Physiotherapies play a crucial role in noninvasive tissue engineering for wound healing. However, challenges such as the implementation of complex interventions and unsatisfactory treatment outcomes impede widespread application. Here, we proposed a stretchable and wirelessly-powered optoelectronic synergistic patch with a dual-layer serpentine wireless receiver circuit to drive the optoelectronic modulation component. Optimized structure and impedance matching enable the patch to seamlessly attach to irregular skin surfaces and operate robustly over a 30% tensile strain range. Based on Sprague-Dawley rat wound model. The wound closure rate of the optoelectronic synergistic group significantly outperformed both monointervention and blank control groups. Mechanistically, optoelectronic synergistic intervention enhances the secretion of vascular endothelial marker proteins and growth factors, and stabilizes mitochondrial function during oxidative stress. Overall, the scalable amalgamation of flexible electronics, wireless transmission, and synergistic interventions promise to improve wound care.
{"title":"Stretchable wireless optoelectronic synergistic patches for effective wound healing","authors":"Qian Wang, Siyuan Cai, Guang Yao, Liyuan Zhang, Wenhao Lou, Youxin Chen, Qingqing Li, Maowen Xie, Xingyi Gan, Chenzheng Zhou, Taisong Pan, Min Gao, Kangning Zhao, Zhen Cai, Yuan Lin","doi":"10.1038/s41528-024-00351-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-024-00351-x","url":null,"abstract":"Physiotherapies play a crucial role in noninvasive tissue engineering for wound healing. However, challenges such as the implementation of complex interventions and unsatisfactory treatment outcomes impede widespread application. Here, we proposed a stretchable and wirelessly-powered optoelectronic synergistic patch with a dual-layer serpentine wireless receiver circuit to drive the optoelectronic modulation component. Optimized structure and impedance matching enable the patch to seamlessly attach to irregular skin surfaces and operate robustly over a 30% tensile strain range. Based on Sprague-Dawley rat wound model. The wound closure rate of the optoelectronic synergistic group significantly outperformed both monointervention and blank control groups. Mechanistically, optoelectronic synergistic intervention enhances the secretion of vascular endothelial marker proteins and growth factors, and stabilizes mitochondrial function during oxidative stress. Overall, the scalable amalgamation of flexible electronics, wireless transmission, and synergistic interventions promise to improve wound care.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-024-00351-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142384432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1038/s41528-024-00349-5
Haechan Park, Sehyun Kim, Juyeong Lee, Kwangmin Kim, Hanah Na, Yeeun Kim, Daeun Kim, Donghyung Shin, BongSoo Kim, Kyoseung Sim
Silver nanowires-embedded polydimethylsiloxane (AgNWs/PDMS) electrodes are promising components for various soft electronics, but face energy mismatch with organic semiconductors. Attempts at galvanic replacement, involving spontaneous gold (Au) formation on the electrodes, often result in non-uniform and particulate Au coatings, compromising device performance and stability. In this study, we introduce a novel approach for achieving a uniform and complete Au coating on AgNWs/PDMS electrodes by adding NaCl to the Au complex solution. This addition slows down the galvanic replacement process and prevents precipitation, enabling a uniform and complete Au coating on the AgNWs surface. Such coating significantly reduces contact resistance (RC), thereby enhancing the electrical characteristics of p-type organic transistors. Furthermore, the development of high-performance, fully soft organic transistors was achieved incorporating an organic semiconductor-elastomer blend. Additionally, reliable, mechanically stable soft glucose sensor was developed, taking advantage of the complete Au coating, which protects against oxidation during the glucose sensing process.
