Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00505-5
Ville Holappa, G. Krishnamurthy Grandhi, Noora Lamminen, Riikka Suhonen, Thomas M. Kraft, Paola Vivo
In this work, emerging perovskite-inspired Cu 2 AgBiI 6 (CABI) solar cells were successfully fabricated on flexible substrates, demonstrating that the transition from rigid to flexible materials does not compromise device performance. This underscores the versatility of CABI on two different kinds of substrates. Additionally, to optimize charge extraction, we selected a polymeric hole-transport material (HTM), PPDT2FBT, whose energy levels align with CABI. The PPDT2FBT-based devices outperformed those using the well-known poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), leading to power conversion efficiencies as high as approximately 0.8%. These results suggest that PPDT2FBT may hold promise as a HTM for use in low-toxicity, perovskite-inspired photovoltaic systems, such as those based on CABI. Furthermore, roll-to-roll processing techniques, crucial for scalable production, were tested. However, controlling the morphology of the active layer remains a significant challenge. These findings represent critical steps toward the large-scale manufacturing and commercialization of flexible, PIM-based solar cells.
{"title":"Flexible Cu2AgBiI6-based perovskite-inspired solar cells using large-scale processing methods","authors":"Ville Holappa, G. Krishnamurthy Grandhi, Noora Lamminen, Riikka Suhonen, Thomas M. Kraft, Paola Vivo","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00505-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00505-5","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, emerging perovskite-inspired Cu <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> AgBiI <jats:sub>6</jats:sub> (CABI) solar cells were successfully fabricated on flexible substrates, demonstrating that the transition from rigid to flexible materials does not compromise device performance. This underscores the versatility of CABI on two different kinds of substrates. Additionally, to optimize charge extraction, we selected a polymeric hole-transport material (HTM), PPDT2FBT, whose energy levels align with CABI. The PPDT2FBT-based devices outperformed those using the well-known poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), leading to power conversion efficiencies as high as approximately 0.8%. These results suggest that PPDT2FBT may hold promise as a HTM for use in low-toxicity, perovskite-inspired photovoltaic systems, such as those based on CABI. Furthermore, roll-to-roll processing techniques, crucial for scalable production, were tested. However, controlling the morphology of the active layer remains a significant challenge. These findings represent critical steps toward the large-scale manufacturing and commercialization of flexible, PIM-based solar cells.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"198200 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145664819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00501-9
Seonggwang Yoo, Zengyao Lv, Nicholas Fadell, Jae-Young Yoo, Seyong Oh, Kyoung-Ho Ha, William M. Moritz, Jihun Cha, Hanbing Wu, Jihun Park, Sung Soo Kwak, Kyeongha Kwon, Yoonseok Park, Donghwi Cho, Hak-Young Ahn, Chanho Park, Sangjun Kim, Tae Wan Park, Woo-Youl Maeng, Heung Cho Ko, Amanda M. Westman, Matthew MacEwan, Yonggang Huang, Justin Saks, John A. Rogers
{"title":"A wireless, skin-integrated system for continuous pressure distribution monitoring to prevent ulcers across various healthcare environments","authors":"Seonggwang Yoo, Zengyao Lv, Nicholas Fadell, Jae-Young Yoo, Seyong Oh, Kyoung-Ho Ha, William M. Moritz, Jihun Cha, Hanbing Wu, Jihun Park, Sung Soo Kwak, Kyeongha Kwon, Yoonseok Park, Donghwi Cho, Hak-Young Ahn, Chanho Park, Sangjun Kim, Tae Wan Park, Woo-Youl Maeng, Heung Cho Ko, Amanda M. Westman, Matthew MacEwan, Yonggang Huang, Justin Saks, John A. Rogers","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00501-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00501-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145664820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00489-2
Kaaviah Manoharan, Martin Pumera
Developing flexible, lightweight, and portable medical devices for continuous health monitoring requires compact and sustainable energy storage solutions. Traditional devices often rely on bulky wired equipment or battery-powered systems requiring frequent recharging, limiting practicality. We developed a flexible and stable asymmetric supercapacitor using MXene and transition metal oxide nanocomposite. In half cells, the electrolyte was 1M H₂SO₄; in full cells, a PVA/H₂SO₄ gel was used. Among the composites, Fe₂O₃@Ti₃C₂ showed superior electrochemical performance due to surface redox reactions enhancing pseudocapacitance. The Fe₂O₃@Ti₃C₂||Ti₃C₂ electrode delivered high specific capacitance, excellent power density, remarkable cyclic stability, and mechanical durability over 10,000 bending cycles. The assembled device successfully powered small electronics (LEDs and digital thermometers). Also, integrated with a pressure sensor to monitor human heartbeat signals in real time, with wireless data transmission to a mobile device. This work demonstrates the efficiency and applicability of Fe₂O₃@Ti₃C₂ flexible supercapacitors for next-generation wearable and biomedical electronics.
