Rapid and nondestructive prediction of chlorophyll content and response to the growth of various crops using remote sensing technology is a prominent topic in agricultural remote sensing research. Bordeaux mixture has been extensively employed for managing citrus diseases, such as black star and ulcer disease. However, the presence of pesticide residues in Bordeaux mixture can significantly modify the spectral response of the citrus canopy, thereby exerting a substantial influence on the accurate prediction of agronomic indices in fruit trees. In this study, we used unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multispectral imaging technology to obtain remote sensing imagery of Bordeaux-covered citrus canopies during the months of July, September, and November. We integrated spectral and texture information to construct a high-dimensional feature dataset and performed data downscaling and feature optimization. Furthermore, we established four machine learning models, namely, partial least squares regression (PLS), ridge regression (RR), ridge, random forest (RF), and support vector regression (SVR). Our objectives were to identify the most effective prediction model for estimating the SPAD (soil plant analysis development) value of Bordeaux-covered citrus canopies, assess the variation in prediction accuracy between fused features and individual features, and investigate the impact of Bordeaux solution on the spectral reflectance of the citrus canopy. The results showed that (1) the impact of Bordeaux mixture on citrus canopy reflectance bands ranked from the highest to the lowest as follows: near-infrared band at 840 nm, red-edge band at 730 nm, blue band at 450 nm, green band at 560 nm, and red band at 650 nm. (2) Fused feature models had better prediction ability than single-feature modeling, with an average R2 value of 0.641 for the four model test sets, improving by 0.117 and 0.039, respectively, compared with single-TF (texture feature) and -VI (vegetation index) modeling, and the test-set root-mean-square error (RMSE) was 2.594 on average, which was 0.533 and 0.264 lower than single-TF and -VI modeling, respectively. (3) Multiperiod data fusion effectively enhanced the correlation between features and SPAD values and consequently improved model prediction accuracy. Compared with accuracy based on individual months, R improved by 0.013 and 0.011, while RMSE decreased by 0.112 and 0.305. (4) The SVR model demonstrated the best performance in predicting citrus canopy SPAD under Bordeaux solution coverage, with R2 values of 0.629 and 0.658, and RMSE values of 2.722 and 2.752 for the training and test sets, respectively.
{"title":"Citrus Canopy SPAD Prediction under Bordeaux Solution Coverage Based on Texture- and Spectral-Information Fusion","authors":"Shunshun Ding, Juanli Jing, Shiqing Dou, Menglin Zhai, Wenjie Zhang","doi":"10.3390/agriculture13091701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091701","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid and nondestructive prediction of chlorophyll content and response to the growth of various crops using remote sensing technology is a prominent topic in agricultural remote sensing research. Bordeaux mixture has been extensively employed for managing citrus diseases, such as black star and ulcer disease. However, the presence of pesticide residues in Bordeaux mixture can significantly modify the spectral response of the citrus canopy, thereby exerting a substantial influence on the accurate prediction of agronomic indices in fruit trees. In this study, we used unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multispectral imaging technology to obtain remote sensing imagery of Bordeaux-covered citrus canopies during the months of July, September, and November. We integrated spectral and texture information to construct a high-dimensional feature dataset and performed data downscaling and feature optimization. Furthermore, we established four machine learning models, namely, partial least squares regression (PLS), ridge regression (RR), ridge, random forest (RF), and support vector regression (SVR). Our objectives were to identify the most effective prediction model for estimating the SPAD (soil plant analysis development) value of Bordeaux-covered citrus canopies, assess the variation in prediction accuracy between fused features and individual features, and investigate the impact of Bordeaux solution on the spectral reflectance of the citrus canopy. The results showed that (1) the impact of Bordeaux mixture on citrus canopy reflectance bands ranked from the highest to the lowest as follows: near-infrared band at 840 nm, red-edge band at 730 nm, blue band at 450 nm, green band at 560 nm, and red band at 650 nm. (2) Fused feature models had better prediction ability than single-feature modeling, with