Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00275-y
Weiyi Liu, Huanyu Cheng, Xiufeng Wang
As sweat biomarker levels are continuously changing over metabolism and daily activities, pathological and physiological processes can be dynamically analyzed by wearable devices. The colorimetric skin-interfaced microfluidic devices that do not have external circuit modules exhibit enhanced deformability with a small footprint. However, it is difficult to achieve sampling over time and self-feedback for closed-loop systems. This review summarizes recent advances in microfluidic valves for biofluid management and chrono-sampling, as well as active triggers in microfluidics self-feedback. After enumerating the current limitations in temporal resolution and reliability, we further point out a few potential feasible strategies for future developments.
{"title":"Skin-interfaced colorimetric microfluidic devices for on-demand sweat analysis","authors":"Weiyi Liu, Huanyu Cheng, Xiufeng Wang","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00275-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00275-y","url":null,"abstract":"As sweat biomarker levels are continuously changing over metabolism and daily activities, pathological and physiological processes can be dynamically analyzed by wearable devices. The colorimetric skin-interfaced microfluidic devices that do not have external circuit modules exhibit enhanced deformability with a small footprint. However, it is difficult to achieve sampling over time and self-feedback for closed-loop systems. This review summarizes recent advances in microfluidic valves for biofluid management and chrono-sampling, as well as active triggers in microfluidics self-feedback. After enumerating the current limitations in temporal resolution and reliability, we further point out a few potential feasible strategies for future developments.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-023-00275-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48279818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By leveraging their high mobility and small size, insects have been combined with microcontrollers to build up cyborg insects for various practical applications. Unfortunately, all current cyborg insects rely on implanted electrodes to control their movement, which causes irreversible damage to their organs and muscles. Here, we develop a non-invasive method for cyborg insects to address above issues, using a conformal electrode with an in-situ polymerized ion-conducting layer and an electron-conducting layer. The neural and locomotion responses to the electrical inductions verify the efficient communication between insects and controllers by the non-invasive method. The precise “S” line following of the cyborg insect further demonstrates its potential in practical navigation. The conformal non-invasive electrodes keep the intactness of the insects while controlling their motion. With the antennae, important olfactory organs of insects preserved, the cyborg insect, in the future, may be endowed with abilities to detect the surrounding environment.
{"title":"Resilient conductive membrane synthesized by in-situ polymerisation for wearable non-invasive electronics on moving appendages of cyborg insect","authors":"Qifeng Lin, Rui Li, Feilong Zhang, Kazuki Kai, Zong Chen Ong, Xiaodong Chen, Hirotaka Sato","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00274-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00274-z","url":null,"abstract":"By leveraging their high mobility and small size, insects have been combined with microcontrollers to build up cyborg insects for various practical applications. Unfortunately, all current cyborg insects rely on implanted electrodes to control their movement, which causes irreversible damage to their organs and muscles. Here, we develop a non-invasive method for cyborg insects to address above issues, using a conformal electrode with an in-situ polymerized ion-conducting layer and an electron-conducting layer. The neural and locomotion responses to the electrical inductions verify the efficient communication between insects and controllers by the non-invasive method. The precise “S” line following of the cyborg insect further demonstrates its potential in practical navigation. The conformal non-invasive electrodes keep the intactness of the insects while controlling their motion. With the antennae, important olfactory organs of insects preserved, the cyborg insect, in the future, may be endowed with abilities to detect the surrounding environment.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-023-00274-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135048269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00276-x
Kiho Kim, In Sik Min, Tae Hee Kim, Do Hyeon Kim, Seungwon Hwang, Kyowon Kang, Kyubeen Kim, Sangun Park, Jongmin Lee, Young Uk Cho, Jung Woo Lee, Woon-Hong Yeo, Young Min Song, Youngmee Jung, Ki Jun Yu
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is attracting attention as a next-generation cancer treatment that can selectively destroy malignant tissues, exhibit fewer side effects, and lack pain during treatments. Implantable PDT systems have recently been developed to resolve the issues of bulky and expensive conventional PDT systems and to implement continuous and repetitive treatment. Existing implantable PDT systems, however, are not able to perform multiple functions simultaneously, such as modulating light intensity, measuring, and transmitting tumor-related data, resulting in the complexity of cancer treatment. Here, we introduce a flexible and fully implantable wireless optoelectronic system capable of continuous and effective cancer treatment by fusing PDT and hyperthermia and enabling tumor size monitoring in real-time. This system exploits micro inorganic light-emitting diodes (μ-LED) that emit light with a wavelength of 624 nm, designed not to affect surrounding normal tissues by utilizing a fully programmable light intensity of μ-LED and precisely monitoring the tumor size by Si phototransistor during a long-term implantation (2–3 weeks). The superiority of simultaneous cancer treatment and tumor size monitoring capabilities of our system operated by wireless power and data transmissions with a cell phone was confirmed through in vitro experiments, ray-tracing simulation results, and a tumor xenograft mouse model in vivo. This all-in-one single system for cancer treatment offers opportunities to not only enable effective treatment of tumors located deep in the tissue but also enable precise and continuous monitoring of tumor size in real-time.