{"title":"Integrated health monitoring system with flexible asymmetric supercapacitors based on 2D Ti₃C₂ MXene and transitional metal oxides","authors":"Kaaviah Manoharan, Martin Pumera","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00489-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00489-2","url":null,"abstract":"Developing flexible, lightweight, and portable medical devices for continuous health monitoring requires compact and sustainable energy storage solutions. Traditional devices often rely on bulky wired equipment or battery-powered systems requiring frequent recharging, limiting practicality. We developed a flexible and stable asymmetric supercapacitor using MXene and transition metal oxide nanocomposite. In half cells, the electrolyte was 1M H₂SO₄; in full cells, a PVA/H₂SO₄ gel was used. Among the composites, Fe₂O₃@Ti₃C₂ showed superior electrochemical performance due to surface redox reactions enhancing pseudocapacitance. The Fe₂O₃@Ti₃C₂||Ti₃C₂ electrode delivered high specific capacitance, excellent power density, remarkable cyclic stability, and mechanical durability over 10,000 bending cycles. The assembled device successfully powered small electronics (LEDs and digital thermometers). Also, integrated with a pressure sensor to monitor human heartbeat signals in real time, with wireless data transmission to a mobile device. This work demonstrates the efficiency and applicability of Fe₂O₃@Ti₃C₂ flexible supercapacitors for next-generation wearable and biomedical electronics.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"122 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145645176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-28DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00497-2
Jun Hyun Park, Jang Hwan Kim, Ha Uk Chung, Jun Seok Choe, Hyokyeong Kim, Su Eon Lee, Simon Kim, Ho Jun Jin, Jiwoong Kim, Heon Lee, Jaehwan Kim, Bong Hoon Kim
{"title":"Logic-device-inspired mechanical computing system based on three-dimensional active components","authors":"Jun Hyun Park, Jang Hwan Kim, Ha Uk Chung, Jun Seok Choe, Hyokyeong Kim, Su Eon Lee, Simon Kim, Ho Jun Jin, Jiwoong Kim, Heon Lee, Jaehwan Kim, Bong Hoon Kim","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00497-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00497-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145611341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-20DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00495-4
Byeong Woon Lee, Joohoon Kang, Jae-Young Yoo, Sang Min Won
{"title":"Textile electronic systems for therapeutic applications","authors":"Byeong Woon Lee, Joohoon Kang, Jae-Young Yoo, Sang Min Won","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00495-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00495-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"141 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145560155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00492-7
Kyle van Oosterhout, Simon van Diemen, Martijn Timmermans, Marco Fattori, Massimo Sartori, Eugenio Cantatore
Bionic limbs require reliable, low-noise and high-comfort interfaces between electrodes and the prosthetic system. This work presents the first fully flexible, wearable myoelectric control system compatible with both dry and wet electrodes. It features a low-noise front-end circuit on foil using amorphous Indium-Gallium-Zinc-Oxide (a-IGZO) Thin-Film Transistors, optimized for multi-electrode sensing. The design includes an autozeroed pre-charging buffer to minimize offset and 1/f noise while maintaining high input impedance (841 MΩ at 50 Hz). The front-end achieves 22 µVrms input noise, < −90 dBc crosstalk, and a 4.6 mV input offset consuming 55.3 µW per channel. EMG signals measured by this AFE were used to drive an elbow musculoskeletal model and predict the resulting human elbow flexion-extension moments, which in turn were used to realize a closed-loop real-time control in a simulated bionic elbow joint, using both dry and wet electrodes. Experiments done with a series of movements show a 20°rms error in angular control.
{"title":"Flexible circuits for bionic limbs: a high impedance multiplexing front-end for myoelectric control","authors":"Kyle van Oosterhout, Simon van Diemen, Martijn Timmermans, Marco Fattori, Massimo Sartori, Eugenio Cantatore","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00492-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00492-7","url":null,"abstract":"Bionic limbs require reliable, low-noise and high-comfort interfaces between electrodes and the prosthetic system. This work presents the first fully flexible, wearable myoelectric control system compatible with both dry and wet electrodes. It features a low-noise front-end circuit on foil using amorphous Indium-Gallium-Zinc-Oxide (a-IGZO) Thin-Film Transistors, optimized for multi-electrode sensing. The design includes an autozeroed pre-charging buffer to minimize offset and 1/f noise while maintaining high input impedance (841 MΩ at 50 Hz). The front-end achieves 22 µVrms input noise, < −90 dBc crosstalk, and a 4.6 mV input offset consuming 55.3 µW per channel. EMG signals measured by this AFE were used to drive an elbow musculoskeletal model and predict the resulting human elbow flexion-extension moments, which in turn were used to realize a closed-loop real-time control in a simulated bionic elbow joint, using both dry and wet electrodes. Experiments done with a series of movements show a 20°rms error in angular control.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145545488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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