Pub Date : 2023-11-23DOI: 10.1163/23524588-00001027
W. Yakti, E. Widjaja, N. Förster, I. Mewis, C. Ulrichs
The desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) is a notorious swarm-forming agricultural pest widely collected for its use as food and feed. Its ability to grow on tomato leaf waste as a sole nutritional source was investigated given its ability to consume a wide range of plants. The growth and nutrient composition of desert locusts and their generated frass were compared in nymphs reared on tomato leaves versus wheatgrass. The desert locusts demonstrated higher growth on wheatgrass diet, but they also thrived on tomato leaves without observed mortalities. An average production of 14.38 g desert locust biomass consumed 375.8 g of fresh tomato leaves. Desert locusts fed with tomato leaves had higher crude protein content (61% compared to 58% in wheatgrass-fed desert locusts) and lower fat content (8% compared to 14% in wheatgrass-fed desert locusts). The diet also influenced the levels of Ca, Cu, Mn, S, and Zn in the desert locust biomass. Furthermore, the analysis of the generated frass revealed significant differences in the levels of B, Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mo, Na, P, S, Zn, and N, depending on the plant material provided. The findings suggest that the desert locust can be reared efficiently on tomato leaves, transforming this waste stream into a protein-rich insect biomass and frass.
{"title":"Evaluating the ability of desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) to grow when feeding on tomato leaves (Solanum lycopersicum) versus wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum)","authors":"W. Yakti, E. Widjaja, N. Förster, I. Mewis, C. Ulrichs","doi":"10.1163/23524588-00001027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-00001027","url":null,"abstract":"The desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) is a notorious swarm-forming agricultural pest widely collected for its use as food and feed. Its ability to grow on tomato leaf waste as a sole nutritional source was investigated given its ability to consume a wide range of plants. The growth and nutrient composition of desert locusts and their generated frass were compared in nymphs reared on tomato leaves versus wheatgrass. The desert locusts demonstrated higher growth on wheatgrass diet, but they also thrived on tomato leaves without observed mortalities. An average production of 14.38 g desert locust biomass consumed 375.8 g of fresh tomato leaves. Desert locusts fed with tomato leaves had higher crude protein content (61% compared to 58% in wheatgrass-fed desert locusts) and lower fat content (8% compared to 14% in wheatgrass-fed desert locusts). The diet also influenced the levels of Ca, Cu, Mn, S, and Zn in the desert locust biomass. Furthermore, the analysis of the generated frass revealed significant differences in the levels of B, Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mo, Na, P, S, Zn, and N, depending on the plant material provided. The findings suggest that the desert locust can be reared efficiently on tomato leaves, transforming this waste stream into a protein-rich insect biomass and frass.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"121 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139244712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230170
N. Ormanoğlu, G. Baliota, C. Rumbos, C. G. Athanassiou
The commercial accessibility of insect biomass for food and feed necessitates a systematic examination of the various factors that can potentially hinder the efficiency of insect farming. This study focuses on identifying the optimal thermal requirements for the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), an edible insect species of particular interest due to its significant potential as a food and feed source. Adults of the species were left to oviposit continuously for 45 days, under controlled laboratory conditions at 20, 25, 30 and 32 °C. The number of eggs laid by the adults, as well as the larval emergence was recorded during this period. Based on the findings, the reproduction output, expressed as the cumulative number of eggs per adult and the cumulative larval hatching rate, was affected by the temperature levels tested here. It has been determined that the optimal reproductive output of A. diaperinus can be attained by maintaining newly emerged adults within a temperature range of 25 to 30 °C for a period of 42 days. During this period, it is anticipated that each adult will yield an average of 73 eggs, while an estimated hatchability rate of 69 and 58% at 25 and 30 °C, respectively. Our study is one of the few that evaluate the efficacy of retaining parental adults of A. diaperinus for oviposition under commercial mass-rearing conditions, taking into account egg and larval production.
