Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00514-4
Chunxue Wan, Jianye Gao, Xilong Zhang, Lei Li, Jing Liu
This article proposes a new conceptual biomimetic liquid metal synapse (LMS), which operates on a principle that resembles electrochemical structural plasticity, distinct from conventional electronic state transitions. Its core architecture and biomimetic working mechanism have been clarified, which are governed by synergistic, persistent changes in the interfacial oxide layer and ion concentration at the liquid metal-electrolyte junction. These synergistic effects enable the precise modulation of synaptic strength through electrolyte engineering. The LMS demonstrates electrical behaviors analogous to fundamental neurobiological functions, such as signal transmission and persistent state changes reminiscent of long-term plasticity, which are rooted in permanent morphological and compositional reconstruction akin to biological systems. The inherent deformability, self-repair capacity, and high conductivity of liquid metal facilitate the design of neural networks that replicate the dynamic, adaptive signaling essential for flexible intelligent devices. The insights from the LMSs suggest a promising pathway for future research into next-generation neural functional architectures.
{"title":"Biomimetic liquid metal synapse","authors":"Chunxue Wan, Jianye Gao, Xilong Zhang, Lei Li, Jing Liu","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00514-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00514-4","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a new conceptual biomimetic liquid metal synapse (LMS), which operates on a principle that resembles electrochemical structural plasticity, distinct from conventional electronic state transitions. Its core architecture and biomimetic working mechanism have been clarified, which are governed by synergistic, persistent changes in the interfacial oxide layer and ion concentration at the liquid metal-electrolyte junction. These synergistic effects enable the precise modulation of synaptic strength through electrolyte engineering. The LMS demonstrates electrical behaviors analogous to fundamental neurobiological functions, such as signal transmission and persistent state changes reminiscent of long-term plasticity, which are rooted in permanent morphological and compositional reconstruction akin to biological systems. The inherent deformability, self-repair capacity, and high conductivity of liquid metal facilitate the design of neural networks that replicate the dynamic, adaptive signaling essential for flexible intelligent devices. The insights from the LMSs suggest a promising pathway for future research into next-generation neural functional architectures.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145801564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00499-0
Donghee Kim, Seok Joon Hwang, Jiwon Ryu, Jun-Chan Choi, Woojin Kim, Hoon Yeub Jeong, Phillip Lee, Seungjun Chung
The rapid expansion of wireless communication and data transmission has resulted in highly saturated electromagnetic (EM) environments, where undesired electromagnetic interference (EMI) can compromise signal integrity and lead to malfunctions in electronic systems. However, conventional EMI shielding materials typically attenuate broadband frequencies without selectivity, rendering them incompatible with wireless communication technologies. Moreover, their limited mechanical robustness restricts their applicability in wearable platforms. This study introduces a wearable metasurface-based EMI shielding material that enables selective transmission at 2.4 GHz with simultaneous broadband EMI attenuation across untargeted frequencies. To ensure reliable electromagnetic performance under mechanical deformation, a strain-controlling layer was incorporated to preserve the geometry of the metasurface unit cells. The resulting metasurface maintained consistent frequency-selective transmission at 2.4 GHz and effective EMI shielding under biaxial strain. These findings demonstrate a viable strategy for developing next-generation EMI shielding materials for deformable, wearable, and textile electronic systems through the integration of functional metasurfaces.
