Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00517-1
Raphael Panskus, Andrada Iulia Velea, Lukas Holzapfel, Christos Pavlou, Qingying Li, Chaoyi Qin, Flora Nelissen, Rick Waasdorp, David Maresca, Valeria Gazzola, Vasiliki Giagka
Neural interfaces that unify diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities hold particular promise for advancing both fundamental neuroscience and clinical neurotechnology. Functional ultrasound imaging (fUSI) has recently emerged as a powerful modality for high-resolution, non-invasive monitoring of brain function and structure. However, conventional metal-based microelectrodes typically impede ultrasound propagation, limiting compatibility with fUSI. Here, we present flexible, ultrasound-transparent neural interfaces that retain practical metal thicknesses while achieving high acoustic transparency. We introduce a theoretical and simulation-based framework to investigate the conditions under which commonly used polymers and metals in neural interfaces can become acoustically transparent. Based on these insights, we propose design guidelines that maximise ultrasound transmission through soft neural interfaces. We experimentally validate our approach through immersion experiments and by demonstrating the acoustic transparency of a suitably engineered interface using fUSI in phantom and in vivo experiments. Finally, we discuss the potential extension of this approach to therapeutic focused ultrasound (FUS). This work establishes a foundation for the development of multimodal neural interfaces with enhanced diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities, enabling both scientific discovery and translational impact.
{"title":"Ultrasound-transparent neural interfaces for multimodal interaction","authors":"Raphael Panskus, Andrada Iulia Velea, Lukas Holzapfel, Christos Pavlou, Qingying Li, Chaoyi Qin, Flora Nelissen, Rick Waasdorp, David Maresca, Valeria Gazzola, Vasiliki Giagka","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00517-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00517-1","url":null,"abstract":"Neural interfaces that unify diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities hold particular promise for advancing both fundamental neuroscience and clinical neurotechnology. Functional ultrasound imaging (fUSI) has recently emerged as a powerful modality for high-resolution, non-invasive monitoring of brain function and structure. However, conventional metal-based microelectrodes typically impede ultrasound propagation, limiting compatibility with fUSI. Here, we present flexible, ultrasound-transparent neural interfaces that retain practical metal thicknesses while achieving high acoustic transparency. We introduce a theoretical and simulation-based framework to investigate the conditions under which commonly used polymers and metals in neural interfaces can become acoustically transparent. Based on these insights, we propose design guidelines that maximise ultrasound transmission through soft neural interfaces. We experimentally validate our approach through immersion experiments and by demonstrating the acoustic transparency of a suitably engineered interface using fUSI in phantom and in vivo experiments. Finally, we discuss the potential extension of this approach to therapeutic focused ultrasound (FUS). This work establishes a foundation for the development of multimodal neural interfaces with enhanced diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities, enabling both scientific discovery and translational impact.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"131 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145908417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Conductive putty-like polymer composites have recently received considerable attention in wearable electronics, soft robotics, and energy storage due to their unique electrical and mechanical properties. Their viscoelasticity enables direct 3D printing of intricate, customizable conductive pathways, yet printing in high-viscosity polymer solutions remains challenging. Inspired by clay, we develop a moldable conductive polymer composite (MCPC) with tunable viscoelasticity, shear-thinning behavior, and high conductivity by blending liquid Ecoflex with graphite powders. By extruding MCPC onto liquid Ecoflex of various viscosities, we demonstrate a facile strategy for fabricating soft sensors with spatially controlled conductive pathways. These sensors exhibit a wide strain response (0.05%-150%), high sensitivity (gauge factor >15000), and nearly 100% electrical repeatability over 1000 cycles. They reliably monitor human movement and control robotic hands. Our approach provides a new strategy for fabricating soft sensors with enhanced mechanical and electrical properties, expanding possibilities for next-generation wearable and bio-integrated technologies.