银纳米线嵌入式聚二甲基硅氧烷（AgNWs/PDMS）电极是各种软电子器件的理想元件，但面临着与有机半导体能量不匹配的问题。在电极上自发形成金（Au）的电化学置换尝试往往会导致金涂层不均匀和微粒化，从而影响器件的性能和稳定性。在本研究中，我们引入了一种新方法，通过在金复合物溶液中添加氯化钠，在 AgNWs/PDMS 电极上形成均匀完整的金涂层。这种添加可减缓电化学置换过程并防止沉淀，从而在 AgNWs 表面形成均匀完整的金涂层。这种镀层可大大降低接触电阻（RC），从而提高 p 型有机晶体管的电气特性。此外，通过有机半导体-弹性体混合物，还开发出了高性能全软有机晶体管。此外，利用金涂层在葡萄糖传感过程中防止氧化的优势，还开发出了可靠、机械稳定的软葡萄糖传感器。
{"title":"Facile strategy for uniform gold coating on silver nanowires embedded PDMS for soft electronics","authors":"Haechan Park, Sehyun Kim, Juyeong Lee, Kwangmin Kim, Hanah Na, Yeeun Kim, Daeun Kim, Donghyung Shin, BongSoo Kim, Kyoseung Sim","doi":"10.1038/s41528-024-00349-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-024-00349-5","url":null,"abstract":"Silver nanowires-embedded polydimethylsiloxane (AgNWs/PDMS) electrodes are promising components for various soft electronics, but face energy mismatch with organic semiconductors. Attempts at galvanic replacement, involving spontaneous gold (Au) formation on the electrodes, often result in non-uniform and particulate Au coatings, compromising device performance and stability. In this study, we introduce a novel approach for achieving a uniform and complete Au coating on AgNWs/PDMS electrodes by adding NaCl to the Au complex solution. This addition slows down the galvanic replacement process and prevents precipitation, enabling a uniform and complete Au coating on the AgNWs surface. Such coating significantly reduces contact resistance (RC), thereby enhancing the electrical characteristics of p-type organic transistors. Furthermore, the development of high-performance, fully soft organic transistors was achieved incorporating an organic semiconductor-elastomer blend. Additionally, reliable, mechanically stable soft glucose sensor was developed, taking advantage of the complete Au coating, which protects against oxidation during the glucose sensing process.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-024-00349-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142374210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-02DOI: 10.1038/s41528-024-00342-y
Yuqi Tian, Kai Yang, Yicong Wang, Jie Wang, Andrea S. Carlini, Zhinan Zhang, Yujun Deng, Jinyun Tan, Linfa Peng, Bo Yu, Zhongqin Lin
Well-functioning vascular access (VA) is essential for hemodialysis treatment in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). However, continuous and accurate monitoring of blood flow to assess high-flux VA during hospitalization or at home is not feasible for either clinical instruments or wearable sensors. Here, we report the design and preclinical validation of a high-precision, long-term, epidermal blood flow sensor that self-adapts to unavoidable sensor-mounting deviations on the skin and is compatible with individual tissue differences. Specifically, the technology is based on thermal dissipation of the skin, and improves the signal-to-error ratio surpassing 4 times when measuring high-flux blood (100–600 mL/min). In preclinical validation, the sensor is compared with the Doppler ultrasound and demonstrate a blood flow resolution of 10–50 mL/min. Furthermore, it is highly-integrated and wearable, measuring 36 × 50 mm2. The sensor paves the way for accurate, convenient, high-flux blood monitoring, offering significant potential to extend the lives of patients with ESRD.