{"title":"Effect of temperature on the oviposition and egg hatching performance of Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)","authors":"N. Ormanoğlu, G. Baliota, C. Rumbos, C. G. Athanassiou","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230170","url":null,"abstract":"The commercial accessibility of insect biomass for food and feed necessitates a systematic examination of the various factors that can potentially hinder the efficiency of insect farming. This study focuses on identifying the optimal thermal requirements for the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), an edible insect species of particular interest due to its significant potential as a food and feed source. Adults of the species were left to oviposit continuously for 45 days, under controlled laboratory conditions at 20, 25, 30 and 32 °C. The number of eggs laid by the adults, as well as the larval emergence was recorded during this period. Based on the findings, the reproduction output, expressed as the cumulative number of eggs per adult and the cumulative larval hatching rate, was affected by the temperature levels tested here. It has been determined that the optimal reproductive output of A. diaperinus can be attained by maintaining newly emerged adults within a temperature range of 25 to 30 °C for a period of 42 days. During this period, it is anticipated that each adult will yield an average of 73 eggs, while an estimated hatchability rate of 69 and 58% at 25 and 30 °C, respectively. Our study is one of the few that evaluate the efficacy of retaining parental adults of A. diaperinus for oviposition under commercial mass-rearing conditions, taking into account egg and larval production.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"120 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139248287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1163/23524588-00001001
S. Siddiqui, K.A. Ampofo, E. Dery, A. Eddy-Doh, R. Castro‐Muñoz, M. Pushpalatha, I. Fernando
Rising global population and sustainable protein demand have sparked interest in unique food sources. Entomophagy, or insect consumption, presents a solution and Scarab beetles, part of the Scarabaeidae family, offer a novel food option. The comprehensive review underscores their potential as human food, with strong nutrition, low environmental impact, and the ability to ease strain on conventional agriculture. Nutritional analysis reveals rich protein content, essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Scarab beetles’ beneficial fatty acid profile and healthy fats position them as a superior protein source to traditional livestock. Scarabaeidae excel in feed conversion, emit fewer greenhouse gases, and require minimal land, establishing them as an ecologically sustainable protein source. Cultural attitudes towards insect consumption vary; history exists in some regions while skepticism prevails in others. Highlighting nutritional advantages, organizing outreach, and introducing processed scarab products could enhance acceptance. The review addresses challenges including mass rearing, processing, allergens, and toxins. Evolving insect-based food regulations require cautious consideration. Success depends on multidisciplinary efforts including nutrition, environmental sustainability, cultural openness, and regulatory alignment. Continued research and collaboration are essential to fully unlock Scarabaeidae’s potential as a sustainable, nutritious food source for our growing global population.
{"title":"Scarabaeidae as human food – A comprehensive review","authors":"S. Siddiqui, K.A. Ampofo, E. Dery, A. Eddy-Doh, R. Castro‐Muñoz, M. Pushpalatha, I. Fernando","doi":"10.1163/23524588-00001001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-00001001","url":null,"abstract":"Rising global population and sustainable protein demand have sparked interest in unique food sources. Entomophagy, or insect consumption, presents a solution and Scarab beetles, part of the Scarabaeidae family, offer a novel food option. The comprehensive review underscores their potential as human food, with strong nutrition, low environmental impact, and the ability to ease strain on conventional agriculture. Nutritional analysis reveals rich protein content, essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Scarab beetles’ beneficial fatty acid profile and healthy fats position them as a superior protein source to traditional livestock. Scarabaeidae excel in feed conversion, emit fewer greenhouse gases, and require minimal land, establishing them as an ecologically sustainable protein source. Cultural attitudes towards insect consumption vary; history exists in some regions while skepticism prevails in others. Highlighting nutritional advantages, organizing outreach, and introducing processed scarab products could enhance acceptance. The review addresses challenges including mass rearing, processing, allergens, and toxins. Evolving insect-based food regulations require cautious consideration. Success depends on multidisciplinary efforts including nutrition, environmental sustainability, cultural openness, and regulatory alignment. Continued research and collaboration are essential to fully unlock Scarabaeidae’s potential as a sustainable, nutritious food source for our growing global population.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"20 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139276965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230183b