{"title":"Fully implantable and battery-free wireless optoelectronic system for modulable cancer therapy and real-time monitoring","authors":"Kiho Kim, In Sik Min, Tae Hee Kim, Do Hyeon Kim, Seungwon Hwang, Kyowon Kang, Kyubeen Kim, Sangun Park, Jongmin Lee, Young Uk Cho, Jung Woo Lee, Woon-Hong Yeo, Young Min Song, Youngmee Jung, Ki Jun Yu","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00276-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00276-x","url":null,"abstract":"Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is attracting attention as a next-generation cancer treatment that can selectively destroy malignant tissues, exhibit fewer side effects, and lack pain during treatments. Implantable PDT systems have recently been developed to resolve the issues of bulky and expensive conventional PDT systems and to implement continuous and repetitive treatment. Existing implantable PDT systems, however, are not able to perform multiple functions simultaneously, such as modulating light intensity, measuring, and transmitting tumor-related data, resulting in the complexity of cancer treatment. Here, we introduce a flexible and fully implantable wireless optoelectronic system capable of continuous and effective cancer treatment by fusing PDT and hyperthermia and enabling tumor size monitoring in real-time. This system exploits micro inorganic light-emitting diodes (μ-LED) that emit light with a wavelength of 624 nm, designed not to affect surrounding normal tissues by utilizing a fully programmable light intensity of μ-LED and precisely monitoring the tumor size by Si phototransistor during a long-term implantation (2–3 weeks). The superiority of simultaneous cancer treatment and tumor size monitoring capabilities of our system operated by wireless power and data transmissions with a cell phone was confirmed through in vitro experiments, ray-tracing simulation results, and a tumor xenograft mouse model in vivo. This all-in-one single system for cancer treatment offers opportunities to not only enable effective treatment of tumors located deep in the tissue but also enable precise and continuous monitoring of tumor size in real-time.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-023-00276-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46801477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00271-2
Kyung Jin Seo, Mackenna Hill, Jaehyeon Ryu, Chia-Han Chiang, Iakov Rachinskiy, Yi Qiang, Dongyeol Jang, Michael Trumpis, Charles Wang, Jonathan Viventi, Hui Fang
Techniques to study brain activities have evolved dramatically, yet tremendous challenges remain in acquiring high-throughput electrophysiological recordings minimally invasively. Here, we develop an integrated neuroelectronic array that is filamentary, high-density and flexible. Specifically, with a design of single-transistor multiplexing and current sensing, the total 256 neuroelectrodes achieve only a 2.3 × 0.3 mm2 area, unprecedentedly on a flexible substrate. A single-transistor multiplexing acquisition circuit further reduces noise from the electrodes, decreases the footprint of each pixel, and potentially increases the device’s lifetime. The filamentary neuroelectronic array also integrates with a rollable contact pad design, allowing the device to be injected through a syringe, enabling potential minimally invasive array delivery. Successful acute auditory experiments in rats validate the ability of the array to record neural signals with high tone decoding accuracy. Together, these results establish soft, high-density neuroelectronic arrays as promising devices for neuroscience research and clinical applications.