{"title":"Self-adaptive epidermal blood flow sensor for high-flux vascular access monitoring of hemodialysis patients","authors":"Yuqi Tian, Kai Yang, Yicong Wang, Jie Wang, Andrea S. Carlini, Zhinan Zhang, Yujun Deng, Jinyun Tan, Linfa Peng, Bo Yu, Zhongqin Lin","doi":"10.1038/s41528-024-00342-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-024-00342-y","url":null,"abstract":"Well-functioning vascular access (VA) is essential for hemodialysis treatment in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). However, continuous and accurate monitoring of blood flow to assess high-flux VA during hospitalization or at home is not feasible for either clinical instruments or wearable sensors. Here, we report the design and preclinical validation of a high-precision, long-term, epidermal blood flow sensor that self-adapts to unavoidable sensor-mounting deviations on the skin and is compatible with individual tissue differences. Specifically, the technology is based on thermal dissipation of the skin, and improves the signal-to-error ratio surpassing 4 times when measuring high-flux blood (100–600 mL/min). In preclinical validation, the sensor is compared with the Doppler ultrasound and demonstrate a blood flow resolution of 10–50 mL/min. Furthermore, it is highly-integrated and wearable, measuring 36 × 50 mm2. The sensor paves the way for accurate, convenient, high-flux blood monitoring, offering significant potential to extend the lives of patients with ESRD.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-024-00342-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142362828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1038/s41528-024-00344-w
Yunxiang Huang, Gen Li, Tianyu Bai, Yieljae Shin, Xiaoxin Wang, Alexander Ian More, Pierre Boucher, Chandramouli Chandrasekaran, Jifeng Liu, Hui Fang
Integrating flexible electronics and photonics can create revolutionary technologies, but combining these components on a single polymer device has been difficult, particularly for high-volume manufacturing. Here, we present a robust chiplet-level heterogeneous integration of polymer-based circuits (CHIP), where ultrathin polymer electronic and optoelectronic chiplets are vertically bonded at room temperature and shaped into application-specific forms with monolithic Input/Output (I/O). This process was used to develop a flexible 3D integrated optrode with high-density microelectrodes for electrical recording, micro light-emitting diodes (μLEDs) for optogenetic stimulation, temperature sensors for bio-safe operations, and shielding designs to prevent optoelectronic artifacts. CHIP enables simple, high-yield, and scalable 3D integration, double-sided area utilization, and miniaturization of connection I/O. Systematic characterization demonstrated the scheme’s success and also identified frequency-dependent origins of optoelectronic artifacts. We envision CHIP being applied to numerous polymer-based devices for a wide range of applications.
{"title":"Flexible electronic-photonic 3D integration from ultrathin polymer chiplets","authors":"Yunxiang Huang, Gen Li, Tianyu Bai, Yieljae Shin, Xiaoxin Wang, Alexander Ian More, Pierre Boucher, Chandramouli Chandrasekaran, Jifeng Liu, Hui Fang","doi":"10.1038/s41528-024-00344-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-024-00344-w","url":null,"abstract":"Integrating flexible electronics and photonics can create revolutionary technologies, but combining these components on a single polymer device has been difficult, particularly for high-volume manufacturing. Here, we present a robust chiplet-level heterogeneous integration of polymer-based circuits (CHIP), where ultrathin polymer electronic and optoelectronic chiplets are vertically bonded at room temperature and shaped into application-specific forms with monolithic Input/Output (I/O). This process was used to develop a flexible 3D integrated optrode with high-density microelectrodes for electrical recording, micro light-emitting diodes (μLEDs) for optogenetic stimulation, temperature sensors for bio-safe operations, and shielding designs to prevent optoelectronic artifacts. CHIP enables simple, high-yield, and scalable 3D integration, double-sided area utilization, and miniaturization of connection I/O. Systematic characterization demonstrated the scheme’s success and also identified frequency-dependent origins of optoelectronic artifacts. We envision CHIP being applied to numerous polymer-based devices for a wide range of applications.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-024-00344-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142360074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-30DOI: 10.1038/s41528-024-00345-9
Jianhong Zhang, Xinhui Mao, Qingyan Jia, Renhao Nie, Yangyang Gao, Kai Tao, Honglong Chang, Peng Li, Wei Huang
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a clinical method relies on appropriate light delivery to activate photosensitizers, usually necessitates the utilization of cumbersome surgical instruments and high irradiation intensity, along with the requirement for hospitalization. To extend the applicability of PDT beyond hospital for better patient mobility, we design a wearable and self-powered metronomic PDT (mPDT) system for chronic wound infection treatment. A flexible alternative current electroluminescent (ACEL) device is constructed through sandwiching an emissive layer between conductive hydrogel electrodes. This ACEL device works as a therapeutic patch by loading photosensitizer (PS) in its bottom hydrogel electrode, thus aviods the intravenous administration to patients. Under the triboelectric nanogenerator generated AC pulse, the electroluminescence produced from emissive layer can be absorbed by the PS-loaded electrode to generate reactive oxygen species for mPDT. Benefited from its arbitrary tailorability, this device can be customized into on-demand shapes and sizes. Using diabetic infected wound as a model condition, this ACEL mPDT device effectively eliminates drug-resistant bacteria and accelerates wound healing. Thus, the body-worn optoelectronic device successfully avoids the utilization of extracorporeal physical light and power sources, providing a promising strategy for convenient, user-friendly, and prolonged treatment of superficial diseases.