L. Morand-Laffargue, D. Vairo, C. Halimi, E. Chiarello, B. Creton, D. Sabatier, P. Borel
Edible insects are an emerging approach to provide sustainable proteins in feed. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) can also bioaccumulate micronutrients from various substrates. The purpose of this study was to assess whether BSFL can bioaccumulate significant concentrations of bioavailable α and ɣ-tocopherol (TOC) from vitamin E (VE) rich substrates. BSFL were reared on VE rich substrates, e.g. wheat germ oil, bran, etc. α and γ-tocopherol were quantified in larvae and substrates by HPLC. VE bioaccessibility was estimated using an in vitro model of digestion. Uptake efficiency of micellarized VE by intestinal cell was estimated using Caco-2 cells. BSFL were at least as rich in α-TOC, but not ɣ-TOC, as their rearing substrates. VE bioaccessibility was almost always significantly lower in BSFL than in corresponding substrates. Conversely, VE uptake efficiency was either not significantly different or significantly higher in BSFLs than in substrates. Thus, VE enrichment of BSFL from VE rich substrates, in particular co-products such as brans and oil cakes, could be an innovative way to recycle VE and to provide significant amounts of sustainable VE in farm animal feed.
食用昆虫是在饲料中提供可持续蛋白质的一种新兴方法。黑甲蝇幼虫（BSFL）也能从各种基质中生物累积微量营养素。本研究的目的是评估 BSFL 是否能从富含维生素 E (VE) 的基质中生物累积大量生物可利用的 α 和ɣ-生育酚 (TOC)。用富含 VE 的基质（如小麦胚芽油、麸皮等）饲养 BSFL，通过 HPLC 对幼虫和基质中的α和γ-生育酚进行定量。利用体外消化模型估算 VE 的生物可接受性。使用 Caco-2 细胞估算了肠细胞对胶束化 VE 的吸收效率。BSFL 至少与饲养底物一样富含 α-TOC，而不是 ɣ-TOC 。在 BSFL 中，VE 的生物可及性几乎总是明显低于相应的基质。相反，BSFL 对 VE 的吸收效率要么没有明显差异，要么明显高于底物。因此，从富含 VE 的基质（特别是诸如麸皮和油饼等副产品）中富集 BSFL 的 VE，可能是一种回收 VE 并在农场动物饲料中提供大量可持续 VE 的创新方法。
{"title":"Ability of black soldier fly larvae to bioaccumulate tocopherols from different substrates and measurement of larval tocopherol bioavailability in vitro","authors":"L. Morand-Laffargue, D. Vairo, C. Halimi, E. Chiarello, B. Creton, D. Sabatier, P. Borel","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230183b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230183b","url":null,"abstract":"Edible insects are an emerging approach to provide sustainable proteins in feed. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) can also bioaccumulate micronutrients from various substrates. The purpose of this study was to assess whether BSFL can bioaccumulate significant concentrations of bioavailable α and ɣ-tocopherol (TOC) from vitamin E (VE) rich substrates. BSFL were reared on VE rich substrates, e.g. wheat germ oil, bran, etc. α and γ-tocopherol were quantified in larvae and substrates by HPLC. VE bioaccessibility was estimated using an in vitro model of digestion. Uptake efficiency of micellarized VE by intestinal cell was estimated using Caco-2 cells. BSFL were at least as rich in α-TOC, but not ɣ-TOC, as their rearing substrates. VE bioaccessibility was almost always significantly lower in BSFL than in corresponding substrates. Conversely, VE uptake efficiency was either not significantly different or significantly higher in BSFLs than in substrates. Thus, VE enrichment of BSFL from VE rich substrates, in particular co-products such as brans and oil cakes, could be an innovative way to recycle VE and to provide significant amounts of sustainable VE in farm animal feed.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"133 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139276742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230074
S.M. dos Santos, F.G. da Silva, H.R. Bavosa, I. P. Martins, J. Nascimento, P. G. Lemes, W.C.L. Nogueira, D.V. da Costa
