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Effect of alternative dosing strategies of pembrolizumab and nivolumab on health-care emissions in the Netherlands: a carbon footprint analysis pembrolizumab和nivolumab的替代剂量策略对荷兰医疗排放的影响:碳足迹分析
IF 24.1 1区 医学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00245-6

Background

Hospitals contribute substantially to greenhouse gas emissions and face a moral obligation to prioritise emission reduction. Drugs constitute an important component of the greenhouse gas emissions of hospitals. Alternative dosing strategies (ADS) have been implemented to improve the cost-effectiveness of pembrolizumab and nivolumab. However, the impact of these ADS on greenhouse gas emissions remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to analyse the effect of ADS implementation on the carbon emissions of treatment with pembrolizumab and nivolumab.

Methods

We used a process-based lifecycle assessment to quantify the environmental impact of pembrolizumab and nivolumab, focused on equivalent carbon dioxide emissions (CO2e). Lifecycle inventory and impact data from Erasmus University Medical Center (Rotterdam, Netherlands) were used to calculate the CO2e for pembrolizumab and nivolumab, their dosing intervals, and the impact of ADS on CO2e. The functional unit of the study was the administration of a single dose of pembrolizumab or nivolumab.

Findings

In 2022, the annual carbon emissions related to pembrolizumab and nivolumab treatment in the Erasmus University Medical Center were 445 tons of CO2e, averaging 94 kg of CO2e per dose. Pharmaceutical production was the main driver of treatment-related carbon emissions (mean 92·9% of total emissions). Applying ADS resulted in 21–26% and 9–11% CO2e reductions for pembrolizumab and nivolumab, respectively.

Interpretation

This study shows the environmental impact of pembrolizumab and nivolumab treatment and calls for further implementation of ADS for pembrolizumab, nivolumab, and other anti-PD-(L)1 monoclonal antibodies, and more sustainable pharmaceutical production processes. Our findings create environmental awareness and contribute to the promotion and understanding of health-care practices with lower carbon emissions.