{"title":"Adaptive 3D printing of moldable conductive polymer composite for highly sensitive soft sensors with a broad working range","authors":"Yuanhang Yang, Yuxuan Tang, Kai Xue, Junwei Li, Shun Duan, Changjin Huang","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00523-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00523-3","url":null,"abstract":"Conductive putty-like polymer composites have recently received considerable attention in wearable electronics, soft robotics, and energy storage due to their unique electrical and mechanical properties. Their viscoelasticity enables direct 3D printing of intricate, customizable conductive pathways, yet printing in high-viscosity polymer solutions remains challenging. Inspired by clay, we develop a moldable conductive polymer composite (MCPC) with tunable viscoelasticity, shear-thinning behavior, and high conductivity by blending liquid Ecoflex with graphite powders. By extruding MCPC onto liquid Ecoflex of various viscosities, we demonstrate a facile strategy for fabricating soft sensors with spatially controlled conductive pathways. These sensors exhibit a wide strain response (0.05%-150%), high sensitivity (gauge factor >15000), and nearly 100% electrical repeatability over 1000 cycles. They reliably monitor human movement and control robotic hands. Our approach provides a new strategy for fabricating soft sensors with enhanced mechanical and electrical properties, expanding possibilities for next-generation wearable and bio-integrated technologies.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145919993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00520-6
Sohwi Kim, Chansoo Yoon, Jihoon Jeon, Woohyeon Ryu, Gwang Taek Oh, Bae Ho Park
Biological mechanoreceptors convert tissue strain into distinct spike trains. In contrast, their soft electronic counterparts still rely on discrete components for sensing, preprocessing, and neuronal firing. Here, we integrate these functional components into a single and scalable device by combining mechano-electric transduction and volatile threshold switching within an Ag/freestanding epitaxial SrTiO3/Pt membrane laminated onto a flexible polyethylene naphthalate substrate. Tensile strain (0–2.6%) lowers Ag⁺ migration energy and reduces the switching voltage from 1.04 to 0.24 V. Under constant bias, the spike frequency increases by more than two orders of magnitude, enabling tunable, self-oscillating ‘neurons’ operating below 100 pJ per spike, comparable to biological mechanoreceptors and ~25× more efficient than current flexible sensors. The device maintains its full functionality after over 400 bending cycles, demonstrating its potential as a mechanically programmable, ultralow-power building block for next-generation electronic skins, soft robotics, and bio-integrated prosthetics.
{"title":"Mechanosensory neuron implemented by a single freestanding epitaxial SrTiO3 capacitor","authors":"Sohwi Kim, Chansoo Yoon, Jihoon Jeon, Woohyeon Ryu, Gwang Taek Oh, Bae Ho Park","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00520-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00520-6","url":null,"abstract":"Biological mechanoreceptors convert tissue strain into distinct spike trains. In contrast, their soft electronic counterparts still rely on discrete components for sensing, preprocessing, and neuronal firing. Here, we integrate these functional components into a single and scalable device by combining mechano-electric transduction and volatile threshold switching within an Ag/freestanding epitaxial SrTiO3/Pt membrane laminated onto a flexible polyethylene naphthalate substrate. Tensile strain (0–2.6%) lowers Ag⁺ migration energy and reduces the switching voltage from 1.04 to 0.24 V. Under constant bias, the spike frequency increases by more than two orders of magnitude, enabling tunable, self-oscillating ‘neurons’ operating below 100 pJ per spike, comparable to biological mechanoreceptors and ~25× more efficient than current flexible sensors. The device maintains its full functionality after over 400 bending cycles, demonstrating its potential as a mechanically programmable, ultralow-power building block for next-generation electronic skins, soft robotics, and bio-integrated prosthetics.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00506-4
Dandan Pei, Yang Dai, Fanqi Dai, Kui Liang, Yangyong Zhao, Yanzhao Li
Liquid metals (LMs) characterized with high conductivity and inherent deformability are potential materials for stretchable electronics and circuits. However, technological challenges associated with facile and efficient patterning of LMs currently impede their widespread implementation. Here, we present an environmentally friendly approach for the facile fabrication of stretchable conductors and circuits through the self-assembly of aqueous LM inks. This process leverages the anisotropic surface characteristics that drive the movement of the ink from hydrophobic to hydrophilic regions. Simultaneously, the ink with a stabilizer mitigated the premature deposition of LM particles. This culminated in the precise deposition of LM particles in accordance with the desired patterns on the substrate. The resulting LM patterns exhibit high resolution (<100 μm line width), high conductivity (2.0 × 10⁵ S m−1), and excellent electromechanical durability. Further demonstrated applications including stretchable displays, three-dimensional touch sensors and soft actuators showcase the versatility of this fabrication for stretchable electronics.