The black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) is a valuable commercial insect for its nutritional and productive aspects, ability to cycle organic waste, and use as protein in animal feed. Its rearing is done in two steps, the ‘nursery diet’, and the ‘rearing’ diet, but the nursery diet may increase costs and labour. The effect of the nursery diet time on larval performance, substrate reduction, and larval nutritional composition were evaluated to determine whether it is possible to remove this step from the BSF production process. Chicken feed was used as nursery diet and restaurant food waste for the rearing diet. The performance and chemical composition of BSF larvae with eggs inoculated directly into the restaurant food waste and incubated in the nursery diet were evaluated for six, eight, ten, and 12 days. Substrate reduction was higher for larvae raised without nursery diet. The final weight, growth rate, and number of live larvae were the same for larvae reared with or without nursery diet. Larvae reared without nursery diet had higher crude protein, lower dry matter, and ash content than larvae on nursery diet. The nursery diet did not improve most of the characteristics analysed, and the nutritional levels of the larvae. This may suggest that this step could be ignored when rearing BSF larvae on restaurant waste.
{"title":"Nursery diet exclusion during the development of Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) in restaurant food waste","authors":"S.M. dos Santos, F.G. da Silva, H.R. Bavosa, I. P. Martins, J. Nascimento, P. G. Lemes, W.C.L. Nogueira, D.V. da Costa","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230074","url":null,"abstract":"The black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) is a valuable commercial insect for its nutritional and productive aspects, ability to cycle organic waste, and use as protein in animal feed. Its rearing is done in two steps, the ‘nursery diet’, and the ‘rearing’ diet, but the nursery diet may increase costs and labour. The effect of the nursery diet time on larval performance, substrate reduction, and larval nutritional composition were evaluated to determine whether it is possible to remove this step from the BSF production process. Chicken feed was used as nursery diet and restaurant food waste for the rearing diet. The performance and chemical composition of BSF larvae with eggs inoculated directly into the restaurant food waste and incubated in the nursery diet were evaluated for six, eight, ten, and 12 days. Substrate reduction was higher for larvae raised without nursery diet. The final weight, growth rate, and number of live larvae were the same for larvae reared with or without nursery diet. Larvae reared without nursery diet had higher crude protein, lower dry matter, and ash content than larvae on nursery diet. The nursery diet did not improve most of the characteristics analysed, and the nutritional levels of the larvae. This may suggest that this step could be ignored when rearing BSF larvae on restaurant waste.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"24 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139277304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-13DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230080
E.F. Hoek-van den Hil, N. Meijer, K. Van Rozen, H. Elissen, P.G. van Wikselaar, H. Brust, N.A.J.M. Te Loeke, T. de Rijk, M. Tienstra, M.G.M. van de Schans, J. Wanrooij, R. Van der Weide, T. Veldkamp, H.J. van der Fels-Klerx
In Europe, commercial and scientific interest in black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, Hermetia illucens) as a new feed source has grown substantially, primarily because this species can be reared on waste-streams which are otherwise unsuitable. However, before BSFL may legally be reared on such materials, and subsequently fed to livestock animals, safety must be guaranteed. Many hazards could be relevant, depending on the origin of the waste stream. Small- and large-scale experiments were performed in which BSFL were reared on the organic wet fraction of municipal household waste (OWF), kitchen/fast food waste (FFW), mushroom feet stems (MF), pig manure liquid slurry mixed with roadside silage grass (PMLSG), pig manure solids (PMS), and secondary sludge from slaughter waste (SW). Larval yields were highest on the control (chicken feed + water) and the FFW. Substrates and larvae were analysed to determine the presence of heavy metals, acrylamide, pesticides, veterinary drugs, and pathogenic bacteria. Cadmium (Cd) bioaccumulated in larvae reared on all substrates, in line with previous research. Some pesticides and veterinary drugs were found in the substrates: concentrations in the larvae were low, but potential formation of metabolites could be studied further. Acrylamide was present in the FFW, but not in the larvae reared on it: more research is needed to determine the (metabolic) fate. Bacillus cereus and traces of Salmonella spp. were found on some larval samples, but appropriate processing is anticipated to minimize potential risks. Based on these results, we conclude that most tested substrates are suitable for rearing BSFL, and do not appear to present major safety concerns, aside from the need for monitoring Cd concentrations in the substrates, and control measures for pathogenic bacteria. Further verification to account for variance in contamination of substrates is needed for definitive conclusions on the safety.