Funding

None.
背景医院对温室气体排放贡献巨大,因此在道义上有义务优先减排。药物是医院温室气体排放的重要组成部分。为了提高 pembrolizumab 和 nivolumab 的成本效益,已经实施了替代剂量策略 (ADS)。然而,这些 ADS 对温室气体排放的影响仍然未知。因此,我们旨在分析 ADS 的实施对使用 pembrolizumab 和 nivolumab 治疗的碳排放的影响。方法我们使用基于流程的生命周期评估来量化 pembrolizumab 和 nivolumab 对环境的影响,重点是等量二氧化碳排放(CO2e)。我们利用伊拉斯谟大学医学中心(荷兰鹿特丹)提供的生命周期清单和影响数据,计算了pembrolizumab和nivolumab的二氧化碳当量、给药间隔以及ADS对二氧化碳当量的影响。研究结果2022年,伊拉斯谟大学医学中心每年与pembrolizumab和nivolumab治疗相关的碳排放量为445吨二氧化碳当量,平均每剂94千克二氧化碳当量。药品生产是治疗相关碳排放的主要驱动因素(平均占总排放量的 92-9%)。应用ADS后,pembrolizumab和nivolumab的二氧化碳排放量分别减少了21%-26%和9%-11%。 这项研究显示了pembrolizumab和nivolumab治疗对环境的影响,并呼吁对pembrolizumab、nivolumab和其他抗PD-(L)1单克隆抗体进一步实施ADS,并采用更具可持续性的制药生产工艺。我们的研究结果提高了人们的环保意识,有助于推广和了解碳排放量较低的医疗保健方法。
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引用次数: 0
Correction to Lancet Planet Health 2024; 8: e804–12 柳叶刀星球健康》更正 2024; 8: e804-12
IF 24.1 1区 医学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00275-4
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引用次数: 0
Effects of fine particulate matter from wildfire and non-wildfire sources on emergency-department visits in people who were housed and unhoused in San Diego County (CA, USA) during 2012–20: a time-stratified case–crossover study 2012-20 年间美国加利福尼亚州圣迭戈县野火和非野火来源的细颗粒物对有房和无房人群急诊就诊的影响:一项时间分层病例交叉研究
IF 24.1 1区 医学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00239-0
<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Being unhoused can increase vulnerability to adverse health effects due to air pollution. We aimed to quantify changes in emergency-department visits during and after exposure to wildfire-specific and non-wildfire particulate matter 2·5 μm or less in diameter (PM<sub>2·5</sub>) in San Diego County (CA, USA) in people who were both unhoused and housed.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>For this time-stratified case–crossover study, we used data on exposure to wildfire-specific PM<sub>2·5</sub> in California and individual-level data for people admitted to the emergency departments of two hospitals (UC San Diego Health emergency departments at La Jolla and Hillcrest, San Diego) in San Diego County between July 1, 2012, and Dec 31, 2020. People with a postcode outside of San Diego County were excluded. Demographic information was age group, race or ethnicity, and transport to the emergency department. Wildfire-specific PM<sub>2·5</sub> concentration at the postcode level was previously estimated using an ensemble model that combined multiple machine-learning algorithms and explanatory variables obtained via data on 24-h mean PM<sub>2·5</sub> concentrations from the US Environmental Protection Agency Air Quality System. Conditional logistic regression models were applied, adjusting for specific humidity, wind velocity, and maximum temperature extracted from the US Gridded Surface Meteorological Dataset. Housing status was established by registration staff or triage nurses on arrival at the emergency department. For people who were unhoused, exposure was defined based on the weighted mean PM<sub>2·5</sub> concentration at the city level proportional to the number of people who were unhoused in each specific city across urban centres in San Diego County. For people who were housed, we used residence postcode to measure exposure. We assessed the association between PM<sub>2·5</sub> from wildfire and non-wildfire sources and emergency-department visits in people who were housed and unhoused.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>There were 587 562 emergency-department visits at the two hospitals, 76 407 (13·0%) of which were by people who were unhoused. People who were housed had a higher exposure to overall PM<sub>2·5</sub> (24-h mean over the study period of 9·904 mg/m<sup>3</sup>, SD 3·445) and non-wildfire PM<sub>2·5</sub> (9·663, 2·977) than people who were unhoused (9·863, 3·221; 9·557, 2·599). However, people who were unhoused had a higher exposure to wildfire-specific PM<sub>2·5</sub> (0·305, 1·797) than people who were housed (0·240, 1·690). Overall PM<sub>2·5</sub> exposure was associated with increased odds of emergency-department visits for both people who were housed (odds ratio 1·003, 95% CI 1·001–1·004 per 1 μg/m<sup>3</sup> PM<sub>2·5</sub> for 0–3 days after exposure) and people who were unhoused (1·004, 1·000–1·008 for 0–3 days after exposure). We found that non-wildfire PM<sub>2·5</sub> was associated wi
