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Conformal printed electronics on flexible substrates and inflatable catheters using lathe-based aerosol jet printing 使用车床气溶胶喷射打印技术在柔性基底和充气导管上进行共形打印电子器件
IF 12.3 1区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-024-00340-0
Hansel Alex Hobbie, James L. Doherty, Brittany N. Smith, Paolo Maccarini, Aaron D. Franklin
With the growth of additive manufacturing (AM), there has been increasing demand for fabricating conformal electronics that directly integrate with larger components to enable unique functionality. However, fabrication of conformal electronics is challenging because devices must merge with host substrates regardless of curvilinearity, topography, or substrate material. In this work, we employ aerosol jet (AJ) printing, an AM method for jet printing electronics using ink-based materials, and a custom-made lathe mechanism for mounting flexible substrates and 3D objects on a rotating axis. Using this method of lathe-based AJ printing, conformal electronics are printed around the circumference of rotational bodies with 3D curvilinear surfaces through cylindrical-coordinate motion. We characterize the diverse capabilities of lathe AJ (LAJ) printing and demonstrate flexible conformal electronics including multilayer carbon nanotube transistors. Lastly, a graphene sensor is conformally printed on an inflated catheter balloon for temperature and inflation monitoring, thus highlighting the versatilities of LAJ printing.
随着增材制造(AM)技术的发展,人们对制造保形电子元件的需求日益增长,这种电子元件可直接与较大的元件集成,从而实现独特的功能。然而,保形电子器件的制造具有挑战性,因为器件必须与主机基底融合,而不受曲率、地形或基底材料的影响。在这项工作中,我们采用了气溶胶喷射(AJ)打印技术(一种使用墨基材料喷射打印电子元件的 AM 方法)和定制的车床装置,用于在旋转轴上安装柔性基底和三维物体。使用这种基于车床的 AJ 打印方法,可以通过圆柱坐标运动在旋转体的圆周上打印出具有三维曲线表面的保形电子器件。我们描述了车床 AJ(LAJ)打印的各种能力,并展示了包括多层碳纳米管晶体管在内的柔性保形电子器件。最后,我们在充气导管球囊上保形打印了一个石墨烯传感器,用于温度和充气监测,从而突出了 LAJ 打印的多功能性。
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引用次数: 0
LC contact lens sensor for ultrasensitive intraocular pressure monitoring 用于超灵敏眼压监测的 LC 隐形眼镜传感器
IF 12.3 1区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-024-00341-z
Hongbin An, Xian Wang, Zhikang Liao, Liang Zhang, Hui Zhao, Yingyun Yang, Jizhou Song, Yinji Ma
Twenty-four hours continuous intraocular pressure (IOP) monitoring is beneficial for glaucoma care. Contact lens sensors using LC technology can achieve non-invasive continuous IOP measuring around the clock and are relatively simple in principle and structure, thus dominating the mainstream. Among them, stretchable inductive LC contact lens sensors constructed with liquid metal have advantages in signal quality as well as wearing comfort, but currently its sensitivity is slightly insufficient. Here, we propose an LC sensor that constructed with liquid metal to form the stretchable inductance and capacitance further. The capacitive plate and inductive coil can response to IOP changes simultaneously, thus able to enhance the sensitivity in principle. We modeled the sensing mechanism and conducted design, fabrication, as well as various tests. The device exhibits good characteristics, including reliability, good signal quality, etc. Especially, it has a threefold increase in sensitivity, exceeding the current state-of-the-art contact lens sensors.
