whose energy savings can reach 40% in a wide variety of cases, together with the progressive aging of drivers, are challenges for researchers in this field, that currently seek new perspectives affecting the tunnel, the roads before and after, and the portal surroundings. This work approaches the principles of tunnel lighting, its singularities, open points with difficult solutions, and some others that are already contributing to safer and more sustainable tunnels and underground roads.

新隧道的数量、长度和复杂性呈指数级增长，使得在这些基础设施中安全舒适地驾驶成为必须。在实现这一目标所需的所有技术特征中，精确的照明是最重要的。然而，在隧道中驾驶的特殊性，不仅与基础设施本身有关，而且与驾驶员的生理和心理特征有关，这使得良好的照明在能源、财力、原材料使用、环境影响和维护方面都变得复杂和高度消耗。最近在隧道中引入led以及减少能源需求和从阳光中获益的新策略（在各种情况下节能可达40%），再加上驾驶员的逐渐老龄化，这对该领域的研究人员来说是一个挑战，他们目前正在寻求影响隧道、前后道路和入口环境的新视角。这项工作接近隧道照明的原理，它的奇异性，具有困难解决方案的开放点，以及其他一些已经为更安全和更可持续的隧道和地下道路做出贡献的原理。

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引用次数: 0