{"title":"Safety of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae reared on waste streams of animal and vegetal origin and manure","authors":"E.F. Hoek-van den Hil, N. Meijer, K. Van Rozen, H. Elissen, P.G. van Wikselaar, H. Brust, N.A.J.M. Te Loeke, T. de Rijk, M. Tienstra, M.G.M. van de Schans, J. Wanrooij, R. Van der Weide, T. Veldkamp, H.J. van der Fels-Klerx","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230080","url":null,"abstract":"In Europe, commercial and scientific interest in black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, Hermetia illucens) as a new feed source has grown substantially, primarily because this species can be reared on waste-streams which are otherwise unsuitable. However, before BSFL may legally be reared on such materials, and subsequently fed to livestock animals, safety must be guaranteed. Many hazards could be relevant, depending on the origin of the waste stream. Small- and large-scale experiments were performed in which BSFL were reared on the organic wet fraction of municipal household waste (OWF), kitchen/fast food waste (FFW), mushroom feet stems (MF), pig manure liquid slurry mixed with roadside silage grass (PMLSG), pig manure solids (PMS), and secondary sludge from slaughter waste (SW). Larval yields were highest on the control (chicken feed + water) and the FFW. Substrates and larvae were analysed to determine the presence of heavy metals, acrylamide, pesticides, veterinary drugs, and pathogenic bacteria. Cadmium (Cd) bioaccumulated in larvae reared on all substrates, in line with previous research. Some pesticides and veterinary drugs were found in the substrates: concentrations in the larvae were low, but potential formation of metabolites could be studied further. Acrylamide was present in the FFW, but not in the larvae reared on it: more research is needed to determine the (metabolic) fate. Bacillus cereus and traces of Salmonella spp. were found on some larval samples, but appropriate processing is anticipated to minimize potential risks. Based on these results, we conclude that most tested substrates are suitable for rearing BSFL, and do not appear to present major safety concerns, aside from the need for monitoring Cd concentrations in the substrates, and control measures for pathogenic bacteria. Further verification to account for variance in contamination of substrates is needed for definitive conclusions on the safety.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"137 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139279076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-09DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230091
D. Hwang, S.H. Lee, T.-W. Goo, K.-S. Lee, E.-Y. Yun
To use mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a raw material for biodiesel production, after selecting three raw materials (wheat bran, mealworm frass, food waste) among 10 raw materials, WB50-FW50 (wheat bran:food waste = 50:50), which had the highest weight gain rate (WGR) and body fat content increase efficacy, was determined to be the optimal raw material combination. As a result of fermenting WB50-FW50 using microorganisms (Limosilactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Pediococcus acidilactici) with excellent enzymatic activities to increase the absorption rate in the body, WGR was increased by 40% compared to non-fermented WB50-FW50. To increase the value of the product and the convenience of distribution and use, we attempted to manufacture a pellet-type feed with a diameter of 6 mm and length of 10 mm. Based on the selection of inexpensive raw materials without adversely affecting viability and WGR, 0.05% sorbic acid was added as a preservative, and 20% agar was added as an excipient. The drying time after pellet moulding was determined to be 50 min, considering the high WGR, and the final pellet-type fermented mixed feed with sorbic acid and agar (PFMF) preparation was completed. Finally, compared to powdered wheat bran, a conventional mealworm feed, PFMF fed to mealworms increased WGR by 25.6% and body fat content by 18.8%. In conclusion, we suggest that the PFMF is a valuable feed with high economic feasibility, eco-friendliness, and convenience for breeding of mealworms for biodiesel production.