背景无家可归会使人们更容易受到空气污染对健康造成的不利影响。我们的目的是量化在圣地亚哥县(美国加利福尼亚州)暴露于直径为 2-5 μm 或更小的野火特异性和非野火颗粒物(PM2-5)期间和之后,无房和有房人群的急诊就诊率的变化。方法在这项时间分层病例交叉研究中,我们使用了加利福尼亚州野火特异性 PM2-5 暴露数据,以及 2012 年 7 月 1 日至 2020 年 12 月 31 日期间圣地亚哥县两家医院(加州大学圣地亚哥分校位于圣地亚哥拉霍亚和希尔克雷斯特的卫生急诊科)急诊科住院患者的个人数据。不包括邮编不在圣地亚哥县的人。人口统计学信息包括年龄组、种族或民族以及前往急诊科的交通情况。之前曾使用一个集合模型估算了邮编级别的特定野火 PM2-5 浓度,该模型结合了多种机器学习算法和从美国环境保护局空气质量系统中获得的 24 小时 PM2-5 平均浓度数据解释变量。采用条件逻辑回归模型,对从美国网格化地表气象数据集提取的特定湿度、风速和最高温度进行调整。住房状况由到达急诊科的登记人员或分诊护士确定。对于无住房者,根据城市一级的加权平均PM2-5浓度来定义其暴露量,该浓度与圣地亚哥县各城市中心每个特定城市的无住房者人数成正比。对于有住房的人,我们使用居住地的邮政编码来测量暴露量。我们评估了野火和非野火来源产生的PM2-5与有房者和无房者急诊就诊之间的关系。与无住房者(9-863,3-221;9-557,2-599)相比,有住房者暴露于总体 PM2-5(研究期间 24 小时平均值为 9-904 mg/m3,SD 3-445)和非野火 PM2-5(9-663,2-977)的程度更高。然而,与有房者(0-240,1-690)相比,无房者的野火特定 PM2-5 暴露量更高(0-305,1-797)。总体PM2-5暴露与有住房者(暴露后0-3天内每1微克/立方米PM2-5的几率比为1-003,95% CI为1-001-1-004)和无住房者(暴露后0-3天内每1微克/立方米PM2-5的几率比为1-004,1-000-1-008)的急诊就诊几率增加有关。我们发现,在有住房的人群中,非野火PM2-5与急诊就诊相关(1-003,暴露后0-3天为1-002-1-005),而在无住房的人群中,野火特异性PM2-5与急诊就诊相关(1-006,暴露后0-3天为1-001-1-011)。随着野火强度和频率的增加,了解弱势群体(如无住房者)的风险因素对于制定有效的适应策略至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Responding to heat-related health risks: the urgency of an equipoise between emergency and equity 应对与高温有关的健康风险:紧急情况与公平之间的平衡的紧迫性
IF 24.1 1区 医学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00246-8
In the summer of 2024, there were higher temperatures than usual in several parts of India. Temperatures in Delhi, a huge city with millions of residents, broke several previous records. Low-income households have dwellings that do not offer much protection from the heat, and individuals struggle to access basic amenities, such as water. With accumulating evidence on consequent impacts for mortality and morbidity, governance structures are seeking to respond in a timely and efficient manner. There is a need to recognise that heat-related illnesses and deaths are not best addressed merely as an acute disaster but as public health and economic challenges that require planned responses. Responses that are sustainable and equitable combine long-term structural efforts at resilience building with emergency preparedness and prove to be most effective in averting the largely preventable deaths, morbidities, and economic shocks arising from heat-related health risks among exposed and vulnerable communities. Joint action on climate and health enhances achievement of multiple developmental goals with multistakeholder participation. Diverse sectors, including medical care, surveillance, risk communication, disaster preparedness, livelihoods and jobs, and adaptation and urban planning, are needed to raise public awareness and engagement, induce behavioural change, and focus resources for the much-needed structural changes in urban planning and health systems that can save lives and avert damages. To reduce heat-related health risks, vulnerability, inequity, and climate action in the Indian context must be urgently addressed.
2024 年夏天,印度多个地区的气温比往年更高。拥有数百万居民的大城市德里的气温打破了之前的多项记录。低收入家庭的住所无法提供多少防暑降温措施,个人也难以获得水等基本设施。有越来越多的证据表明,高温会对死亡率和发病率造成影响,因此,管理机构正在寻求及时有效的应对措施。有必要认识到,与高温有关的疾病和死亡不能仅仅作为急性灾害来处理,而应作为需要有计划应对的公共卫生和经济挑战来处理。可持续的、公平的应对措施将提高抗灾能力的长期结构性努力与应急准备结合起来,事实证明,这样的应对措施对于避免暴露在高温环境中的脆弱社区因与高温相关的健康风险而造成的基本上可以预防的死亡、发病和经济冲击最为有效。气候与健康方面的联合行动有助于在多方参与下实现多个发展目标。需要包括医疗保健、监测、风险沟通、备灾、生计和就业以及适应和城市规划在内的多个部门来提高公众意识和参与度,促使行为改变,并集中资源对城市规划和卫生系统进行亟需的结构性改革,以挽救生命和避免损失。为了减少与热有关的健康风险,必须紧急解决印度的脆弱性、不平等和气候行动问题。
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引用次数: 0
Transforming food systems through agroecology: enhancing farmers' autonomy for a safe and just transition 通过生态农业改造粮食系统:增强农民的自主性,实现安全公正的过渡
IF 24.1 1区 医学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00234-1
Food systems contribute to multiple crises while failing to deliver healthy, nutritious food for all. A substantial amount of research suggests that the root cause of this issue lies in the complete integration of food systems within global capitalism and the consequent subordination of fairness and sustainability to profit accumulation. We draw on critical political economy to explore how the integration of food systems within global capitalism and their subordination to profit occur. Subsequently, we illustrate how this subordination erodes the autonomy of food producers, with strong environmental and social consequences for consumers and society at large. Lastly, we discuss how agroecology could transform food systems and enhance producers' autonomy, while mitigating environmental and social dysfunction. We stress how the transformative power of agroecology lies in its double nature: concrete (technical) and social (political). By acting in both dimensions, agroecology can help reorient food systems away from profit accumulation and towards better meeting community needs, in line with the tenets of food sovereignty.
粮食系统在造成多重危机的同时,也未能为所有人提供健康、有营养的食物。大量研究表明,造成这一问题的根本原因在于粮食系统完全融入了全球资本主义,从而使公平性和可持续性从属于利润积累。我们以批判政治经济学为基础,探讨全球资本主义如何整合粮食系统,以及粮食系统如何从属于利润。随后,我们阐述了这种从属关系如何侵蚀粮食生产者的自主权,从而对消费者和整个社会造成严重的环境和社会后果。最后,我们将讨论生态农业如何改变粮食系统,提高生产者的自主性,同时缓解环境和社会功能失调。我们强调生态农业的变革力量在于其双重性质:具体(技术)和社会(政治)。通过在这两个方面采取行动,生态农业可以帮助调整粮食系统的方向,使其从利润积累转向更好地满足社区需求,这也符合粮食主权的宗旨。
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引用次数: 0
Nurturing nature 培育自然
IF 24.1 1区 医学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00282-1
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引用次数: 0
Effects of a coal to clean heating policy on acute myocardial infarction in Beijing: a difference-in-differences analysis 煤改清洁取暖政策对北京急性心肌梗死的影响:差异分析
IF 24.1 1区 医学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00243-2