24 小时连续眼压监测有利于青光眼的治疗。采用 LC 技术的隐形眼镜传感器可实现全天候无创连续眼压测量,且原理和结构相对简单,因此占据主流。其中,采用液态金属构造的可拉伸电感式 LC 隐形眼镜传感器在信号质量和佩戴舒适度方面具有优势,但目前其灵敏度略显不足。在此,我们提出了一种利用液态金属进一步形成可拉伸电感和电容的 LC 传感器。电容板和电感线圈可同时对眼压变化做出响应,从而在原理上提高了灵敏度。我们建立了传感机制模型,并进行了设计、制造和各种测试。该装置表现出良好的特性,包括可靠性、良好的信号质量等。特别是,它的灵敏度提高了三倍,超过了目前最先进的隐形眼镜传感器。
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引用次数: 0
Improving the air stability of flexible top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes 提高柔性顶部发光有机发光二极管的空气稳定性
IF 12.3 1区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-08-24 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-024-00338-8
Mina Riahi, Kou Yoshida, Ifor D. W. Samuel
Flexible organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are promising light sources for biomedical applications. However, the use of these flexible devices has been restricted by their short shelf lifetimes due to poor ambient stability. Here, the fabrication of a long-lived flexible OLED is reported by replacing air-sensitive metals such as aluminum, and alkali metals used as n dopants, with silver. In addition, to achieve stable and efficient flexible OLEDs we tuned the optical cavity length to the second-order interference maximum. The device design has simple encapsulation and leads to an improvement in the air stability of flexible OLEDs which show a shelf lifetime of greater than 130 days whereas the conventional structure exhibits degradation after only 12 days. The proposed design for making flexible OLEDs demonstrates a great potential for using the devices for wearable bioelectronic applications.
柔性有机发光二极管(OLED)是生物医学应用中前景广阔的光源。然而,由于环境稳定性差,这些柔性器件的保质期很短,限制了它们的使用。本文报告了用银取代铝等对空气敏感的金属和用作正掺杂剂的碱金属,从而制造出长寿命柔性 OLED 的过程。此外,为了实现稳定高效的柔性有机发光二极管,我们将光腔长度调整到了二阶干涉最大值。该器件设计封装简单,提高了柔性有机发光二极管在空气中的稳定性,其保质期超过 130 天,而传统结构仅在 12 天后出现降解。所提出的柔性 OLED 设计为可穿戴生物电子应用展示了巨大的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Multifunctional and high-performance electrothermal films based on carbon black/Ag nanowires/graphene composites 基于炭黑/银纳米线/石墨烯复合材料的多功能高性能电热膜
IF 12.3 1区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-08-24 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-024-00336-w
Zijian Wang, Wen Yu, Chaochao Gao, Zhenye Zhu, Jiaheng Zhang
Fabricating high-conductive composites and constructing highly conductive networks are crucial for high-performance electrothermal film. In this study, an Ag nanowires/graphene (Ag/G) composite synthesized by liquid-phase exfoliation and in-situ photoreduction is mixed with carbon black (CB) to form a composite conductive ink, and a CB/Ag/G composite electrothermal film with a point-line-plane three-dimensional microstructure is obtained via blade coating process. Both the addition of Ag nanowires and a subsequent compression rolling treatment induce the establishment of the effective conductive network in the film, endowing it with an outstanding conductivity of 399.4 S cm−1. The film reaches a Ts of 204 °C with an input voltage of 3.0 V, and is successfully applied in water heating and de-icing, demonstrating its extraordinary electrothermal performance and vast potential for practical applications. The film is also used as an electromagnetic shielding film and heat dissipation substrate, showing exceptional electromagnetic shielding (42.5 dB) and heat dissipation properties.