{"title":"Standardisation of fermented pellet feed of Tenebrio molitor larvae for use as a biodiesel raw material","authors":"D. Hwang, S.H. Lee, T.-W. Goo, K.-S. Lee, E.-Y. Yun","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230091","url":null,"abstract":"To use mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a raw material for biodiesel production, after selecting three raw materials (wheat bran, mealworm frass, food waste) among 10 raw materials, WB50-FW50 (wheat bran:food waste = 50:50), which had the highest weight gain rate (WGR) and body fat content increase efficacy, was determined to be the optimal raw material combination. As a result of fermenting WB50-FW50 using microorganisms (Limosilactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Pediococcus acidilactici) with excellent enzymatic activities to increase the absorption rate in the body, WGR was increased by 40% compared to non-fermented WB50-FW50. To increase the value of the product and the convenience of distribution and use, we attempted to manufacture a pellet-type feed with a diameter of 6 mm and length of 10 mm. Based on the selection of inexpensive raw materials without adversely affecting viability and WGR, 0.05% sorbic acid was added as a preservative, and 20% agar was added as an excipient. The drying time after pellet moulding was determined to be 50 min, considering the high WGR, and the final pellet-type fermented mixed feed with sorbic acid and agar (PFMF) preparation was completed. Finally, compared to powdered wheat bran, a conventional mealworm feed, PFMF fed to mealworms increased WGR by 25.6% and body fat content by 18.8%. In conclusion, we suggest that the PFMF is a valuable feed with high economic feasibility, eco-friendliness, and convenience for breeding of mealworms for biodiesel production.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"314 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139282357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-09DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230023
E. Facchini, V. Dietemann, J.D. Ellis, J. D. Evans, P. Neumann, N. L. Carreck
Honey bees play an essential role in modern agriculture as farm animals and crop pollinators, and they contribute to one third of our diet. Over the last few decades, managed honey bees have faced large-scale losses worldwide. Various causes include the spread of pathogens and parasites, habitat loss and loss of forage, pesticide use, and climate change. Many scientists investigated these issues worldwide separately and independently, often using different methodologies, and this approach might lead to conflicting and sometimes erroneous findings. To provide global and sustainable solutions, a group of bee scientists established COLOSS, a non-profit association for the prevention of honey bee COlony LOSSes. Its mission is to investigate the causes of declining bee health and find effective means to improve the well-being of bees. COLOSS comprises various Core Projects and Task Forces focusing on specific topics identified by the association to receive priority attention. Among the core projects, the COLOSS BEEBOOK is a unique venture aiming to provide a standardised methods manual for studying the honey bee. The project’s goal has been to create a comprehensive collection of established methods and techniques for honey bee research, with the aim of making studies conducted by different groups across the world more comparable. The resulting practical manual contains over 2,000 standardized methods across all fields of honey bee research. It is definitive, but evolving, research manual. There is a strong need for standardisation in the fast-growing field of edible insect farming and research. The COLOSS BEEBOOK stands as a testament to the achievements that can be made when researchers collaborate towards a common goal, and it can serve as an inspiration for the establishment of standardized methods for the mass rearing of edible insects.