光动力疗法（PDT）作为一种临床方法，依赖于适当的光传递来激活光敏剂，通常需要使用笨重的手术器械和高强度的照射，而且需要住院治疗。为了将光化学疗法的适用范围扩大到医院以外，使病人有更好的行动能力，我们设计了一种可穿戴、自供电的节律光化学疗法（mPDT）系统，用于慢性伤口感染治疗。我们在导电水凝胶电极之间夹了一层发射层，从而构建了一个灵活的替代电流电致发光（ACEL）装置。通过在底部水凝胶电极中加入光敏剂（PS），这种替代电流电致发光（ACEL）装置可用作治疗贴片，从而避免了患者的静脉注射。在三电纳米发电机产生的交流脉冲下，发射层产生的电致发光可被负载 PS 的电极吸收，从而产生活性氧，用于 mPDT。得益于其任意定制性，该装置可按需定制形状和尺寸。以糖尿病感染伤口为模型条件，这种 ACEL mPDT 设备可有效消除耐药细菌并加速伤口愈合。因此，这种体戴式光电设备成功地避免了使用体外物理光源和电源，为方便、易用和延长浅表疾病的治疗时间提供了一种前景广阔的策略。
{"title":"Body-worn and self-powered flexible optoelectronic device for metronomic photodynamic therapy","authors":"Jianhong Zhang, Xinhui Mao, Qingyan Jia, Renhao Nie, Yangyang Gao, Kai Tao, Honglong Chang, Peng Li, Wei Huang","doi":"10.1038/s41528-024-00345-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-024-00345-9","url":null,"abstract":"Photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a clinical method relies on appropriate light delivery to activate photosensitizers, usually necessitates the utilization of cumbersome surgical instruments and high irradiation intensity, along with the requirement for hospitalization. To extend the applicability of PDT beyond hospital for better patient mobility, we design a wearable and self-powered metronomic PDT (mPDT) system for chronic wound infection treatment. A flexible alternative current electroluminescent (ACEL) device is constructed through sandwiching an emissive layer between conductive hydrogel electrodes. This ACEL device works as a therapeutic patch by loading photosensitizer (PS) in its bottom hydrogel electrode, thus aviods the intravenous administration to patients. Under the triboelectric nanogenerator generated AC pulse, the electroluminescence produced from emissive layer can be absorbed by the PS-loaded electrode to generate reactive oxygen species for mPDT. Benefited from its arbitrary tailorability, this device can be customized into on-demand shapes and sizes. Using diabetic infected wound as a model condition, this ACEL mPDT device effectively eliminates drug-resistant bacteria and accelerates wound healing. Thus, the body-worn optoelectronic device successfully avoids the utilization of extracorporeal physical light and power sources, providing a promising strategy for convenient, user-friendly, and prolonged treatment of superficial diseases.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-024-00345-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142329694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1038/s41528-024-00348-6
Minki Kim, Minjae Cho, Chongyoung Chung, Ki-Uk Kyung
Electric heaters based on functional materials and innovative designs have been developed for various applications. In this paper, we propose a soft dielectric heater (SDH) using polyvinyl chloride-gel (PVC-gel) as the dielectric heater and hydrogel as stretchable electrodes. Under an AC voltage, the leakage current in the PVC-gel leads to continuous injection and discharge of charges, causing the polarized plasticizers and flexible PVC chains to vibrate and collide, thereby generating heat through dielectric heating. Furthermore, the SDH generates a uniform temperature distribution even under strains up to 400%. Besides, high transmittance over 86% across the visible range renders it suitable for wearable or skin-mountable heaters from an esthetic viewpoint. Its capacitor-like structure achieves a scalable design, enabling extension from a singular cell to a row/column addressable and pixelated array of heaters. The 5 × 5 SDH array can deliver varied thermal information and sensations while maintaining performance even when stretched.