an average R2 value of 0.641 for the four model test sets, improving by 0.117 and 0.039, respectively, compared with single-TF (texture feature) and -VI (vegetation index) modeling, and the test-set root-mean-square error (RMSE) was 2.594 on average, which was 0.533 and 0.264 lower than single-TF and -VI modeling, respectively. (3) Multiperiod data fusion effectively enhanced the correlation between features and SPAD values and consequently improved model prediction accuracy. Compared with accuracy based on individual months, R improved by 0.013 and 0.011, while RMSE decreased by 0.112 and 0.305. (4) The SVR model demonstrated the best performance in predicting citrus canopy SPAD under Bordeaux solution coverage, with R2 values of 0.629 and 0.658, and RMSE values of 2.722 and 2.752 for the training and test sets, respectively.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88014503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.3390/agriculture13091691
Mohammad Reza Fayezizadeh, N. Ansari, M. M. Sourestani, M. Hasanuzzaman
The appropriate concentration of the nutrient solution (NS) plays an important role in the yield, antioxidant capacity, and biochemical compounds of basil microgreens in the floating system. This study examined the impact of five different concentrations of Hoagland’s NS (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, and 125%) on the antioxidant capacity, biochemical compounds, and yield of four basil cultivars and genotypes (Persian Ablagh, Violeto, Kapoor and Red Rubin) in a floating system, utilizing a split plots designs. Results revealed that the highest yield was achieved with a 50% NS concentration. The Persian Ablagh genotype, under a 125% NS concentration, exhibited the highest content of carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant potential index (APCI). The Violeto cultivar at a 100% NS concentration produced the highest amounts of vitamin C and anthocyanin. The Kapoor cultivar, when grown with a 100% NS concentration, demonstrated the greatest antioxidant capacity. The nutrient solution with 125% concentration compared to 50% concentration reduced the yield by 23.29%. Also, the performance of the Violeto cultivar increased by 36.24% compared to the red variety of Robin. According to the APCI index, the genotype of Iranian Ablaq basil increased by 152.79% in the treatment of nutrient solution with a concentration of 125% compared to 50%. In this study, yield and total chlorophyll showed a significant negative correlation. A significant positive correlation was observed between vitamin C content and flavonoids, anthocyanin, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity. Anthocyanin content exhibited a positive and significant correlation with the APCI. Based on these findings, we recommend a 50% NS concentration of Hoagland’s NS for optimal yield, a 125% NS concentration for the production of secondary metabolites with enhanced antioxidant capacity, and a 100% NS concentration as a balance between antioxidant properties and yield for basil microgreens production in a floating system.
{"title":"Balancing Yield and Antioxidant Capacity in Basil Microgreens: An Exploration of Nutrient Solution Concentrations in a Floating System","authors":"Mohammad Reza Fayezizadeh, N. Ansari, M. M. Sourestani, M. Hasanuzzaman","doi":"10.3390/agriculture13091691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091691","url":null,"abstract":"The appropriate concentration of the nutrient solution (NS) plays an important role in the yield, antioxidant capacity, and biochemical compounds of basil microgreens in the floating system. This study examined the impact of five different concentrations of Hoagland’s NS (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, and 125%) on the antioxidant capacity, biochemical compounds, and yield of four basil cultivars and genotypes (Persian Ablagh, Violeto, Kapoor and Red Rubin) in a floating system, utilizing a split plots designs. Results revealed that the highest yield was achieved with a 50% NS concentration. The Persian Ablagh genotype, under a 125% NS concentration, exhibited the highest content of carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant potential index (APCI). The Violeto cultivar at a 100% NS concentration produced the highest amounts of vitamin C and anthocyanin. The Kapoor cultivar, when grown with a 100% NS concentration, demonstrated the greatest antioxidant capacity. The nutrient solution with 125% concentration compared to 50% concentration reduced the yield by 23.29%. Also, the performance of the Violeto cultivar increased by 36.24% compared to the red variety of Robin. According to the APCI index, the genotype of Iranian Ablaq basil increased by 152.79% in the treatment of nutrient solution with a concentration of 125% compared to 50%. In this study, yield and total chlorophyll showed a significant negative correlation. A significant positive correlation was observed between vitamin C content and flavonoids, anthocyanin, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity. Anthocyanin content exhibited a positive and significant correlation with the APCI. Based on these findings, we recommend a 50% NS concentration of Hoagland’s NS for optimal yield, a 125% NS concentration for the production of secondary metabolites with enhanced antioxidant capacity, and a 100% NS concentration as a balance between antioxidant properties and yield for basil microgreens production in a floating system.