{"title":"The COLOSS BEEBOOK – an example of standard methods in insect research","authors":"E. Facchini, V. Dietemann, J.D. Ellis, J. D. Evans, P. Neumann, N. L. Carreck","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230023","url":null,"abstract":"Honey bees play an essential role in modern agriculture as farm animals and crop pollinators, and they contribute to one third of our diet. Over the last few decades, managed honey bees have faced large-scale losses worldwide. Various causes include the spread of pathogens and parasites, habitat loss and loss of forage, pesticide use, and climate change. Many scientists investigated these issues worldwide separately and independently, often using different methodologies, and this approach might lead to conflicting and sometimes erroneous findings. To provide global and sustainable solutions, a group of bee scientists established COLOSS, a non-profit association for the prevention of honey bee COlony LOSSes. Its mission is to investigate the causes of declining bee health and find effective means to improve the well-being of bees. COLOSS comprises various Core Projects and Task Forces focusing on specific topics identified by the association to receive priority attention. Among the core projects, the COLOSS BEEBOOK is a unique venture aiming to provide a standardised methods manual for studying the honey bee. The project’s goal has been to create a comprehensive collection of established methods and techniques for honey bee research, with the aim of making studies conducted by different groups across the world more comparable. The resulting practical manual contains over 2,000 standardized methods across all fields of honey bee research. It is definitive, but evolving, research manual. There is a strong need for standardisation in the fast-growing field of edible insect farming and research. The COLOSS BEEBOOK stands as a testament to the achievements that can be made when researchers collaborate towards a common goal, and it can serve as an inspiration for the establishment of standardized methods for the mass rearing of edible insects.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139281801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-09DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230114
S. Fatima, A. Afzal, K. Aziz, C. G. Carter
This eight week long experiment was performed to study the effects of substitution of crude protein from soybean meal (SBM) with non-defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal (BSFLM) on growth, nutritional quality, haematology, biochemistry, oxidative stress biomarkers, and bacterial disease resistance in juvenile basa (Pangasius bocourti). Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets (30% crude protein) were formulated to replace 0% (T0), 40% (T40), 80% (T80) and 100% (T100) of crude protein from SBM with BSFLM. Fingerlings (initial weight = 18.00 ± 1.25 g, n = 135) were stocked in aquaria. At end of the growth experiment, fifteen fish from each group were exposed to bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus) challenge (0.80 CFU/ml) for fifteen days. Fish in BSFLM substituted groups showed significantly higher growth and condition as compared to those in T0. Inclusion of BSFLM did not affect the chemical composition, profile of amino acids, and fatty acids in fish. However, the levels of lauric acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, decosahexanoic acid, and eicosapentanoic acid increased in BSFLM fed fish. The concentration of catalase, superoxide dismutase and lysozyme increased with addition of BSFLM in diet at end of the growth experiment. These oxidative stress biomarkers indicate that replacement of SBM with BSFLM up to 80% improved the growth and disease resistance in basa against gram-positive bacteria. BSFLM can be a future alternative protein source for commercial production of aquafeed for this species.