{"title":"Stretchable, transparent and multifunctional PVC-gel heater: a novel approach to skin-mountable, wearable thermal devices","authors":"Minki Kim, Minjae Cho, Chongyoung Chung, Ki-Uk Kyung","doi":"10.1038/s41528-024-00348-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-024-00348-6","url":null,"abstract":"Electric heaters based on functional materials and innovative designs have been developed for various applications. In this paper, we propose a soft dielectric heater (SDH) using polyvinyl chloride-gel (PVC-gel) as the dielectric heater and hydrogel as stretchable electrodes. Under an AC voltage, the leakage current in the PVC-gel leads to continuous injection and discharge of charges, causing the polarized plasticizers and flexible PVC chains to vibrate and collide, thereby generating heat through dielectric heating. Furthermore, the SDH generates a uniform temperature distribution even under strains up to 400%. Besides, high transmittance over 86% across the visible range renders it suitable for wearable or skin-mountable heaters from an esthetic viewpoint. Its capacitor-like structure achieves a scalable design, enabling extension from a singular cell to a row/column addressable and pixelated array of heaters. The 5 × 5 SDH array can deliver varied thermal information and sensations while maintaining performance even when stretched.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-024-00348-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142273349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1038/s41528-024-00347-7
Ha Kyung Park, Kanghoon Yim, Jiyoon Lee, Yunae Cho, Inyoung Jeong, Donghyeop Shin, Jihye Gwak, Aron Walsh, Kihwan Kim, William Jo
Flexible and lightweight Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin-film solar cells are promising for versatile applications, but there is limited understanding of stress-induced changes. In this study, the charge carrier generation and trapping behavior under mechanical stress was investigated using flexible CIGS thin-film solar cells with various alkali treatments. Surface current at the CIGS surface decreased by convex bending, which occurs less with the incorporation of alkali metals. The formation energy of the carrier generating defects increased in convex bending environments clarifying the degradation of the surface current. Moreover, alkali-related defects had lower formation energy than the intrinsic acceptors, mitigating current degradation in mechanical stress condition. The altered defect energy levels were attributed to the deformation of the crystal structure under bending states. This study provides insights into the mitigating of strain-induced charge degradation for enhancing the performance and robustness of flexible CIGS photovoltaic devices.
{"title":"Interplay between strain and charge in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 flexible photovoltaics","authors":"Ha Kyung Park, Kanghoon Yim, Jiyoon Lee, Yunae Cho, Inyoung Jeong, Donghyeop Shin, Jihye Gwak, Aron Walsh, Kihwan Kim, William Jo","doi":"10.1038/s41528-024-00347-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-024-00347-7","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible and lightweight Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin-film solar cells are promising for versatile applications, but there is limited understanding of stress-induced changes. In this study, the charge carrier generation and trapping behavior under mechanical stress was investigated using flexible CIGS thin-film solar cells with various alkali treatments. Surface current at the CIGS surface decreased by convex bending, which occurs less with the incorporation of alkali metals. The formation energy of the carrier generating defects increased in convex bending environments clarifying the degradation of the surface current. Moreover, alkali-related defects had lower formation energy than the intrinsic acceptors, mitigating current degradation in mechanical stress condition. The altered defect energy levels were attributed to the deformation of the crystal structure under bending states. This study provides insights into the mitigating of strain-induced charge degradation for enhancing the performance and robustness of flexible CIGS photovoltaic devices.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-024-00347-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142235096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1038/s41528-024-00343-x
Ajay Nimbalkar, Aqsa Irfan, Min Chul Suh
Stretchable organic light-emitting diodes (SOLEDs) have been the challenging class of OLEDs as they have limited processability to fabricate a design that can withstand external deformation. Herein, we demonstrated the highly efficient top-emitting geometrical stretchable OLED (GSOLED) by incorporating the prestretched elastomer with optical adhesive film. The experimental and theoretical characterizations verified the enhancement of device efficiencies with the light extraction phenomenon brought by nanowavy corrugated structures. Furthermore, GSOLED shows stability in stretchable conditions and displays narrower emission spectrum with improved color purity. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 21 nm shows narrowband emission with a high current efficiency and EQE of 221 cd A−1 and 39.50%. This work marks a significant step forward, providing unprecedented insights into the factors influencing device performance in current and future material systems for stretchable organic light-emitting diodes.