{"title":"Self-assembled aqueous liquid metal inks for stretchable conductors and circuits","authors":"Dandan Pei, Yang Dai, Fanqi Dai, Kui Liang, Yangyong Zhao, Yanzhao Li","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00506-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00506-4","url":null,"abstract":"Liquid metals (LMs) characterized with high conductivity and inherent deformability are potential materials for stretchable electronics and circuits. However, technological challenges associated with facile and efficient patterning of LMs currently impede their widespread implementation. Here, we present an environmentally friendly approach for the facile fabrication of stretchable conductors and circuits through the self-assembly of aqueous LM inks. This process leverages the anisotropic surface characteristics that drive the movement of the ink from hydrophobic to hydrophilic regions. Simultaneously, the ink with a stabilizer mitigated the premature deposition of LM particles. This culminated in the precise deposition of LM particles in accordance with the desired patterns on the substrate. The resulting LM patterns exhibit high resolution (<100 μm line width), high conductivity (2.0 × 10⁵ S m−1), and excellent electromechanical durability. Further demonstrated applications including stretchable displays, three-dimensional touch sensors and soft actuators showcase the versatility of this fabrication for stretchable electronics.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soft bending sensors offer high sensitivity and a large deformation range, making them ideal for robotics and healthcare. However, existing sensors made from organic materials often fail under large tensile stresses and long-term bending, limiting their real-world applications. This paper presents the 100,000+ cycle-reliable bending sensor (100k+ CRBS), which leverages the flexibility and elastic response of an ultrathin piezoresistive silicon gauge integrated with highly resilient polyimide film by the water vapor plasma-assisted bonding method for both high robustness and reliability. The 100k+ CRBS endured over 100,000 bending cycles at a radius of 5 mm. Additionally, it achieved a remarkable minimum bending radius of 0.4 mm. It also exhibited a mechanical limit of 300 MPa, while maintaining stable operation below 94 MPa (<3% strain). These features enable precision motion capture in demanding applications including human–machine interaction, healthcare and rehabilitation, and smart industry and automation.
{"title":"Ultrathin bending sensor with ultrahigh robustness and reliability for robotic applications","authors":"Hao Liu, Masahito Takakuwa, Michitaka Yamamoto, Shinsuke Nakashima, Zhengyi Jiang, Tomoyuki Yokota, Takao Someya, Toshihiro Itoh, Seiichi Takamatsu","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00498-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00498-1","url":null,"abstract":"Soft bending sensors offer high sensitivity and a large deformation range, making them ideal for robotics and healthcare. However, existing sensors made from organic materials often fail under large tensile stresses and long-term bending, limiting their real-world applications. This paper presents the 100,000+ cycle-reliable bending sensor (100k+ CRBS), which leverages the flexibility and elastic response of an ultrathin piezoresistive silicon gauge integrated with highly resilient polyimide film by the water vapor plasma-assisted bonding method for both high robustness and reliability. The 100k+ CRBS endured over 100,000 bending cycles at a radius of 5 mm. Additionally, it achieved a remarkable minimum bending radius of 0.4 mm. It also exhibited a mechanical limit of 300 MPa, while maintaining stable operation below 94 MPa (<3% strain). These features enable precision motion capture in demanding applications including human–machine interaction, healthcare and rehabilitation, and smart industry and automation.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"128 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145814079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00503-7
Arielle Berman, Baiyu Shi, Tomasz Zaluska, Annika Yong, Sean Clees, Chengyi Xu, Levent Beker, Zhenan Bao
Tactile sensors that can detect material softness, or elastic modulus, are critical for intelligent robots and embodied neuroprosthetics. Artificial electronic skins (eSkins) that mimic the cutaneous stretchability and mechanosensory apparatus can facilitate human-like touch perception in these applications. Existing devices primarily rely on the piezoresistive mechanism to detect changes in pressure and lateral strain upon contact with a target object. However, resistors are highly susceptible to differences in conductive nanomaterial morphology which compromises sample-to-sample repeatability and introduces large cyclic hysteresis. Furthermore, their fabrication and interconnection complexity hinder the development of scalable, high-density arrays. Here, we overcome these limitations with a stretchable, fully capacitive sensing array that uses rigid islands in a novel architecture to obtain multimodal information. In this configuration, normal pressure is transduced to the capacitive pixels with rigid islands while free-standing pixels increase in capacitance as a function of out-of-plane deformation induced by the softness of the touched object. Electrode dimensions and layout are investigated to determine their effect on the accurate differentiation of material moduli (72 kPa to 1.36 MPa). The sensor output trend is maintained even after a five-fold miniaturization of the array sensing area from a 25 mm to a 5 mm square. Finally, the device is integrated with a dynamic robotic gripper for real-time material classification. Our unique eSkin sensor provides sophisticated feedback while minimizing data acquisition and analysis complexity, which is advantageous for efficient training of future machine learning algorithms.