{"title":"Dietary replacement of soybean meal with black soldier fly larvae meal improves growth and disease resistance in juvenile Pangasius bocourti","authors":"S. Fatima, A. Afzal, K. Aziz, C. G. Carter","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230114","url":null,"abstract":"This eight week long experiment was performed to study the effects of substitution of crude protein from soybean meal (SBM) with non-defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal (BSFLM) on growth, nutritional quality, haematology, biochemistry, oxidative stress biomarkers, and bacterial disease resistance in juvenile basa (Pangasius bocourti). Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets (30% crude protein) were formulated to replace 0% (T0), 40% (T40), 80% (T80) and 100% (T100) of crude protein from SBM with BSFLM. Fingerlings (initial weight = 18.00 ± 1.25 g, n = 135) were stocked in aquaria. At end of the growth experiment, fifteen fish from each group were exposed to bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus) challenge (0.80 CFU/ml) for fifteen days. Fish in BSFLM substituted groups showed significantly higher growth and condition as compared to those in T0. Inclusion of BSFLM did not affect the chemical composition, profile of amino acids, and fatty acids in fish. However, the levels of lauric acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, decosahexanoic acid, and eicosapentanoic acid increased in BSFLM fed fish. The concentration of catalase, superoxide dismutase and lysozyme increased with addition of BSFLM in diet at end of the growth experiment. These oxidative stress biomarkers indicate that replacement of SBM with BSFLM up to 80% improved the growth and disease resistance in basa against gram-positive bacteria. BSFLM can be a future alternative protein source for commercial production of aquafeed for this species.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"182 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139282292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-07DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230116
C. Adamaki-Sotiraki, D. Deruytter, C. Rumbos, C. G. Athanassiou
To meet the increased future needs in insect Processed Animal Proteins PAPs, insect sector has to optimize the mass rearing of insects. That being the case, a means to tackle this growing demand for insects is to invest in breeding strategies aiming for the production of hybrids with improved economically and biologically valuable traits. In this framework, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the mating compatibility among four strains of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, from different geographical areas (Greece, Belgium, Italy and USA) and to assess and compare the performance of the produced inbred and partially outbred lines. All trials were performed in crates of the size (40 × 60 cm) typically used in industrial rearing of mealworm. Adults of T. molitor were placed in the crates and were left to mate and oviposit. To assess mating compatibility, the amount of oviposited eggs (g) as well as the larval hatching rate were recorded. For the assessment of larval performance of inbred and partially outbred lines, two to three weeks old larvae were placed in crates together with Insectus as feeding substrate. The results showed that all crossed lines demonstrated compatibility, and certain combinations outperformed others as suggested by the high cumulative number of eggs and the larval hatch rates for both inbred and partially outbred lines produced. For hatched larvae, there were significant differences among the inbred and partially outbred lines. The highest hatch rates recorded for the Italian-Italian, Belgian-Italian, and Belgian-USA lines. Concerning offspring performance, all crosses followed a similar pattern in terms of final larval weight. The present study aims to draw the attention of the scientific community and insect producing companies to cross-breeding practices to start unfolding its potential for the genetical improvement of commercially farmed insects.
{"title":"Cross-breeding of Tenebrio molitor strains from a large-scale perspective","authors":"C. Adamaki-Sotiraki, D. Deruytter, C. Rumbos, C. G. Athanassiou","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230116","url":null,"abstract":"To meet the increased future needs in insect Processed Animal Proteins PAPs, insect sector has to optimize the mass rearing of insects. That being the case, a means to tackle this growing demand for insects is to invest in breeding strategies aiming for the production of hybrids with improved economically and biologically valuable traits. In this framework, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the mating compatibility among four strains of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, from different geographical areas (Greece, Belgium, Italy and USA) and to assess and compare the performance of the produced inbred and partially outbred lines. All trials were performed in crates of the size (40 × 60 cm) typically used in industrial rearing of mealworm. Adults of T. molitor were placed in the crates and were left to mate and oviposit. To assess mating compatibility, the amount of oviposited eggs (g) as well as the larval hatching rate were recorded. For the assessment of larval performance of inbred and partially outbred lines, two to three weeks old larvae were placed in crates together with Insectus as feeding substrate. The results showed that all crossed lines demonstrated compatibility, and certain combinations outperformed others as suggested by the high cumulative number of eggs and the larval hatch rates for both inbred and partially outbred lines produced. For hatched larvae, there were significant differences among the inbred and partially outbred lines. The highest hatch rates recorded for the Italian-Italian, Belgian-Italian, and Belgian-USA lines. Concerning offspring performance, all crosses followed a similar pattern in terms of final larval weight. The present study aims to draw the attention of the scientific community and insect producing companies to cross-breeding practices to start unfolding its potential for the genetical improvement of commercially farmed insects.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139286255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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