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76841291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.3390/agriculture13091695
Wenxin Wang, Yaowen Liang, Zhuo Ru, H. Guo, Bingjie Zhao
Trade market power serves as a significant indicator of pricing power within the trade market. This paper aims to examine the market structure of global forage trade from 1997 to 2020 and assess the market power of forage exporters in major importing countries, namely Japan, China, and South Korea, by utilizing an extended G-K model based on the theory of residual elasticity of demand. The findings of this analysis provide several key insights. Firstly, it is revealed that the United States and Australia hold a monopoly on forage trade, while China has emerged as the most pivotal market for worldwide forage trade. Notably, China’s growing demand for forage imports is profoundly influencing the global forage trade landscape. Secondly, the extent and effectiveness of exporting countries’ market power in forage-importing nations, such as China, varies considerably. Lastly, the market power of forage-exporting countries is determined by various factors, including the demand for forage in importing nations, export monopoly, import structure, demand elasticity, and the level of marketization.
{"title":"World Forage Import Market: Competitive Structure and Market Forces","authors":"Wenxin Wang, Yaowen Liang, Zhuo Ru, H. Guo, Bingjie Zhao","doi":"10.3390/agriculture13091695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091695","url":null,"abstract":"Trade market power serves as a significant indicator of pricing power within the trade market. This paper aims to examine the market structure of global forage trade from 1997 to 2020 and assess the market power of forage exporters in major importing countries, namely Japan, China, and South Korea, by utilizing an extended G-K model based on the theory of residual elasticity of demand. The findings of this analysis provide several key insights. Firstly, it is revealed that the United States and Australia hold a monopoly on forage trade, while China has emerged as the most pivotal market for worldwide forage trade. Notably, China’s growing demand for forage imports is profoundly influencing the global forage trade landscape. Secondly, the extent and effectiveness of exporting countries’ market power in forage-importing nations, such as China, varies considerably. Lastly, the market power of forage-exporting countries is determined by various factors, including the demand for forage in importing nations, export monopoly, import structure, demand elasticity, and the level of marketization.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"124 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74312549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.3390/agriculture13091699
M. D. F. Oliveira, Pedro Reis
In the last two decades, Portugal suffered the effects of two global crises, the financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the Common Agriculture Policy reforms. These crises had a great impact on the Portuguese economy, but it is completely unclear how they affected the dynamics of the Portuguese agrifood sector. This study’s objective is to analyze the resilience of this sector to European and global socks, testing the effects on international trade. Secondary data from the Portuguese Statistics Institute were used for the exports and imports trade series of animal and vegetable products and food industries from 2000 to 2020. The methodology was based on the structural xtbreak model, stability analysis, and tests for structural breaks. Some volatility was observed in the trade series, particularly in imports, without consistency among years, trade sectors, or imports versus exports trade. In the case of exports, one or two structural breaks in the different sectors occurred in different years. The most relevant dynamics occurred after the sovereign debt crisis. It was concluded that CAP reforms and global crises seem to not have caused new relevant dynamics in the Portuguese international agrifood trade. This revealed the resilience of the sector to external shocks.