{"title":"Creating highly efficient stretchable OLEDs with nanowavy structures for angle-independent narrow band emission","authors":"Ajay Nimbalkar, Aqsa Irfan, Min Chul Suh","doi":"10.1038/s41528-024-00343-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-024-00343-x","url":null,"abstract":"Stretchable organic light-emitting diodes (SOLEDs) have been the challenging class of OLEDs as they have limited processability to fabricate a design that can withstand external deformation. Herein, we demonstrated the highly efficient top-emitting geometrical stretchable OLED (GSOLED) by incorporating the prestretched elastomer with optical adhesive film. The experimental and theoretical characterizations verified the enhancement of device efficiencies with the light extraction phenomenon brought by nanowavy corrugated structures. Furthermore, GSOLED shows stability in stretchable conditions and displays narrower emission spectrum with improved color purity. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 21 nm shows narrowband emission with a high current efficiency and EQE of 221 cd A−1 and 39.50%. This work marks a significant step forward, providing unprecedented insights into the factors influencing device performance in current and future material systems for stretchable organic light-emitting diodes.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-024-00343-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142160360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flexible devices, such as soft bioelectronics and stretchable supercapacitors, have their practical performance limited by electrodes which are desired to have high conductivity and capacitance, outstanding mechanical flexibility and strength, great electrochemical stability, and good biocompatibility. Here, we report a simple and efficient method to synthesize a nanostructured conductive hydrogel to meet such criteria. Specifically, templated by a hyperconnective nanofibrous network from aramid hydrogels, the conducting polymer, polypyrrole, assembles conformally onto nanofibers through in-situ polymerization, generating continuous nanostructured conductive pathways. The resulting conductive hydrogel shows superior conductivity (72 S cm−1) and fracture strength (27.2 MPa). Supercapacitor electrodes utilizing this hydrogel exhibit high specific capacitance (240 F g−1) and cyclic stability. Furthermore, bioelectrodes of patterned hydrogels provide favorable bioelectronic interfaces, allowing high-quality electrophysiological recording and stimulation in physiological environments. These high-performance electrodes are readily scalable to applications of energy and power systems, healthcare and medical technologies, smart textiles, and so forth.
软生物电子学和可拉伸超级电容器等柔性设备的实用性能受到电极的限制，电极需要具有高导电性和电容、出色的机械柔韧性和强度、高电化学稳定性和良好的生物相容性。在此，我们报告了一种简单高效的方法来合成符合上述标准的纳米结构导电水凝胶。具体来说，以芳纶水凝胶的超连接纳米纤维网为模板，导电聚合物聚吡咯通过原位聚合作用顺应性地组装到纳米纤维上，产生连续的纳米结构导电通路。由此产生的导电水凝胶显示出卓越的导电性（72 S cm-1）和断裂强度（27.2 兆帕）。使用这种水凝胶的超级电容器电极具有很高的比电容（240 F g-1）和循环稳定性。此外，图案化水凝胶生物电极提供了有利的生物电子界面，可在生理环境中进行高质量的电生理记录和刺激。这些高性能电极可随时扩展到能源和电力系统、保健和医疗技术、智能纺织品等应用领域。
{"title":"Strong and high-conductivity hydrogels with all-polymer nanofibrous networks for applications as high-capacitance flexible electrodes","authors":"Huimin He, Yaqing Chen, Aoyang Pu, Li Wang, Wenxiu Li, Xiaoyu Zhou, Chuyang Y. Tang, Kiwon Ban, Mengsu Yang, Lizhi Xu","doi":"10.1038/s41528-024-00346-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-024-00346-8","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible devices, such as soft bioelectronics and stretchable supercapacitors, have their practical performance limited by electrodes which are desired to have high conductivity and capacitance, outstanding mechanical flexibility and strength, great electrochemical stability, and good biocompatibility. Here, we report a simple and efficient method to synthesize a nanostructured conductive hydrogel to meet such criteria. Specifically, templated by a hyperconnective nanofibrous network from aramid hydrogels, the conducting polymer, polypyrrole, assembles conformally onto nanofibers through in-situ polymerization, generating continuous nanostructured conductive pathways. The resulting conductive hydrogel shows superior conductivity (72 S cm−1) and fracture strength (27.2 MPa). Supercapacitor electrodes utilizing this hydrogel exhibit high specific capacitance (240 F g−1) and cyclic stability. Furthermore, bioelectrodes of patterned hydrogels provide favorable bioelectronic interfaces, allowing high-quality electrophysiological recording and stimulation in physiological environments. These high-performance electrodes are readily scalable to applications of energy and power systems, healthcare and medical technologies, smart textiles, and so forth.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-024-00346-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142160309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1038/s41528-024-00339-7