Background

In 2015, the Chinese Government launched the coal to clean heating policy (CHP), designed to improve air quality and health in China. The CHP banned household coal burning and provided subsidies for clean electric or gas-powered heating for millions of peri-urban and rural households. We aimed to investigate whether the CHP affected the incidence of acute myocardial infarction in Beijing townships.

Methods

In this quasi-experimental study, we obtained township data on acute myocardial infarction hospital admissions and deaths, exposure to the CHP (yes vs no), and a range of covariates for periods before (Jan 1, 2013, to Dec 31, 2014) and after the CHP began (Jan 1, 2016, to Dec 31, 2017; and Jan 1, 2018, to Dec 31, 2019). The policy was gradually rolled out across villages, and townships in our study were considered exposed to the policy in periods when more than 50% of their villages were assigned into the CHP. We estimated the effect of the CHP on township incidence of acute myocardial infarction for all adults (aged ≥35 years) and separately for sex and older adults (aged ≥65 years) using a difference-in-differences approach that accommodates the progressive roll-out of the policy.

Findings

Of 307 townships in Beijing, we excluded 156 (51%) urban townships where most villages had central heating and were thus ineligible for the CHP. Of the 151 peri-urban and rural Beijing townships considered eligible for the CHP, 75 (50%) townships were exposed to the CHP by the end of 2017 and 92 (61%) by the end of 2019. We estimated an overall reduction of 6·6% (95% CI –12·3 to –0·8) in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction from before to after roll-out of the CHP in exposed townships relative to those not exposed to the policy, with some evidence of larger effects in women (–11·7% [–19·0 to –4·1%]), older adults (–10·7% [–17·4 to –3·6%]), and in townships exposed for longer (–3·5% [–9·5 to 2·8%] after <2 years and –9·7% [–18·3 to –0·5%] after 2–4 years).

Interpretation

Our results provide among the first empirical evidence of possible cardiovascular benefits from a household clean energy policy, and support efforts to implement and assess such policies in China and globally.