{"title":"Strain-invariant frequency-selective metasurface for electromagnetic interference shielding in wearable electronics","authors":"Donghee Kim, Seok Joon Hwang, Jiwon Ryu, Jun-Chan Choi, Woojin Kim, Hoon Yeub Jeong, Phillip Lee, Seungjun Chung","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00499-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00499-0","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid expansion of wireless communication and data transmission has resulted in highly saturated electromagnetic (EM) environments, where undesired electromagnetic interference (EMI) can compromise signal integrity and lead to malfunctions in electronic systems. However, conventional EMI shielding materials typically attenuate broadband frequencies without selectivity, rendering them incompatible with wireless communication technologies. Moreover, their limited mechanical robustness restricts their applicability in wearable platforms. This study introduces a wearable metasurface-based EMI shielding material that enables selective transmission at 2.4 GHz with simultaneous broadband EMI attenuation across untargeted frequencies. To ensure reliable electromagnetic performance under mechanical deformation, a strain-controlling layer was incorporated to preserve the geometry of the metasurface unit cells. The resulting metasurface maintained consistent frequency-selective transmission at 2.4 GHz and effective EMI shielding under biaxial strain. These findings demonstrate a viable strategy for developing next-generation EMI shielding materials for deformable, wearable, and textile electronic systems through the integration of functional metasurfaces.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"163 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145765586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), endued with processing and memory functionalities, present a remarkable potential for neuromorphic electronics. However, integrating processing and memory cores for neuromorphic systems is complicated by heterogeneous material compatibility and device architecture constraints. Here, we demonstrate a versatile regionally controlled ion-doping strategy for modulating the operational mode of OECTs between high-performance computing and non-volatile memory, without varying the materials or operating conditions. The key to this method is the use of inkjet-printed electrolytes with programmable 3D architectures, which can be precisely deposited onto the OECT channel, achieving a tunable thickness ranging from 100 nm to several tens of micrometers. By engineering the electrolyte’s spatial structure, we demonstrate two complementary OECT configurations: ion-rich OECTs with multilayer electrolytes achieve high stimulus-resolution capability of 1 ms for dynamic computation, and ion-deficient OECTs with single-layer electrolytes establish stable ion-trapping memristive states (300 s retention). Moreover, the integration of ion-rich and ion-deficient OECTs enables a neuromorphic circuit capable of simultaneous encoding and storage of alphanumeric information. This study presents a simple yet effective strategy that overcomes material compatibility constraints and simplifies circuit design, paving the way for highly integrated neuromorphic systems based on OECTs.
{"title":"Regionally controlled ion-doping of organic electrochemical transistors for computing-memory co-integrated neuromorphic systems","authors":"Mancheng Li, Wenjing Zhang, Xinyang Lv, Xiaoci Liang, Mengye Wang, Chen Chen, Chuan Liu, Songjia Han","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00511-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00511-7","url":null,"abstract":"Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), endued with processing and memory functionalities, present a remarkable potential for neuromorphic electronics. However, integrating processing and memory cores for neuromorphic systems is complicated by heterogeneous material compatibility and device architecture constraints. Here, we demonstrate a versatile regionally controlled ion-doping strategy for modulating the operational mode of OECTs between high-performance computing and non-volatile memory, without varying the materials or operating conditions. The key to this method is the use of inkjet-printed electrolytes with programmable 3D architectures, which can be precisely deposited onto the OECT channel, achieving a tunable thickness ranging from 100 nm to several tens of micrometers. By engineering the electrolyte’s spatial structure, we demonstrate two complementary OECT configurations: ion-rich OECTs with multilayer electrolytes achieve high stimulus-resolution capability of 1 ms for dynamic computation, and ion-deficient OECTs with single-layer electrolytes establish stable ion-trapping memristive states (300 s retention). Moreover, the integration of ion-rich and ion-deficient OECTs enables a neuromorphic circuit capable of simultaneous encoding and storage of alphanumeric information. This study presents a simple yet effective strategy that overcomes material compatibility constraints and simplifies circuit design, paving the way for highly integrated neuromorphic systems based on OECTs.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145765616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gallium-based liquid metals are promising for stretchable electronics and beyond. However, their inherent fluidity and weak structural confinement in conventional films often cause leakage and functional failure under extreme deformation. Here, we report ultrathin liquid metal micromesh electrodes fabricated through interfacial self-assembly of microparticles and subsequent laser sintering. These ultrathin electrodes (minimum thickness: 317 nm) exhibit excellent stretchability (up to 1200%) and foldability, maintaining stable performance after 10,000 folding cycles at a 70 μm bending radius. Their mechanical robustness arises from the unique micromesh architecture that disperses strain and alleviates stress concentration. It also confines the liquid metal within defined pathways, thereby preventing leakage (leakage resistance: 968.75 kPa) and ensuring structural integrity under extreme deformation. Moreover, the micromesh structure endows the electrodes with excellent electrical stability (R/R₀ = 1.66 at 300% strain) and translucency. We demonstrate applications of these electrodes in flexible LED arrays, wireless power transfer, and angular sensing.