{"title":"Portuguese Agrifood Sector Resilience: An Analysis Using Structural Breaks Applied to International Trade","authors":"M. D. F. Oliveira, Pedro Reis","doi":"10.3390/agriculture13091699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091699","url":null,"abstract":"In the last two decades, Portugal suffered the effects of two global crises, the financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the Common Agriculture Policy reforms. These crises had a great impact on the Portuguese economy, but it is completely unclear how they affected the dynamics of the Portuguese agrifood sector. This study’s objective is to analyze the resilience of this sector to European and global socks, testing the effects on international trade. Secondary data from the Portuguese Statistics Institute were used for the exports and imports trade series of animal and vegetable products and food industries from 2000 to 2020. The methodology was based on the structural xtbreak model, stability analysis, and tests for structural breaks. Some volatility was observed in the trade series, particularly in imports, without consistency among years, trade sectors, or imports versus exports trade. In the case of exports, one or two structural breaks in the different sectors occurred in different years. The most relevant dynamics occurred after the sovereign debt crisis. It was concluded that CAP reforms and global crises seem to not have caused new relevant dynamics in the Portuguese international agrifood trade. This revealed the resilience of the sector to external shocks.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88490560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A bulb tubular pump unit is a horizontal tubular pump unit composed of a water pump and bulb with an electric motor installed. Electric motors, transmission equipment, and bearings are usually placed in the bulb. The bulb is located in the flow channel and has a relatively narrow space. Therefore, the shape of the bulb has a significant influence on the flow pattern and pump efficiency in the flow channel. In this study, the CFX 19.2 software was employed to optimize the bulb hydraulically according to its geometry and parameters. The research results indicate that the flow pattern at the tail of the elliptical bulb was better, the hydraulic loss at the bulb section was small, and the device efficiency was higher than that at the tail, which was round. The streamlined support had small flow resistance, minimal hydraulic loss, and a high pump unit head and efficiency. Nine schemes were selected, and the geometrical characteristics and parameters of the bulb were determined as follows: the shape of the tail of the bulb was oval, the bulb ratio was 0.96, and the shape of the support parts was streamlined. The results hold important reference significance to improve efficiency and broaden the operating conditions of bulb tubular pump devices.
{"title":"Research on Optimization of the Bulb Form of the Bulb Tubular Pump Device for a Low-Head Agricultural Irrigation Pumping Station","authors":"Hongyin Zhang, Jianlong Liu, Jinxin Wu, Weixuan Jiao, Li Cheng, Mingbin Yuan","doi":"10.3390/agriculture13091698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091698","url":null,"abstract":"A bulb tubular pump unit is a horizontal tubular pump unit composed of a water pump and bulb with an electric motor installed. Electric motors, transmission equipment, and bearings are usually placed in the bulb. The bulb is located in the flow channel and has a relatively narrow space. Therefore, the shape of the bulb has a significant influence on the flow pattern and pump efficiency in the flow channel. In this study, the CFX 19.2 software was employed to optimize the bulb hydraulically according to its geometry and parameters. The research results indicate that the flow pattern at the tail of the elliptical bulb was better, the hydraulic loss at the bulb section was small, and the device efficiency was higher than that at the tail, which was round. The streamlined support had small flow resistance, minimal hydraulic loss, and a high pump unit head and efficiency. Nine schemes were selected, and the geometrical characteristics and parameters of the bulb were determined as follows: the shape of the tail of the bulb was oval, the bulb ratio was 0.96, and the shape of the support parts was streamlined. The results hold important reference significance to improve efficiency and broaden the operating conditions of bulb tubular pump devices.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73029064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.3390/agriculture13091696
Zhiyun Zhou, Haoling Liao, Hua Li
In this investigation, we analyze data from 929 tea farmers across Shanxi, Sichuan, and Anhui provinces to elucidate the impact of productive and transactional agricultural social services on farmers’ adoption of soil testing and formula fertilization technology. Our perspective centers on the farmers’ standpoint and the underpinning mechanisms of these influences. Our findings delineate several key points: Both transactional and productive socialized services exert a positive influence on farmers’ decisions to adopt green production technologies, with the impact of productive socialized services being more pronounced than their transactional counterparts. The enthusiasm and the scale of adoption for green production technologies among farmers are positively impacted by both types of socialized services, a conclusion robust even when potential endogeneity and other statistical biases are corrected using IV Probit. The influence mechanism of transactional and productive social services operates symbiotically, primarily fostering trust, enhancing farmers’ tea price expectations and industry cognition, driving positive social evaluations, and motivating speculative behavior among farmers. Transactional and productive socialization services show varying propensities in promoting the adoption of soil testing and formula fertilization technology, depending on the farmers’ type, endowments, and income levels. Involvement in these agricultural socialization services enables farmers to bolster their income, improve technical proficiency and information-gathering capabilities, jointly participate in market competition, reduce market risks, and enhance their recognition and choice of green production technologies. This appears to be a crucial catalyst for the successful promotion of greener development and transformation within agriculture and rural areas.
