Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00489-2
Kaaviah Manoharan, Martin Pumera
Developing flexible, lightweight, and portable medical devices for continuous health monitoring requires compact and sustainable energy storage solutions. Traditional devices often rely on bulky wired equipment or battery-powered systems requiring frequent recharging, limiting practicality. We developed a flexible and stable asymmetric supercapacitor using MXene and transition metal oxide nanocomposite. In half cells, the electrolyte was 1M H₂SO₄; in full cells, a PVA/H₂SO₄ gel was used. Among the composites, Fe₂O₃@Ti₃C₂ showed superior electrochemical performance due to surface redox reactions enhancing pseudocapacitance. The Fe₂O₃@Ti₃C₂||Ti₃C₂ electrode delivered high specific capacitance, excellent power density, remarkable cyclic stability, and mechanical durability over 10,000 bending cycles. The assembled device successfully powered small electronics (LEDs and digital thermometers). Also, integrated with a pressure sensor to monitor human heartbeat signals in real time, with wireless data transmission to a mobile device. This work demonstrates the efficiency and applicability of Fe₂O₃@Ti₃C₂ flexible supercapacitors for next-generation wearable and biomedical electronics.
{"title":"Integrated health monitoring system with flexible asymmetric supercapacitors based on 2D Ti₃C₂ MXene and transitional metal oxides","authors":"Kaaviah Manoharan, Martin Pumera","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00489-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00489-2","url":null,"abstract":"Developing flexible, lightweight, and portable medical devices for continuous health monitoring requires compact and sustainable energy storage solutions. Traditional devices often rely on bulky wired equipment or battery-powered systems requiring frequent recharging, limiting practicality. We developed a flexible and stable asymmetric supercapacitor using MXene and transition metal oxide nanocomposite. In half cells, the electrolyte was 1M H₂SO₄; in full cells, a PVA/H₂SO₄ gel was used. Among the composites, Fe₂O₃@Ti₃C₂ showed superior electrochemical performance due to surface redox reactions enhancing pseudocapacitance. The Fe₂O₃@Ti₃C₂||Ti₃C₂ electrode delivered high specific capacitance, excellent power density, remarkable cyclic stability, and mechanical durability over 10,000 bending cycles. The assembled device successfully powered small electronics (LEDs and digital thermometers). Also, integrated with a pressure sensor to monitor human heartbeat signals in real time, with wireless data transmission to a mobile device. This work demonstrates the efficiency and applicability of Fe₂O₃@Ti₃C₂ flexible supercapacitors for next-generation wearable and biomedical electronics.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"122 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145645176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-28DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00497-2
Jun Hyun Park, Jang Hwan Kim, Ha Uk Chung, Jun Seok Choe, Hyokyeong Kim, Su Eon Lee, Simon Kim, Ho Jun Jin, Jiwoong Kim, Heon Lee, Jaehwan Kim, Bong Hoon Kim
{"title":"Logic-device-inspired mechanical computing system based on three-dimensional active components","authors":"Jun Hyun Park, Jang Hwan Kim, Ha Uk Chung, Jun Seok Choe, Hyokyeong Kim, Su Eon Lee, Simon Kim, Ho Jun Jin, Jiwoong Kim, Heon Lee, Jaehwan Kim, Bong Hoon Kim","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00497-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00497-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145611341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-20DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00495-4
Byeong Woon Lee, Joohoon Kang, Jae-Young Yoo, Sang Min Won
{"title":"Textile electronic systems for therapeutic applications","authors":"Byeong Woon Lee, Joohoon Kang, Jae-Young Yoo, Sang Min Won","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00495-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00495-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"141 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145560155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00492-7
Kyle van Oosterhout, Simon van Diemen, Martijn Timmermans, Marco Fattori, Massimo Sartori, Eugenio Cantatore
Bionic limbs require reliable, low-noise and high-comfort interfaces between electrodes and the prosthetic system. This work presents the first fully flexible, wearable myoelectric control system compatible with both dry and wet electrodes. It features a low-noise front-end circuit on foil using amorphous Indium-Gallium-Zinc-Oxide (a-IGZO) Thin-Film Transistors, optimized for multi-electrode sensing. The design includes an autozeroed pre-charging buffer to minimize offset and 1/f noise while maintaining high input impedance (841 MΩ at 50 Hz). The front-end achieves 22 µVrms input noise, < −90 dBc crosstalk, and a 4.6 mV input offset consuming 55.3 µW per channel. EMG signals measured by this AFE were used to drive an elbow musculoskeletal model and predict the resulting human elbow flexion-extension moments, which in turn were used to realize a closed-loop real-time control in a simulated bionic elbow joint, using both dry and wet electrodes. Experiments done with a series of movements show a 20°rms error in angular control.
{"title":"Flexible circuits for bionic limbs: a high impedance multiplexing front-end for myoelectric control","authors":"Kyle van Oosterhout, Simon van Diemen, Martijn Timmermans, Marco Fattori, Massimo Sartori, Eugenio Cantatore","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00492-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00492-7","url":null,"abstract":"Bionic limbs require reliable, low-noise and high-comfort interfaces between electrodes and the prosthetic system. This work presents the first fully flexible, wearable myoelectric control system compatible with both dry and wet electrodes. It features a low-noise front-end circuit on foil using amorphous Indium-Gallium-Zinc-Oxide (a-IGZO) Thin-Film Transistors, optimized for multi-electrode sensing. The design includes an autozeroed pre-charging buffer to minimize offset and 1/f noise while maintaining high input impedance (841 MΩ at 50 Hz). The front-end achieves 22 µVrms input noise, < −90 dBc crosstalk, and a 4.6 mV input offset consuming 55.3 µW per channel. EMG signals measured by this AFE were used to drive an elbow musculoskeletal model and predict the resulting human elbow flexion-extension moments, which in turn were used to realize a closed-loop real-time control in a simulated bionic elbow joint, using both dry and wet electrodes. Experiments done with a series of movements show a 20°rms error in angular control.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145545488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-18DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00490-9
Hyeongseok Choi, Jungeun Lee, Seungmoon Choi, Taeyeong Kim, Unyong Jeong
{"title":"Simultaneous decoding of static, dynamic, and thermal tactile stimuli by using pulsed spike signals in ion-electronic skin","authors":"Hyeongseok Choi, Jungeun Lee, Seungmoon Choi, Taeyeong Kim, Unyong Jeong","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00490-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00490-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145536565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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