{"title":"Highly foldable and leakage-free electrodes enabled by ultrathin liquid metal micromeshes","authors":"Xin Yang, Haoyu Liu, Tingrui Pan, Baoqing Li, Jiaru Chu","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00510-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00510-8","url":null,"abstract":"Gallium-based liquid metals are promising for stretchable electronics and beyond. However, their inherent fluidity and weak structural confinement in conventional films often cause leakage and functional failure under extreme deformation. Here, we report ultrathin liquid metal micromesh electrodes fabricated through interfacial self-assembly of microparticles and subsequent laser sintering. These ultrathin electrodes (minimum thickness: 317 nm) exhibit excellent stretchability (up to 1200%) and foldability, maintaining stable performance after 10,000 folding cycles at a 70 μm bending radius. Their mechanical robustness arises from the unique micromesh architecture that disperses strain and alleviates stress concentration. It also confines the liquid metal within defined pathways, thereby preventing leakage (leakage resistance: 968.75 kPa) and ensuring structural integrity under extreme deformation. Moreover, the micromesh structure endows the electrodes with excellent electrical stability (R/R₀ = 1.66 at 300% strain) and translucency. We demonstrate applications of these electrodes in flexible LED arrays, wireless power transfer, and angular sensing.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145746794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00509-1
Guolong Zhou, Mengjie Zhu, Bing Xu, Yuxiang Ge, Tongzhuang He, Qing Xu, Zihai Cheng, Wenjing Wang, Shi Nee Lou, William W. Yu, Li-Feng Chen, Jingwei Chen
Zinc anode-based electrochromic devices (ZECDs) represent a new generation of multifunctional electrochromic (EC) platforms, offering cost-effectiveness and high round-trip efficiency. However, their practical application remains limited due to the electric field inhomogeneity and the growth of Zn dendrites, issues primarily caused by the use of opaque peripheral Zinc (Zn) foils. Herein, we rationally designed a transparent (T = 71.4% @633 nm), durable, and flexible Ag-PVDF (polyvinylidene difluoride) coated Zinc (AP@Zn) mesh electrode. The AP@Zn mesh promotes a homogeneous electric field and potential distribution within ZECDs, exhibits excellent corrosion resistance, and possesses a low activation energy (47.59 kJ mol−1). Furthermore, it demonstrates broad compatibility with various EC electrodes. As a result, a 5 cm × 5 cm Prussian blue (PB)//AP@Zn achieved fast switching times (tc/tb 2.8 s/2.6 s), high coloration efficiency (157.44 cm2 C−1), outstanding cycling stability (93.7% ΔT retention after 500 cycles), and integrated energy storage functionalities (32.89 mA h m−2 at 0.02 mA cm−2). A large, scalable 10 cm × 10 cm PB//AP@Zn device showed significantly faster switching times (tc/tb 6.6 s/5.4 s) compared to the PB//Zn foil counterpart (tc/tb 15 s/11.4 s). Importantly, we also demonstrated devices based on Nb18W16O93 (NWO)//AP@Zn, which exhibited fast switching (tc/tb 18.5 s/20 s) and high durability (77.7% ΔT retention after 1200 cycles), as well as potassium vanadate (KVO)//AP@Zn featuring multicolor capabilities. Stacked PB//AP@Zn//KVO electrochromic displays exhibited a six-color palette including olive green1, tawny, bronzing, olive green2, deep blue-green, and cool grayish green. This work underscores the critical role of electrode design in advancing ZECDs towards multifunctional and flexible electronics.