{"title":"A soft, high-density neuroelectronic array","authors":"Kyung Jin Seo, Mackenna Hill, Jaehyeon Ryu, Chia-Han Chiang, Iakov Rachinskiy, Yi Qiang, Dongyeol Jang, Michael Trumpis, Charles Wang, Jonathan Viventi, Hui Fang","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00271-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00271-2","url":null,"abstract":"Techniques to study brain activities have evolved dramatically, yet tremendous challenges remain in acquiring high-throughput electrophysiological recordings minimally invasively. Here, we develop an integrated neuroelectronic array that is filamentary, high-density and flexible. Specifically, with a design of single-transistor multiplexing and current sensing, the total 256 neuroelectrodes achieve only a 2.3 × 0.3 mm2 area, unprecedentedly on a flexible substrate. A single-transistor multiplexing acquisition circuit further reduces noise from the electrodes, decreases the footprint of each pixel, and potentially increases the device’s lifetime. The filamentary neuroelectronic array also integrates with a rollable contact pad design, allowing the device to be injected through a syringe, enabling potential minimally invasive array delivery. Successful acute auditory experiments in rats validate the ability of the array to record neural signals with high tone decoding accuracy. Together, these results establish soft, high-density neuroelectronic arrays as promising devices for neuroscience research and clinical applications.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10487278/pdf/nihms-1926792.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10605698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-16DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00273-0
Lian Cheng, Jun Li, Aiying Guo, Jianhua Zhang
Surface electromyography (sEMG) is used to detect and analyze human muscle biopotential. Recently, flexible noninvasive electrodes (FNEs) have emerged to extract bioelectrical signals from individual bodies. For FNEs to be deployed as a central component of physiological signal acquisition, the quest for elevated signal-to-noise ratio and density is compelling owing to the small amplitude of sEMG. Herein, we review recent progress in FNEs for sEMG acquisition. We summarize the needed properties of FNEs, compare the differences between passive electrodes and active electrodes and exemplify applications of FNEs. We also conclude the current challenges and future opportunities in sEMG acquisition.
{"title":"Recent advances in flexible noninvasive electrodes for surface electromyography acquisition","authors":"Lian Cheng, Jun Li, Aiying Guo, Jianhua Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00273-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00273-0","url":null,"abstract":"Surface electromyography (sEMG) is used to detect and analyze human muscle biopotential. Recently, flexible noninvasive electrodes (FNEs) have emerged to extract bioelectrical signals from individual bodies. For FNEs to be deployed as a central component of physiological signal acquisition, the quest for elevated signal-to-noise ratio and density is compelling owing to the small amplitude of sEMG. Herein, we review recent progress in FNEs for sEMG acquisition. We summarize the needed properties of FNEs, compare the differences between passive electrodes and active electrodes and exemplify applications of FNEs. We also conclude the current challenges and future opportunities in sEMG acquisition.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-26"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-023-00273-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45722090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-11DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00267-y
Mohammad Javad Mirshojaeian Hosseini, Yi Yang, Walter Kruger, Tomoyuki Yokota, Sunghoon Lee, Takao Someya, Robert A. Nawrocki
Lightweight, flexible, and conformal bioelectronics are essential for wearable technologies. This paper introduces 270 nm thin organic electronics amplifying circuits that are self-adhesive, skin conformal, and long-term air-stable. This report studies the effect of total device thickness, namely 3 μm and 270 nm devices, on the characterization of organic devices before and after buckling, the longevity of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) over 5 years, and the lamination of OFETs on the human skin. A single-stage organic complementary inverter and a pseudo-complementary amplifier are fabricated to compare their electrical characteristics, with amplification gains of 10 and 64, respectively. Finally, the study demonstrates a five-stage organic complementary inverter can successfully amplify artificial electromyogram and electrocardiogram signals with gains of 1000 and 1088, respectively.
{"title":"270 nm ultra-thin self-adhesive conformable and long-term air-stable complimentary organic transistors and amplifiers","authors":"Mohammad Javad Mirshojaeian Hosseini, Yi Yang, Walter Kruger, Tomoyuki Yokota, Sunghoon Lee, Takao Someya, Robert A. Nawrocki","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00267-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00267-y","url":null,"abstract":"Lightweight, flexible, and conformal bioelectronics are essential for wearable technologies. This paper introduces 270 nm thin organic electronics amplifying circuits that are self-adhesive, skin conformal, and long-term air-stable. This report studies the effect of total device thickness, namely 3 μm and 270 nm devices, on the characterization of organic devices before and after buckling, the longevity of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) over 5 years, and the lamination of OFETs on the human skin. A single-stage organic complementary inverter and a pseudo-complementary amplifier are fabricated to compare their electrical characteristics, with amplification gains of 10 and 64, respectively. Finally, the study demonstrates a five-stage organic complementary inverter can successfully amplify artificial electromyogram and electrocardiogram signals with gains of 1000 and 1088, respectively.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-023-00267-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45033899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liquid metal (LM) exhibits a distinct combination of high electrical conductivity comparable to that of metals and exceptional deformability derived from its liquid state, thus it is considered a promising material for high-performance soft electronics. However, rapid patterning LM to achieve a sensory system with high sensitivity remains a challenge, mainly attributed to the poor rheological property and wettability. Here, we report a rheological modification strategy of LM and strain redistribution mechanics to simultaneously simplify the scalable manufacturing process and significantly enhance the sensitivity of LM sensors. By incorporating SiO2 particles into LM, the modulus, yield stress, and viscosity of the LM-SiO2 composite are drastically enhanced, enabling 3D printability on soft materials for stretchable electronics. The sensors based on printed LM-SiO2 composite show excellent mechanical flexibility, robustness, strain, and pressure sensing performances. Such sensors are integrated onto different locations of the human body for wearable applications. Furthermore, by integrating onto a tactile glove, the synergistic effect of strain and pressure sensing can decode the clenching posture and hitting strength in boxing training. When assisted by a deep-learning algorithm, this tactile glove can achieve recognition of the technical execution of boxing punches, such as jab, swing, uppercut, and combination punches, with 90.5% accuracy. This integrated multifunctional sensory system can find wide applications in smart sport-training, intelligent soft robotics, and human-machine interfaces.