Chaoyang Kuang, Shangzhi Chen, Mingna Liao, Aiman Rahmanudin, Debashree Banerjee, Jesper Edberg, Klas Tybrandt, Dan Zhao, Magnus P. Jonsson
Materials that provide dynamically tunable infrared (IR) response are important for many applications, including active camouflage and thermal management. However, current IR-tunable systems often exhibit limitations in mechanical properties or practicality of their tuning modalities, or require complex and costly fabrication methods. An additional challenge relates to providing compatibility between different spectral channels, such as allowing an object to be reversibly concealed in the IR without making it appear in the visible range. Here, we demonstrate that conducting polymer-cellulose papers, fabricated through a simple and cheap approach, can overcome such challenges. The papers exhibit IR properties that can be electrochemically tuned with large modulation (absolute emissivity modulation of 0.4) while maintaining largely constant response in the visible range. Owing to high ionic and electrical conductivity, the tuning of the top surface can be performed electrochemically from the other side of the paper even at tens of micrometer thicknesses, removing the need for overlaying electrode and electrolyte in the optical beam path. These features enabled a series of electrically tunable IR devices, where we focus on demonstrating dynamic radiative coolers, thermal camouflage, anti-counterfeiting tags, and grayscale IR displays. The conducting polymer-cellulose papers are sustainable, cheap, flexible and mechanically robust, providing a versatile materials platform for active and adaptive IR optoelectronic devices.
{"title":"Electrically tunable infrared optics enabled by flexible ion-permeable conducting polymer-cellulose paper","authors":"Chaoyang Kuang, Shangzhi Chen, Mingna Liao, Aiman Rahmanudin, Debashree Banerjee, Jesper Edberg, Klas Tybrandt, Dan Zhao, Magnus P. Jonsson","doi":"10.1038/s41528-024-00339-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-024-00339-7","url":null,"abstract":"Materials that provide dynamically tunable infrared (IR) response are important for many applications, including active camouflage and thermal management. However, current IR-tunable systems often exhibit limitations in mechanical properties or practicality of their tuning modalities, or require complex and costly fabrication methods. An additional challenge relates to providing compatibility between different spectral channels, such as allowing an object to be reversibly concealed in the IR without making it appear in the visible range. Here, we demonstrate that conducting polymer-cellulose papers, fabricated through a simple and cheap approach, can overcome such challenges. The papers exhibit IR properties that can be electrochemically tuned with large modulation (absolute emissivity modulation of 0.4) while maintaining largely constant response in the visible range. Owing to high ionic and electrical conductivity, the tuning of the top surface can be performed electrochemically from the other side of the paper even at tens of micrometer thicknesses, removing the need for overlaying electrode and electrolyte in the optical beam path. These features enabled a series of electrically tunable IR devices, where we focus on demonstrating dynamic radiative coolers, thermal camouflage, anti-counterfeiting tags, and grayscale IR displays. The conducting polymer-cellulose papers are sustainable, cheap, flexible and mechanically robust, providing a versatile materials platform for active and adaptive IR optoelectronic devices.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-024-00339-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142142695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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