基于锌阳极的电致变色器件（ZECDs）代表了新一代多功能电致变色（EC）平台，具有成本效益和高往返效率。然而，由于电场的不均匀性和锌枝晶的生长，它们的实际应用仍然受到限制，这些问题主要是由于使用不透明的外围锌（Zn）箔引起的。为此，我们合理设计了一种透明（T = 71.4% @633 nm）、耐用、柔性的Ag-PVDF（聚偏氟乙烯）包覆锌（AP@Zn）网状电极。AP@Zn网状结构促进了zecd内电场和电位分布均匀，具有良好的耐腐蚀性能，活化能低（47.59 kJ mol−1）。此外，它与各种EC电极具有广泛的兼容性。结果，5cm × 5cm普鲁士蓝(PB)//AP@Zn实现了快速的开关时间（tc/tb 2.8 s/2.6 s），高着色效率（157.44 cm2 C−1），出色的循环稳定性（500次循环后93.7%的保留率ΔT），以及集成的能量存储功能（32.89 mA h m−2,0.02 mA cm−2）。一个大的，可扩展的10 cm × 10 cm PB//AP@Zn器件显示出明显更快的开关时间（tc/tb 6.6 s/5.4 s）相比，PB//Zn箔对应（tc/tb 15 s/11.4 s）。重要的是，我们还展示了基于Nb18W16O93 (NWO)//AP@Zn的器件，其具有快速开关（tc/tb 18.5 s/20 s）和高耐用性（1200次循环后77.7%保留ΔT），以及具有多色功能的钒酸钾(KVO)//AP@Zn。堆叠PB//AP@Zn//KVO电致变色显示器展示了六色调色板，包括橄榄绿1、茶色、古铜色、橄榄绿2、深蓝绿和冷灰绿色。这项工作强调了电极设计在推动zecd向多功能和柔性电子方向发展中的关键作用。
{"title":"Durable and flexible zinc mesh anodes for scalable and fast-switching electrochromic devices","authors":"Guolong Zhou, Mengjie Zhu, Bing Xu, Yuxiang Ge, Tongzhuang He, Qing Xu, Zihai Cheng, Wenjing Wang, Shi Nee Lou, William W. Yu, Li-Feng Chen, Jingwei Chen","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00509-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00509-1","url":null,"abstract":"Zinc anode-based electrochromic devices (ZECDs) represent a new generation of multifunctional electrochromic (EC) platforms, offering cost-effectiveness and high round-trip efficiency. However, their practical application remains limited due to the electric field inhomogeneity and the growth of Zn dendrites, issues primarily caused by the use of opaque peripheral Zinc (Zn) foils. Herein, we rationally designed a transparent (T = 71.4% @633 nm), durable, and flexible Ag-PVDF (polyvinylidene difluoride) coated Zinc (AP@Zn) mesh electrode. The AP@Zn mesh promotes a homogeneous electric field and potential distribution within ZECDs, exhibits excellent corrosion resistance, and possesses a low activation energy (47.59 kJ mol−1). Furthermore, it demonstrates broad compatibility with various EC electrodes. As a result, a 5 cm × 5 cm Prussian blue (PB)//AP@Zn achieved fast switching times (tc/tb 2.8 s/2.6 s), high coloration efficiency (157.44 cm2 C−1), outstanding cycling stability (93.7% ΔT retention after 500 cycles), and integrated energy storage functionalities (32.89 mA h m−2 at 0.02 mA cm−2). A large, scalable 10 cm × 10 cm PB//AP@Zn device showed significantly faster switching times (tc/tb 6.6 s/5.4 s) compared to the PB//Zn foil counterpart (tc/tb 15 s/11.4 s). Importantly, we also demonstrated devices based on Nb18W16O93 (NWO)//AP@Zn, which exhibited fast switching (tc/tb 18.5 s/20 s) and high durability (77.7% ΔT retention after 1200 cycles), as well as potassium vanadate (KVO)//AP@Zn featuring multicolor capabilities. Stacked PB//AP@Zn//KVO electrochromic displays exhibited a six-color palette including olive green1, tawny, bronzing, olive green2, deep blue-green, and cool grayish green. This work underscores the critical role of electrode design in advancing ZECDs towards multifunctional and flexible electronics.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"232 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145746795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00505-5
Ville Holappa, G. Krishnamurthy Grandhi, Noora Lamminen, Riikka Suhonen, Thomas M. Kraft, Paola Vivo