制造高导电复合材料和构建高导电网络对高性能电热膜至关重要。在本研究中,通过液相剥离和原位光还原合成了银纳米线/石墨烯(Ag/G)复合材料,并将其与炭黑(CB)混合形成复合导电墨水,通过叶片涂覆工艺获得了具有点-线-面三维微观结构的CB/Ag/G复合电热膜。银纳米线的加入和随后的压轧处理都促使薄膜中有效导电网络的建立,使其具有 399.4 S cm-1 的出色电导率。在输入电压为 3.0 V 的情况下,薄膜的温度可达 204 °C,并成功应用于水加热和除冰,显示了其非凡的电热性能和巨大的实际应用潜力。该薄膜还可用作电磁屏蔽膜和散热基板,显示出卓越的电磁屏蔽(42.5 dB)和散热性能。
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引用次数: 0
Highly robust soft-rigid connections via mechanical interlocking for assembling ultra-stretchable displays 通过机械联锁实现高度坚固的软硬连接,用于组装超拉伸显示器
IF 12.3 1区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-024-00337-9
Lixue Tang, Huayi Wang, Jifeng Ren, Xingyu Jiang
Stretchable electronic circuits can seamlessly conform to irregular and dynamic surfaces with high integration. However, current stretchable configurations typically have limited stretchability due to the lack of robust connections between soft interconnects and rigid electronics. Here, we printed highly stretchable metal–polymer conductors on thermoplastic elastomers as interconnects. We developed electronic vests with porous surfaces for rigid electronics and introduced polyester hot-melt adhesives to strengthen connections between soft interconnects and rigid electronics. After thermal bonding, the adhesive penetrates the porous surface of electronic vests, creating a mechanical interlock and providing an adhesion force of 8.34 N/cm for the connection (3× higher than conductive adhesives). Thus, rigid electronics of different sizes and different pin counts can form strong connections to soft interconnects, achieving a maximum strain tolerance of ~700% (10× higher than conductive adhesives). We achieved highly integrated ultra-stretchable displays that can withstand stretching up to 220% without dead pixels.
可拉伸电子电路能以高集成度无缝贴合不规则的动态表面。然而,目前的可拉伸配置通常具有有限的可拉伸性,这是因为软互连器件和刚性电子器件之间缺乏稳健的连接。在这里,我们在热塑性弹性体上打印了高度可拉伸的金属聚合物导体作为互连器件。我们为刚性电子元件开发了具有多孔表面的电子背心,并引入了聚酯热熔胶来加强软互连器件与刚性电子元件之间的连接。热粘合后,粘合剂渗入电子背心的多孔表面,形成机械互锁,为连接提供 8.34 牛/厘米的粘合力(比导电粘合剂高 3 倍)。因此,不同尺寸和不同引脚数的刚性电子元件可以与软互连器件形成牢固的连接,最大应变容限可达 ~700%(比导电粘合剂高 10 倍)。我们实现了高度集成的超拉伸显示器,可承受高达 220% 的拉伸而不会出现像素死角。
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引用次数: 0
Reusable free-standing hydrogel electronic tattoo sensors with superior performance 可重复使用的独立式水凝胶电子纹身传感器性能卓越
IF 12.3 1区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-024-00335-x
Shuyun Zhuo, Alexandre Tessier, Mina Arefi, Anan Zhang, Chris Williams, Shideh Kabiri Ameri
Recently electronic tattoo sensors have attracted immense interest for health monitoring mainly due to their higher sensing performance than conventional dry sensors, owing to the ultra-low thickness which results in their conformability to the skin. However, their performance is worse than wet sensors. Further, these electronic tattoo sensors are not durable and reusable when free-standing because of their low thickness and being too delicate. Here, we report a remarkably high-performance freestanding, reusable, ultrathin and ultra-soft electronic tattoo sensor made of parylene-hydrogel double layer system with high water retention over extended periods that can be used for the extended period of 6 months. The hydrogel electronic tattoo (HET) sensors consist of electrically conductive self-adhesive hydrogel with a thickness of 20 µm and Young’s modulus of only 31 kPa at 37 °C, allowing for ultra-conformal contact to the skin microscopic features. Our HET sensors are fabricated using a scalable cost-effective method on ordinary tattoo papers and are laminated on the skin like temporary tattoos and were used for electrophysiological signals recording such as electrocardiography (ECG), electromyography (EMG), and skin hydration, temperature sensing. The HET sensors, for the first time, show 234% lower sensor-skin interface impedance (SSII) and significantly lower susceptibility to motion than gold standard medical grade silver/silver chloride wet gel electrodes which are known to have the lowest SSII and susceptibility to motion. Further, the low HET-skin interface impedance leads to a considerably larger signal amplitude and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the electrophysiological signals recorded using HET sensors in comparison with those obtained using gold standard medical grade silver/silver chloride wet gel electrodes. The SNR of some types of electrophysiological signals such as EMG recorded using HET is up to 19 dB higher than gold standard medical grade electrodes due to higher signal amplitude, significantly lower susceptibility of HET to motion and lower motion artifacts. Also, the HET sensor is the first free-standing ultrathin tattoo sensor that can be transferred from the skin to tattoo paper and vice versa many times and the electrophysiological sensing quality remained high during repeated use for over 6 months.