{"title":"Deep-learning-assisted printed liquid metal sensory system for wearable applications and boxing training","authors":"Ye Qiu, Zhihui Zou, Zhanan Zou, Nikolas Kurnia Setiawan, Karan Vivek Dikshit, Gregory Whiting, Fan Yang, Wenan Zhang, Jiutian Lu, Bingqing Zhong, Huaping Wu, Jianliang Xiao","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00272-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00272-1","url":null,"abstract":"Liquid metal (LM) exhibits a distinct combination of high electrical conductivity comparable to that of metals and exceptional deformability derived from its liquid state, thus it is considered a promising material for high-performance soft electronics. However, rapid patterning LM to achieve a sensory system with high sensitivity remains a challenge, mainly attributed to the poor rheological property and wettability. Here, we report a rheological modification strategy of LM and strain redistribution mechanics to simultaneously simplify the scalable manufacturing process and significantly enhance the sensitivity of LM sensors. By incorporating SiO2 particles into LM, the modulus, yield stress, and viscosity of the LM-SiO2 composite are drastically enhanced, enabling 3D printability on soft materials for stretchable electronics. The sensors based on printed LM-SiO2 composite show excellent mechanical flexibility, robustness, strain, and pressure sensing performances. Such sensors are integrated onto different locations of the human body for wearable applications. Furthermore, by integrating onto a tactile glove, the synergistic effect of strain and pressure sensing can decode the clenching posture and hitting strength in boxing training. When assisted by a deep-learning algorithm, this tactile glove can achieve recognition of the technical execution of boxing punches, such as jab, swing, uppercut, and combination punches, with 90.5% accuracy. This integrated multifunctional sensory system can find wide applications in smart sport-training, intelligent soft robotics, and human-machine interfaces.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-023-00272-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49123615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-07DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00266-z
Sarallah Hamtaei, Guy Brammertz, Jef Poortmans, Bart Vermang
Two primary engineering challenges are en route to fabricating high-performance flexible stainless-steel based Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 solar cells; Growing absorbers without contamination from the substrate, and providing alkali dopants to the absorber. The former is chiefly addressed by introducing a barrier layer, and the latter by post-deposition treatment or including dopant-containing layers in the stack. Here we organize these solutions and different approaches in an accessible scheme. Additionally, reports on interaction between contamination and alkali elements are discussed, as is the impact of barrier layer properties on the interconnect technology. Lastly, we make recommendations to consolidate the multitude of sometimes inharmonious solutions.
{"title":"A review on barrier layers used in flexible stainless-steel based CIGS photovoltaic devices","authors":"Sarallah Hamtaei, Guy Brammertz, Jef Poortmans, Bart Vermang","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00266-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00266-z","url":null,"abstract":"Two primary engineering challenges are en route to fabricating high-performance flexible stainless-steel based Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 solar cells; Growing absorbers without contamination from the substrate, and providing alkali dopants to the absorber. The former is chiefly addressed by introducing a barrier layer, and the latter by post-deposition treatment or including dopant-containing layers in the stack. Here we organize these solutions and different approaches in an accessible scheme. Additionally, reports on interaction between contamination and alkali elements are discussed, as is the impact of barrier layer properties on the interconnect technology. Lastly, we make recommendations to consolidate the multitude of sometimes inharmonious solutions.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-023-00266-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43371931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00269-w
Qing Zhou, Zhihui Wang, Yongkun Yan, Longfei Yang, Kai Chi, Yangjiang Wu, Wenhao Li, Zhiying Yi, Yunqi Liu, Yan Zhao
Intrinsically stretchable semiconducting polymers are promising candidates for developing wearable electronics, but remain underdeveloped because the correlation between the microstructural evolution during stretching and the resultant charge transport is not clearly understood. In this study, we clarify the impact of molecular orientation on the dynamic performance of stretched semiconducting polymers, controlling molecular orientations via solvent-dependent spin-coating. We found that strain-enhanced electrical performance is feasible by quelling disorders within the face-on-packed aggregates. Strain facilitates 3D ordering in face-on-packed films, but increase the π-π orientation disorders and lamellar dislocation in the edge-on analogue, which contribute inversely to the charge transport. Consequently, the face-on samples maintain strain-resistant energetic disorder and a 1.5× increase in on-current, achieving a 10-times-higher retention than the edge-on analogue upon 100% strain. Furthermore, we developed a reliable way for measuring the photoelectrical stretchability of semiconducting polymer. This study contributes to developing high-performance stretchable semiconducting polymers.