{"title":"The Symbiotic Mechanism of the Influence of Productive and Transactional Agricultural Social Services on the Use of Soil Testing and Formula Fertilization Technology by Tea Farmers","authors":"Zhiyun Zhou, Haoling Liao, Hua Li","doi":"10.3390/agriculture13091696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091696","url":null,"abstract":"In this investigation, we analyze data from 929 tea farmers across Shanxi, Sichuan, and Anhui provinces to elucidate the impact of productive and transactional agricultural social services on farmers’ adoption of soil testing and formula fertilization technology. Our perspective centers on the farmers’ standpoint and the underpinning mechanisms of these influences. Our findings delineate several key points: Both transactional and productive socialized services exert a positive influence on farmers’ decisions to adopt green production technologies, with the impact of productive socialized services being more pronounced than their transactional counterparts. The enthusiasm and the scale of adoption for green production technologies among farmers are positively impacted by both types of socialized services, a conclusion robust even when potential endogeneity and other statistical biases are corrected using IV Probit. The influence mechanism of transactional and productive social services operates symbiotically, primarily fostering trust, enhancing farmers’ tea price expectations and industry cognition, driving positive social evaluations, and motivating speculative behavior among farmers. Transactional and productive socialization services show varying propensities in promoting the adoption of soil testing and formula fertilization technology, depending on the farmers’ type, endowments, and income levels. Involvement in these agricultural socialization services enables farmers to bolster their income, improve technical proficiency and information-gathering capabilities, jointly participate in market competition, reduce market risks, and enhance their recognition and choice of green production technologies. This appears to be a crucial catalyst for the successful promotion of greener development and transformation within agriculture and rural areas.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87438399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.3390/agriculture13091700
Yanming Li, Yibo Guo, Liang Gong, Chengliang Liu
Addressing the challenge of the current harvester route detection method’s reduced robustness within lodging-affected farmland environments and its limited perception of crop lodging, this paper proposes a harvesting operation image segmentation method based on SLIC superpixel segmentation and the AdaBoost ensemble learning algorithm. This segmentation enables two essential tasks. Firstly, the RANSAC algorithm is employed to extract the harvester’s operational route through straight-line fitting from the segmented image. Secondly, the method utilizes a 3D point cloud generated by binocular vision, combined with IMU information for attitude correction, to estimate the height of the harvested crop in front of the harvester. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this method in successfully segmenting the harvested and unharvested areas of the farmland. The average angle error for the detected harvesting route is approximately 1.97°, and the average error for crop height detection in the unharvested area is around 0.054 m. Moreover, the algorithm exhibits a total running time of approximately 437 ms. The innovation of this paper lies in its simultaneous implementation of two distinct perception tasks, leveraging the same image segmentation results. This approach offers a robust and effective solution for addressing both route detection and crop height estimation challenges within lodging-affected farmland during harvesting operations.