最近,电子纹身传感器在健康监测领域引起了极大的兴趣,这主要是由于电子纹身传感器的超低厚度使其能够贴合皮肤,因此其传感性能高于传统的干式传感器。不过,它们的性能比湿传感器差。此外,这些电子纹身传感器由于厚度低、过于脆弱,在独立使用时不耐用,也不能重复使用。在此,我们报告了一种性能卓越的独立式、可重复使用、超薄和超柔软的电子纹身传感器,它由对二甲苯水凝胶双层系统制成,具有较高的保水性,可长期使用 6 个月。水凝胶电子纹身(HET)传感器由导电自粘性水凝胶组成,厚度为 20 微米,37 °C 时的杨氏模量仅为 31 千帕,可与皮肤微观特征超适形接触。我们的 HET 传感器是在普通纹身纸上采用可扩展的低成本方法制造的,像临时纹身一样贴在皮肤上,用于记录电生理信号,如心电图(ECG)、肌电图(EMG)以及皮肤水合作用和温度传感。与已知具有最低 SSII 和运动敏感性的金标准医用级银/氯化银湿凝胶电极相比,HET 传感器的传感器-皮肤界面阻抗(SSII)首次降低了 234%,运动敏感性也显著降低。此外,与使用金标准医用级银/氯化银湿凝胶电极记录的电生理信号相比,HET-皮肤界面阻抗低导致使用 HET 传感器记录的电生理信号的信号幅度和信噪比(SNR)大得多。使用 HET 记录的某些类型的电生理信号(如肌电图)的信噪比比金标准医疗级电极高出 19 分贝,这是因为 HET 的信号振幅更高,对运动的敏感性明显降低,运动伪影也更少。此外,HET 传感器还是首个独立式超薄纹身传感器,可多次从皮肤转移到纹身纸上,反之亦然。
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引用次数: 0
A kirigami-based reconfigurable metasurface for selective electromagnetic transmission modulation 用于选择性电磁传输调制的基于 Kirigami 的可重构元表面
IF 12.3 1区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-024-00334-y
Shuchang He, Chengjun Wang, Jie Tao, Haishan Tang, Zuojia Wang, Jizhou Song
Tunable three-dimensional (3D) electromagnetic metasurfaces are essential for achieving selective modulation of polarized waves, but they usually require complex designs and the use of smart materials, posing great implementation challenges. Here, we propose a novel kirigami-based reconfigurable electromagnetic metasurface, which consists of a kirigami-based deformable thin polyimide substrate and periodically arranged copper split-ring resonators. By simple stretch, the two-dimensional (2D) planar metasurface can be uniformly transformed into a 3D state, enabling it to effectively and selectively modulate linearly and circularly polarized waves. Experimental and numerical results reveal the mechanical deformation and transmission characteristics of the metasurface under applied strains. It is shown that the metasurface exhibits good selective transmission tunability while the resonant frequency remains basically unchanged for both transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarized waves. Furthermore, the selective tuning mechanism and the influence of geometrical parameters are also illustrated by the equivalent circuit analysis.