In this work, emerging perovskite-inspired Cu 2 AgBiI 6 (CABI) solar cells were successfully fabricated on flexible substrates, demonstrating that the transition from rigid to flexible materials does not compromise device performance. This underscores the versatility of CABI on two different kinds of substrates. Additionally, to optimize charge extraction, we selected a polymeric hole-transport material (HTM), PPDT2FBT, whose energy levels align with CABI. The PPDT2FBT-based devices outperformed those using the well-known poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), leading to power conversion efficiencies as high as approximately 0.8%. These results suggest that PPDT2FBT may hold promise as a HTM for use in low-toxicity, perovskite-inspired photovoltaic systems, such as those based on CABI. Furthermore, roll-to-roll processing techniques, crucial for scalable production, were tested. However, controlling the morphology of the active layer remains a significant challenge. These findings represent critical steps toward the large-scale manufacturing and commercialization of flexible, PIM-based solar cells.
{"title":"Flexible Cu2AgBiI6-based perovskite-inspired solar cells using large-scale processing methods","authors":"Ville Holappa, G. Krishnamurthy Grandhi, Noora Lamminen, Riikka Suhonen, Thomas M. Kraft, Paola Vivo","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00505-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00505-5","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, emerging perovskite-inspired Cu <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> AgBiI <jats:sub>6</jats:sub> (CABI) solar cells were successfully fabricated on flexible substrates, demonstrating that the transition from rigid to flexible materials does not compromise device performance. This underscores the versatility of CABI on two different kinds of substrates. Additionally, to optimize charge extraction, we selected a polymeric hole-transport material (HTM), PPDT2FBT, whose energy levels align with CABI. The PPDT2FBT-based devices outperformed those using the well-known poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), leading to power conversion efficiencies as high as approximately 0.8%. These results suggest that PPDT2FBT may hold promise as a HTM for use in low-toxicity, perovskite-inspired photovoltaic systems, such as those based on CABI. Furthermore, roll-to-roll processing techniques, crucial for scalable production, were tested. However, controlling the morphology of the active layer remains a significant challenge. These findings represent critical steps toward the large-scale manufacturing and commercialization of flexible, PIM-based solar cells.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"198200 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145664819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00501-9
Seonggwang Yoo, Zengyao Lv, Nicholas Fadell, Jae-Young Yoo, Seyong Oh, Kyoung-Ho Ha, William M. Moritz, Jihun Cha, Hanbing Wu, Jihun Park, Sung Soo Kwak, Kyeongha Kwon, Yoonseok Park, Donghwi Cho, Hak-Young Ahn, Chanho Park, Sangjun Kim, Tae Wan Park, Woo-Youl Maeng, Heung Cho Ko, Amanda M. Westman, Matthew MacEwan, Yonggang Huang, Justin Saks, John A. Rogers
{"title":"A wireless, skin-integrated system for continuous pressure distribution monitoring to prevent ulcers across various healthcare environments","authors":"Seonggwang Yoo, Zengyao Lv, Nicholas Fadell, Jae-Young Yoo, Seyong Oh, Kyoung-Ho Ha, William M. Moritz, Jihun Cha, Hanbing Wu, Jihun Park, Sung Soo Kwak, Kyeongha Kwon, Yoonseok Park, Donghwi Cho, Hak-Young Ahn, Chanho Park, Sangjun Kim, Tae Wan Park, Woo-Youl Maeng, Heung Cho Ko, Amanda M. Westman, Matthew MacEwan, Yonggang Huang, Justin Saks, John A. Rogers","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00501-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00501-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145664820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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