{"title":"Harvesting Route Detection and Crop Height Estimation Methods for Lodged Farmland Based on AdaBoost","authors":"Yanming Li, Yibo Guo, Liang Gong, Chengliang Liu","doi":"10.3390/agriculture13091700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091700","url":null,"abstract":"Addressing the challenge of the current harvester route detection method’s reduced robustness within lodging-affected farmland environments and its limited perception of crop lodging, this paper proposes a harvesting operation image segmentation method based on SLIC superpixel segmentation and the AdaBoost ensemble learning algorithm. This segmentation enables two essential tasks. Firstly, the RANSAC algorithm is employed to extract the harvester’s operational route through straight-line fitting from the segmented image. Secondly, the method utilizes a 3D point cloud generated by binocular vision, combined with IMU information for attitude correction, to estimate the height of the harvested crop in front of the harvester. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this method in successfully segmenting the harvested and unharvested areas of the farmland. The average angle error for the detected harvesting route is approximately 1.97°, and the average error for crop height detection in the unharvested area is around 0.054 m. Moreover, the algorithm exhibits a total running time of approximately 437 ms. The innovation of this paper lies in its simultaneous implementation of two distinct perception tasks, leveraging the same image segmentation results. This approach offers a robust and effective solution for addressing both route detection and crop height estimation challenges within lodging-affected farmland during harvesting operations.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88163510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.3390/agriculture13091693
E. Zafeiriou, C. Karelakis, I. Martínez‐Zarzoso, K. Galanopoulos, Dimitra Gkika
Within the regime established by the Directive on Sustainable Use of Pesticides (SUDP); the present work explores the relationship between pesticides’ agricultural use per hectare of cropland and the GDP per capita of the rural population for twenty-five EU countries to unveil the efficiency of the current EU strategy. With the econometric tool of panel nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) cointegration technique; we try to capture potential asymmetries in the agricultural use of pesticides concerning positive and negative variations in agricultural income. The findings validate the existence of a long-run relationship that supports an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC); i.e., an inverted U-shaped relationship between the variables; since increasing agricultural income is related to reductions in the use of pesticides after the turning point. Even though this result is not validated in the short run; our findings confirm the existence of a steady-state situation with asymmetric responses to pesticides. In terms of policy implications; more measures need to be taken; along with the education of farmers; aiming to enhance their consciousness towards environmental issues and; in consequence; for them to prefer environmentally friendly plant protection methods over chemical ones.
{"title":"Economic Development and Pesticide Use in EU Agriculture: A Nonlinear Panel Data Autoregressive Distributed Lag Approach","authors":"E. Zafeiriou, C. Karelakis, I. Martínez‐Zarzoso, K. Galanopoulos, Dimitra Gkika","doi":"10.3390/agriculture13091693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091693","url":null,"abstract":"Within the regime established by the Directive on Sustainable Use of Pesticides (SUDP); the present work explores the relationship between pesticides’ agricultural use per hectare of cropland and the GDP per capita of the rural population for twenty-five EU countries to unveil the efficiency of the current EU strategy. With the econometric tool of panel nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) cointegration technique; we try to capture potential asymmetries in the agricultural use of pesticides concerning positive and negative variations in agricultural income. The findings validate the existence of a long-run relationship that supports an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC); i.e., an inverted U-shaped relationship between the variables; since increasing agricultural income is related to reductions in the use of pesticides after the turning point. Even though this result is not validated in the short run; our findings confirm the existence of a steady-state situation with asymmetric responses to pesticides. In terms of policy implications; more measures need to be taken; along with the education of farmers; aiming to enhance their consciousness towards environmental issues and; in consequence; for them to prefer environmentally friendly plant protection methods over chemical ones.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80584719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.3390/agriculture13091694
Sandeep Savitaprakash Sharma, Nihar Gupta, Anmoldeep Singh Chakkal, N. Sharma, S. Alamri, M. H. Siddiqui, F. Haider
Soil enzymes are linked to the plant–soil–enzyme–soil nutrients of the soil system, which play an important role in carbon cycling and phosphorus mineralization in soil. Monitoring soil biological quality, particularly enzyme activities, after receiving organic amendments is a prerequisite for the sustainable management of soils. An incubation study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different particle sizes of rice residue (control, powdered, 1 cm, 2 cm, 5 cm, and 10 cm) on the enzymatic activities in three soils (normal, saline, and sodic). The soils used in the study were alkaline in reaction with a pH range of 7.05–8.86 and an electrical conductivity (EC) gradient from 0.41 to 2.5 dS m−1. Significant changes in the soil enzyme activity (dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate, and alkaline phosphatase) were observed with the incorporation of rice residue as compared to control. The enzymatic activities were substantially enhanced with a decrease in the size of the residue up to 28 days during the incubation period. The maximum enzymatic activity in the three soils was found to be in the order of normal > sodic > saline soils. These results suggest that the particle size of rice residues and salt levels should be considered important factors in residue decomposition in soils, as they directly influence the activity of soil enzymes for the overall improvement of the biological pools in soils.