可调谐三维(3D)电磁元表面对于实现极化波的选择性调制至关重要,但通常需要复杂的设计和使用智能材料,这给实现带来了巨大挑战。在这里,我们提出了一种新型的基于叽里格米的可重构电磁元表面,它由基于叽里格米的可变形聚酰亚胺薄基板和周期性排列的铜劈环谐振器组成。通过简单的拉伸,二维(2D)平面元表面可以均匀地转变为三维状态,从而使其能够有效地、有选择地调制线性和圆极化波。实验和数值结果揭示了元表面在外加应变下的机械变形和传输特性。实验结果表明,元表面具有良好的选择性透射调谐能力,而对于横向电偏振波和横向磁偏振波,其谐振频率基本保持不变。此外,还通过等效电路分析说明了选择性调谐机制和几何参数的影响。
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引用次数: 0
High-precision flexible sweat self-collection sensor for mental stress evaluation 用于精神压力评估的高精度柔性汗液自采集传感器
IF 12.3 1区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-024-00333-z
Chenhao Wang, Zhengyu Wang, Wei Wei, Zhenjie Zhang, Anne Ailina Li, Guanghao Huang, Xian Li, Shuzhi Sam Ge, Lianqun Zhou, Hui Kong
As a stress hormone existing in the human body, cortisol can reflect the psychological stress and health status in daily life, and is a potential biomarker of the body’s stress response. To effectively collect sweat and accurately identify the target, this paper reports a flexible wearable cortisol detection device with outstanding reliability and sensitivity. Molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) ensures cortisol specificity. And carbon nanotubes (CNT) on electrodes increase sensitivity, expanding the detection range to 10−3 to 104 nM, with sensitivity at 189.2 nA/lg(nM). In addition, porous chitosan hydrogel (PCSH) collects sweat effectively, its adhesive properties and 80% swelling rate offer a low-cost alternative to microfluidics. Flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) and serpentine electrode (SE) ensure device durability. This non-invasive, highly sensitive device offers a novel method for mental stress monitoring and clinical diagnosis, advancing human physiological state monitoring.
皮质醇作为一种存在于人体内的应激激素,可以反映日常生活中的心理压力和健康状况,是人体应激反应的潜在生物标志物。为了有效采集汗液并准确识别目标,本文报道了一种具有出色可靠性和灵敏度的柔性可穿戴皮质醇检测装置。分子印迹聚合物(MIP)确保了皮质醇的特异性。电极上的碳纳米管(CNT)提高了灵敏度,将检测范围扩大到 10-3 至 104 nM,灵敏度为 189.2 nA/lg(nM)。此外,多孔壳聚糖水凝胶(PCSH)能有效收集汗液,其粘合特性和 80% 的溶胀率为微流体技术提供了低成本的替代品。柔性印刷电路板(FPCB)和蛇形电极(SE)确保了设备的耐用性。这种无创、高灵敏度的设备为精神压力监测和临床诊断提供了一种新方法,推动了人体生理状态监测的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Tailored molecular for ultra-stability and biocompatible pseudohalide metal-free perovskite towards X-ray detectors with record sensitivity 为超稳定性和生物相容性伪卤化物无金属过氧化物量身定制的分子,实现具有创纪录灵敏度的 X 射线探测器
IF 12.3 1区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-28 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-024-00330-2
Yutian Lei, Mengying Yin, Chang Shi, Lingxi Wu, Guoqiang Peng, Youkui Xu, Haoxu Wang, Rongbing Tang, ZhenHua Li, Zhiwen Jin
The emerging pseudohalide metal-free perovskite (pseudohalide–MFPs) X-ray detector caters to the demands of timely mobile diagnosis owing to its lightweight, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. However, the performance of these devices is severely limited by poor X-ray absorption, ultra-wide band gap, relative instability, and their unknown biotoxicity. Herein, we construct heavy atom covalent bonds (C–Br/Cl) on the A-site organic cation to reinforce component coordination to modulate X-ray absorption and band gap in pseudohalide–MFPs and further enhance its stability. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that the introduction of halogen atoms can strengthen hydrogen bonding interactions, thereby improving the coordination between different components. The resultant (MDABCOBr)–NH4(BF4)3 (MDABCO = N-methyl-N’-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octonium) single crystal significantly increases X-ray absorption cross-section and crystalline density (from 1.728 to 1.950 g cm−3), and synergistically realizes the band nature modulation (from 7.4 to 5.5 eV) and enhanced ionic migration inhibition (628 meV) with optimized stability. As such, our X-ray detectors realized a sensitivity of 2377 μC Gyair−1 cm−2, an ultralow detection limit of 50.1 nGyair s−1, and impressive operation stability. Moreover, cytotoxicity assay confirmed the compatibility of pseudohalide metal-free perovskite. Finally, within this framework, we successfully fabricate the (MDABCOBr)–NH4(BF4)3-based flexible device to create an ideal in vitro wearable X-ray detection.