{"title":"A skin-inspired, capacitive array for tactile modulus detection via a scalable rigid-island architecture","authors":"Arielle Berman, Baiyu Shi, Tomasz Zaluska, Annika Yong, Sean Clees, Chengyi Xu, Levent Beker, Zhenan Bao","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00503-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00503-7","url":null,"abstract":"Tactile sensors that can detect material softness, or elastic modulus, are critical for intelligent robots and embodied neuroprosthetics. Artificial electronic skins (eSkins) that mimic the cutaneous stretchability and mechanosensory apparatus can facilitate human-like touch perception in these applications. Existing devices primarily rely on the piezoresistive mechanism to detect changes in pressure and lateral strain upon contact with a target object. However, resistors are highly susceptible to differences in conductive nanomaterial morphology which compromises sample-to-sample repeatability and introduces large cyclic hysteresis. Furthermore, their fabrication and interconnection complexity hinder the development of scalable, high-density arrays. Here, we overcome these limitations with a stretchable, fully capacitive sensing array that uses rigid islands in a novel architecture to obtain multimodal information. In this configuration, normal pressure is transduced to the capacitive pixels with rigid islands while free-standing pixels increase in capacitance as a function of out-of-plane deformation induced by the softness of the touched object. Electrode dimensions and layout are investigated to determine their effect on the accurate differentiation of material moduli (72 kPa to 1.36 MPa). The sensor output trend is maintained even after a five-fold miniaturization of the array sensing area from a 25 mm to a 5 mm square. Finally, the device is integrated with a dynamic robotic gripper for real-time material classification. Our unique eSkin sensor provides sophisticated feedback while minimizing data acquisition and analysis complexity, which is advantageous for efficient training of future machine learning algorithms.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145808171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00516-2
Yuli Wang, Zonglei Wang, Junhong Yi, Shihong Lin, Wenqing Yan, Jiawei Yang, Qingyuan Sun, Jian Luo, Yujie Zhang, Pengcheng Zhou, Zongman Zhang, Zichong Ji, Meiqiong Zheng, Leqi Li, Xinyuan Ye, Hossam Haick, Yan Wang
Hydrogels emerge as a promising electrode material for scalp electroencephalogram monitoring, which stands as a pivotal technique in neuroscience, enabling real-time monitoring of brain activity. However, conventional hydrogel-enabled electrodes suffer from low scalp compliance, high scalp-electrode impedance, and inferior interfacial stability. Here, we propose an injectable eutectogel-enabled electrode for high-quality, long-term scalp electroencephalogram monitoring. This gelatin-based eutectogel exhibits temperature-controlled reversible phase transitions, enabling rapid in-situ gelation on the scalp and forming a robust self-adhesive interface. It demonstrates exceptional mechanical durability (1000 cycles at 100% strain), robust adhesion (0.7 N cm−1 on human epidermis and 1.7 N cm−1 on Ag/AgCl electrode), and outstanding anti-drying properties (negligible water loss after 7 days). Additionally, the eutectogel shows superior healing properties, antibacterial properties, and recyclability. Furthermore, it exhibits remarkably low scalp-electrode contact impedance (<20 kΩ at 16 Hz). The eutectogel is injected on the human scalp with dense hair for high-fidelity electroencephalogram recording, enabling long-term monitoring. Its practical applications include monitoring visual evoked potentials, steady-state visual evoked potentials, somatosensory evoked potentials, slow vertex response, auditory brainstem response, multi-channel cognitive electroencephalogram during various daily activities, and event-related potentials P300 signals. The eutectogel-enabled electrode provides a versatile and reliable solution for long-term electroencephalogram monitoring in diverse clinical and research settings.