Funding

Wellcome Trust, the Canadian Institutes for Health Research, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
背景2015年,中国政府启动了煤改清洁取暖政策(CHP),旨在改善中国的空气质量和健康状况。该政策禁止家庭燃煤,并为数百万城市周边和农村家庭提供清洁电能或燃气供暖补贴。方法在这项准实验研究中,我们获得了关于急性心肌梗死入院和死亡、是否接触过卫生防护计划(是与否)以及卫生防护计划开始前(2013 年 1 月 1 日至 2014 年 12 月 31 日)和开始后(2016 年 1 月 1 日至 2017 年 12 月 31 日;2018 年 1 月 1 日至 2019 年 12 月 31 日)的一系列协变量的乡镇数据。该政策在各村逐步推广,在我们的研究中,当乡镇有 50%以上的村被分配到卫生防护中心时,该乡镇就被认为受到了该政策的影响。在北京市的 307 个乡镇中,我们剔除了 156 个(占 51%)城市乡镇,因为这些乡镇的大部分村庄都有集中供暖,因此不符合享受居民健康计划的条件。在被认为符合热电联产条件的 151 个北京近郊和农村乡镇中,有 75 个乡镇(50%)在 2017 年年底前采用了热电联产,92 个乡镇(61%)在 2019 年年底前采用了热电联产。我们估计,与未接触该政策的乡镇相比,接触过卫生防护计划的乡镇急性心肌梗死发病率从政策实施前到实施后总体下降了 6-6%(95% CI -12-3 到 -0-8),有证据表明,在女性(-11-7% [-19-0 到 -4-1%])、老年人(-10-7% [-17-4 到 -3-6%])和接触时间较长的乡镇(<;2年后为-3-5%[-9-5至2-8%],2-4年后为-9-7%[-18-3至-0-5%])。解释我们的研究结果首次提供了家庭清洁能源政策可能给心血管带来益处的实证证据,为在中国和全球实施和评估此类政策提供了支持。
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引用次数: 0
Planetary Health Research Digest 行星健康研究摘要
IF 24.1 1区 医学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00283-3
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引用次数: 0
A qualitative exploration of barriers, enablers, and implementation strategies to replace disposable medical devices with reusable alternatives 以可重复使用替代品取代一次性医疗器械的障碍、促进因素和实施策略的定性探索
IF 24.1 1区 医学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00241-9
Hospitals use many single-use devices that produce more waste and greenhouse gas emissions than reusable devices; operating theatres alone are responsible for up to a third of hospital waste. We explored barriers and enablers to replacing disposable devices with reusable alternatives in operating theatres by use of interviews, the Theoretical Domains Framework, and theory-informed behaviour change techniques. 19 stakeholders were interviewed at a large tertiary hospital in Melbourne, Australia, and 53 barriers and 44 experience-based or intuition-based enablers were identified. 30 strategies were identified across six topics: external purchasing (two strategies); internal purchasing (seven strategies); incentivisation and standardised environmental decision making (three strategies); successful practical introduction of reusable devices (five strategies); identification of goals and facilitation of leadership (two strategies); and a community of practice and knowledge building (11 strategies). We present these 30 implementation strategies, from the individual to the policy level, which consist of evidence-based behaviour change techniques aimed at addressing the identified barriers to replacing single-use devices with reusable alternatives.
与可重复使用的设备相比,医院使用的许多一次性设备会产生更多的废物和温室气体排放;仅手术室就产生了高达三分之一的医院废物。我们通过访谈、理论领域框架和理论指导下的行为改变技术,探讨了在手术室用可重复使用替代品取代一次性设备的障碍和促进因素。我们在澳大利亚墨尔本的一家大型三级医院采访了 19 位利益相关者,发现了 53 种障碍和 44 种基于经验或直觉的促进因素。在六个主题中确定了 30 项策略:外部采购(2 项策略);内部采购(7 项策略);激励和标准化环境决策(3 项策略);可重复使用设备的成功实际引入(5 项策略);确定目标和促进领导力(2 项策略);以及实践社区和知识建设(11 项策略)。我们介绍了这 30 种从个人到政策层面的实施策略,其中包括以证据为基础的行为改变技术,旨在解决已确定的以可重复使用替代品取代一次性使用设备的障碍。
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引用次数: 0
Tribally led planetary health education in southeast Alaska 阿拉斯加东南部由部落主导的行星健康教育
IF 24.1 1区 医学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00250-X
Limited reporting of Indigenous-led planetary health education programmes has constrained efforts to expand planetary health education, in Indigenous communities and beyond, despite urgent need. Although incorporation of Indigenous knowledge and cultures cannot be standardised, showcasing successful programmes could reveal good practices and aid replicability. In this Personal View, we highlight how shellfish toxin education programmes, designed and organised by the Sitka Tribe of Alaska, reduce local environmental health risks and support youth in pathways towards careers in planetary health. We describe how programmes build awareness and understanding of the local environment, environmental and health risks, and context-appropriate adaptation strategies by centring Tlingit culture and using hands-on activities that integrate Tlingit culture with western science. Lesson plans and resources created by Sitka Tribe of Alaska staff for these programmes are available in the US National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences Partnerships for Environmental Public Health resources web database.
尽管有迫切需要,但对土著主导的行星健康教育方案的报告有限,这限制了在土著社区内外扩大行星健康教育的努力。虽然土著知识和文化的融入不可能标准化,但展示成功的计划可以揭示良好的做法,并有助于推广。在这篇《个人观点》中,我们重点介绍了阿拉斯加锡特卡部落设计和组织的贝类毒素教育计划如何降低当地环境健康风险,并支持青年走上行星健康职业道路。我们介绍了该计划如何通过以特林吉特文化为中心,利用将特林吉特文化与西方科学相结合的实践活动,建立对当地环境、环境和健康风险以及适合具体情况的适应策略的认识和理解。阿拉斯加锡特卡部落的工作人员为这些计划制作的课程计划和资源可在美国国家环境健康科学研究所环境公共健康伙伴关系资源网络数据库中查阅。
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引用次数: 0
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Lancet Planetary Health
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