新兴的伪卤化物无金属过氧化物(pseudohalide-MFPs)X 射线探测器因其轻便、灵活和成本效益高而满足了及时移动诊断的需求。然而,由于对 X 射线的吸收率低、带隙超宽、相对不稳定以及未知的生物毒性,这些器件的性能受到严重限制。在此,我们在 A 位有机阳离子上构建了重原子共价键(C-Br/Cl),以加强元件配位,从而调节假卤化物-MFP 的 X 射线吸收和带隙,并进一步提高其稳定性。分子动力学模拟证明,卤素原子的引入可以加强氢键相互作用,从而改善不同成分之间的配位。由此产生的 (MDABCOBr)-NH4(BF4)3 (MDABCO = N-甲基-N'-二氮杂双环[2.2.2]辛二铵)单晶显著提高了 X 射线吸收截面和晶体密度(从 1.728 g cm-3 提高到 1.950 g cm-3),并协同实现了带性质调制(从 7.4 eV 提高到 5.5 eV)和增强的离子迁移抑制(628 meV),同时优化了稳定性。因此,我们的 X 射线探测器实现了 2377 μC Gyair-1 cm-2 的灵敏度、50.1 nGyair s-1 的超低检测限和令人印象深刻的运行稳定性。此外,细胞毒性检测证实了伪卤化物无金属包晶石的兼容性。最后,在此框架内,我们成功地制造出了基于(MDABCOBr)-NH4(BF4)3 的柔性装置,创造出了一种理想的体外可穿戴 X 射线检测器。
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引用次数: 0
Room temperature compressed air-stable conductive copper films for flexible electronics 用于柔性电子产品的室温压缩空气稳定导电铜膜
IF 12.3 1区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-27 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-024-00331-1
H. Jessica Pereira, Oleg Makarovsky, David. B. Amabilino, Graham N. Newton
The state-of-the-art technology of fabricating printed copper electronics is focussed largely on thermal sintering restricting transition towards heat sensitive flexible substrates. Herein we report a pioneering technology which eliminates the need for conventional sintering. Biopolymer-stabilised copper particles are prepared such that they can be compressed at room temperature to generate air-stable films with very low resistivities (2.05 – 2.33 × 10−8 Ω m at 20 °C). A linear positive correlation of resistivity with temperature verifies excellent metallic character and electron microscopy confirms the formation of films with low porosity (< 4.6%). An aqueous ink formulation is used to fabricate conductive patterns on filter paper, first using a fountain/dip pen and then printing to deposit more defined patterns (R < 2 Ω). The remarkable conductivity and stability of the films, coupled with the sustainability of the approach could precipitate a paradigm-shift in the use of copper inks for printable electronics.
最先进的印刷铜电子器件制造技术主要集中在热烧结上,限制了向热敏柔性基底的过渡。在此,我们报告了一项无需传统烧结的开创性技术。制备的生物聚合物稳定铜颗粒可在室温下压缩,生成电阻率极低(20 °C 时为 2.05 - 2.33 × 10-8 Ω m)的空气稳定薄膜。电阻率与温度呈线性正相关,这证明薄膜具有极佳的金属特性,电子显微镜也证实薄膜的孔隙率很低(4.6%)。使用水性油墨配方在滤纸上制作导电图案,首先使用钢笔/蘸水笔,然后通过印刷沉积出更清晰的图案(R <2Ω)。这种薄膜具有出色的导电性和稳定性,而且这种方法具有可持续性,这将促使可印刷电子产品中铜油墨的使用模式发生转变。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
npj Flexible Electronics
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