{"title":"Changes in Enzyme Activities in Salt-Affected Soils during Incubation Study of Diverse Particle Sizes of Rice Straw","authors":"Sandeep Savitaprakash Sharma, Nihar Gupta, Anmoldeep Singh Chakkal, N. Sharma, S. Alamri, M. H. Siddiqui, F. Haider","doi":"10.3390/agriculture13091694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091694","url":null,"abstract":"Soil enzymes are linked to the plant–soil–enzyme–soil nutrients of the soil system, which play an important role in carbon cycling and phosphorus mineralization in soil. Monitoring soil biological quality, particularly enzyme activities, after receiving organic amendments is a prerequisite for the sustainable management of soils. An incubation study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different particle sizes of rice residue (control, powdered, 1 cm, 2 cm, 5 cm, and 10 cm) on the enzymatic activities in three soils (normal, saline, and sodic). The soils used in the study were alkaline in reaction with a pH range of 7.05–8.86 and an electrical conductivity (EC) gradient from 0.41 to 2.5 dS m−1. Significant changes in the soil enzyme activity (dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate, and alkaline phosphatase) were observed with the incorporation of rice residue as compared to control. The enzymatic activities were substantially enhanced with a decrease in the size of the residue up to 28 days during the incubation period. The maximum enzymatic activity in the three soils was found to be in the order of normal > sodic > saline soils. These results suggest that the particle size of rice residues and salt levels should be considered important factors in residue decomposition in soils, as they directly influence the activity of soil enzymes for the overall improvement of the biological pools in soils.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"300 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73591300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.3390/agriculture13091697
D. Ferreira, D. Bandeira, A. Zanine, H. Parente, M. Parente, R. Rodrigues, E. Santos, A. G. Lima, M. Ribeiro, R. Pinho, J. Oliveira, F. N. Santos, Renata Costa, F. C. Sousa, F. Campos, Dilier Olivera-Viciedo
Using by-products added to grass silage in the total mixed ration (TMR) silage form can bring advantages to the ensiling process, raising DM levels, absorbing moisture, and improving the silage’s chemical composition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of babassu by-products’ inclusion substitution for corn in Guinea grass silage in the total mixed ration as an alternative feed for ruminants. The experiment was a completely randomized design with four treatments (silage) and five replications (silo). There was a significant difference in the fermentation profile and losses of silage (p < 0.001), some organic acids (lactic and butyric acids, p < 0.001), and the percentage of lactic acid in fermentation products (LA:FP, p < 0.001). The TGS showed the highest average for the variable’s maximum temperature (p < 0.001) and hours/max temperature (p = 0.011). Babassu by-products could eventually replace 50% of corn in total mixed rations silage containing Guinea grass, meeting the suggestion for the total mixed ration silage.
{"title":"Effects of Adding Agro-Industrial By-Products of Babassu to Guinea Grass Silage","authors":"D. Ferreira, D. Bandeira, A. Zanine, H. Parente, M. Parente, R. Rodrigues, E. Santos, A. G. Lima, M. Ribeiro, R. Pinho, J. Oliveira, F. N. Santos, Renata Costa, F. C. Sousa, F. Campos, Dilier Olivera-Viciedo","doi":"10.3390/agriculture13091697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091697","url":null,"abstract":"Using by-products added to grass silage in the total mixed ration (TMR) silage form can bring advantages to the ensiling process, raising DM levels, absorbing moisture, and improving the silage’s chemical composition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of babassu by-products’ inclusion substitution for corn in Guinea grass silage in the total mixed ration as an alternative feed for ruminants. The experiment was a completely randomized design with four treatments (silage) and five replications (silo). There was a significant difference in the fermentation profile and losses of silage (p < 0.001), some organic acids (lactic and butyric acids, p < 0.001), and the percentage of lactic acid in fermentation products (LA:FP, p < 0.001). The TGS showed the highest average for the variable’s maximum temperature (p < 0.001) and hours/max temperature (p = 0.011). Babassu by-products could eventually replace 50% of corn in total mixed rations silage containing Guinea grass, meeting the suggestion for the total mixed ration silage.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84277866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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