{"title":"Strain-enhanced electrical performance in stretchable semiconducting polymers","authors":"Qing Zhou, Zhihui Wang, Yongkun Yan, Longfei Yang, Kai Chi, Yangjiang Wu, Wenhao Li, Zhiying Yi, Yunqi Liu, Yan Zhao","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00269-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00269-w","url":null,"abstract":"Intrinsically stretchable semiconducting polymers are promising candidates for developing wearable electronics, but remain underdeveloped because the correlation between the microstructural evolution during stretching and the resultant charge transport is not clearly understood. In this study, we clarify the impact of molecular orientation on the dynamic performance of stretched semiconducting polymers, controlling molecular orientations via solvent-dependent spin-coating. We found that strain-enhanced electrical performance is feasible by quelling disorders within the face-on-packed aggregates. Strain facilitates 3D ordering in face-on-packed films, but increase the π-π orientation disorders and lamellar dislocation in the edge-on analogue, which contribute inversely to the charge transport. Consequently, the face-on samples maintain strain-resistant energetic disorder and a 1.5× increase in on-current, achieving a 10-times-higher retention than the edge-on analogue upon 100% strain. Furthermore, we developed a reliable way for measuring the photoelectrical stretchability of semiconducting polymer. This study contributes to developing high-performance stretchable semiconducting polymers.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-023-00269-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45855565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00270-3
Bjarke Nørrehvedde Jensen, Yuting Wang, Alice Le Friec, Sadegh Nabavi, Mingdong Dong, Dror Seliktar, Menglin Chen
The human body is limited in healing neurological damage caused by diseases or traumatic injuries. Bioelectricity is a quintessential characteristic of neural tissue and has a crucial role in physiological and neurological therapeutics development. Here, a wireless electromagnetic neural stimulation patch was created, combining stimulation through electromagnetic induction with physical guidance cues through structural anisotropy. The melt electrowritten biocompatible, bioresorbable polycaprolactone anisotropic structure with glancing angle deposition of 80 nm gold directly endowed incorporation of a wireless energy harvesting component in the patch, as an electromagnetic stimulation delivery system directly interfacing with neural cells. The biocompatibility and the capacity of the patch to deliver electromagnetic stimulation and promote neurite outgrowth was confirmed in vitro. Electromagnetically (60 mV, 40 kHz, 2 h/day, 5 days) stimulated PC12 cells showed 73.2% increased neurite outgrowth compared to PC12 cells grown without electromagnetic stimulation. The neural stimulation patch shows great potential for wireless electromagnetic stimulation for non-invasive neurological therapeutics advancement.
{"title":"Wireless electromagnetic neural stimulation patch with anisotropic guidance","authors":"Bjarke Nørrehvedde Jensen, Yuting Wang, Alice Le Friec, Sadegh Nabavi, Mingdong Dong, Dror Seliktar, Menglin Chen","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00270-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00270-3","url":null,"abstract":"The human body is limited in healing neurological damage caused by diseases or traumatic injuries. Bioelectricity is a quintessential characteristic of neural tissue and has a crucial role in physiological and neurological therapeutics development. Here, a wireless electromagnetic neural stimulation patch was created, combining stimulation through electromagnetic induction with physical guidance cues through structural anisotropy. The melt electrowritten biocompatible, bioresorbable polycaprolactone anisotropic structure with glancing angle deposition of 80 nm gold directly endowed incorporation of a wireless energy harvesting component in the patch, as an electromagnetic stimulation delivery system directly interfacing with neural cells. The biocompatibility and the capacity of the patch to deliver electromagnetic stimulation and promote neurite outgrowth was confirmed in vitro. Electromagnetically (60 mV, 40 kHz, 2 h/day, 5 days) stimulated PC12 cells showed 73.2% increased neurite outgrowth compared to PC12 cells grown without electromagnetic stimulation. The neural stimulation patch shows great potential for wireless electromagnetic stimulation for non-invasive neurological therapeutics advancement.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-023-00270-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42043327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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