水凝胶是一种很有前途的电极材料，用于头皮脑电图监测，是神经科学领域的一项关键技术，可以实时监测大脑活动。然而，传统的水凝胶电极存在头皮顺应性低、头皮-电极阻抗高和界面稳定性差的问题。在这里，我们提出了一种可注射的共析凝胶电极，用于高质量，长期的头皮脑电图监测。这种基于明胶的共聚物表现出温度控制的可逆相变，能够在头皮上快速原位凝胶化，形成坚固的自粘界面。它具有优异的机械耐久性（在100%应变下循环1000次），强大的附着力（人体表皮上0.7 N cm−1，Ag/AgCl电极上1.7 N cm−1），以及出色的抗干燥性能（7天后可忽略水分损失）。此外，共聚物具有优异的愈合性能、抗菌性能和可回收性。此外，它还具有非常低的头皮-电极接触阻抗（在16 Hz时<20 kΩ）。eutectol被注射在人类浓密头发的头皮上，用于高保真脑电图记录，实现长期监测。其实际应用包括监测视觉诱发电位、稳态视觉诱发电位、体感诱发电位、慢顶点反应、听觉脑干反应、日常各种活动中的多通道认知脑电图、事件相关电位P300信号等。共析凝胶使电极提供了一个多功能和可靠的解决方案，长期脑电图监测在不同的临床和研究设置。
{"title":"Injectable eutectogel for high-quality scalp electroencephalogram monitoring","authors":"Yuli Wang, Zonglei Wang, Junhong Yi, Shihong Lin, Wenqing Yan, Jiawei Yang, Qingyuan Sun, Jian Luo, Yujie Zhang, Pengcheng Zhou, Zongman Zhang, Zichong Ji, Meiqiong Zheng, Leqi Li, Xinyuan Ye, Hossam Haick, Yan Wang","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00516-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00516-2","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogels emerge as a promising electrode material for scalp electroencephalogram monitoring, which stands as a pivotal technique in neuroscience, enabling real-time monitoring of brain activity. However, conventional hydrogel-enabled electrodes suffer from low scalp compliance, high scalp-electrode impedance, and inferior interfacial stability. Here, we propose an injectable eutectogel-enabled electrode for high-quality, long-term scalp electroencephalogram monitoring. This gelatin-based eutectogel exhibits temperature-controlled reversible phase transitions, enabling rapid in-situ gelation on the scalp and forming a robust self-adhesive interface. It demonstrates exceptional mechanical durability (1000 cycles at 100% strain), robust adhesion (0.7 N cm−1 on human epidermis and 1.7 N cm−1 on Ag/AgCl electrode), and outstanding anti-drying properties (negligible water loss after 7 days). Additionally, the eutectogel shows superior healing properties, antibacterial properties, and recyclability. Furthermore, it exhibits remarkably low scalp-electrode contact impedance (<20 kΩ at 16 Hz). The eutectogel is injected on the human scalp with dense hair for high-fidelity electroencephalogram recording, enabling long-term monitoring. Its practical applications include monitoring visual evoked potentials, steady-state visual evoked potentials, somatosensory evoked potentials, slow vertex response, auditory brainstem response, multi-channel cognitive electroencephalogram during various daily activities, and event-related potentials P300 signals. The eutectogel-enabled electrode provides a versatile and reliable solution for long-term electroencephalogram monitoring in diverse clinical and research settings.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145801565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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