Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.1163/23524588-00001034
G. Baliota, C. Rumbos, C. G. Athanassiou
Understanding the concept of larval density scaling in mealworm farming enables us to analyze and compare the growth patterns of these species and their overall productivity in terms of produced insect biomass. This paper explores the impact of larval density on the development of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Seven different larval densities were examined in laboratory trials, ranging from 7.5 to 53 larvae per cm2, while the volumetric density per vial was consistent through the experiment at 10 larvae per cm3. The results showed a significant effect of larval density, restricted though to specific developmental traits of A. diaperinus larvae. Based on the results, the highest overall yield and biomass production was achieved at 53 larvae per cm2, however, this density resulted in prolonged development time and decreased larval growth and feed consumption metrics. It is suggested that a larval density of 30.3 larvae per cm2 could offer a favorable balance for achieving optimal biomass efficiency in terms of the time required for harvest, growth performance, feed utilization and economic feasibility. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first work on the effect of larval density on the performance of A. diaperinus larvae and aims to contribute to the increase of the profitability of A. diaperinus mass-rearing production systems.
{"title":"The more, the better? Effect of density on the growth of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)","authors":"G. Baliota, C. Rumbos, C. G. Athanassiou","doi":"10.1163/23524588-00001034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-00001034","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the concept of larval density scaling in mealworm farming enables us to analyze and compare the growth patterns of these species and their overall productivity in terms of produced insect biomass. This paper explores the impact of larval density on the development of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Seven different larval densities were examined in laboratory trials, ranging from 7.5 to 53 larvae per cm2, while the volumetric density per vial was consistent through the experiment at 10 larvae per cm3. The results showed a significant effect of larval density, restricted though to specific developmental traits of A. diaperinus larvae. Based on the results, the highest overall yield and biomass production was achieved at 53 larvae per cm2, however, this density resulted in prolonged development time and decreased larval growth and feed consumption metrics. It is suggested that a larval density of 30.3 larvae per cm2 could offer a favorable balance for achieving optimal biomass efficiency in terms of the time required for harvest, growth performance, feed utilization and economic feasibility. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first work on the effect of larval density on the performance of A. diaperinus larvae and aims to contribute to the increase of the profitability of A. diaperinus mass-rearing production systems.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":" 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139143209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230101
A. Brai, M.P. Provenzani, C. Pasqualini, F. Poggialini, C. Vagaggini, F. Tarchi, R. Frosinini, V. Francardi, S. Simoni, E. Dreassi
Tenebrio molitor larvae (TML) are a novel smart food recently declared safe by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). These edible insects are a complete source of digestible proteins, and their farming requires limited space and resources. With the purpose to increase the sustainability of their farming, different nursery wastes produced during fall foliage were used as feed supplements. Punica granatum (PL), Castanea sativa (CSL) and Robinia pseudoacacia fallen leaves (AL), and the leaves of two plants used in traditional medicine, Laurus nobilis (LL) and Mentha arvensis leaves (MAL), which are rich in polyphenols, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins were added to the TML standard diet as sources of antioxidant compounds. The fortified diets were administered to TML for their entire life cycle, and mean weight and survival rate analysed every 15 days, without observing a negative impact. After 45 days, when pupation exceeded 50%, the experiment was interrupted. TML accumulated antioxidant compounds from leaves, important to prevent inflammation and oxidative stress. Accordingly, we observed an increment of the antioxidant and radical scavenging activities respect to the TML fed with the standard diet (STDSL). Differently from STDSL, total fat content remained constant during development, while the quality of fat ameliorated, with a beneficial reduction of SFAs and an improvement of nutritional indexes associated with cardiovascular disease prevention. In addition, we observed an important reduction in n6/n3 ratio and the accumulation of linolenic acid. Taken together, our results strongly support the use of nursery wastes to fortify TML and improve their nutraceutical value.
{"title":"Exploiting fall foliage by-products to optimize Tenebrio molitor nutraceutical value","authors":"A. Brai, M.P. Provenzani, C. Pasqualini, F. Poggialini, C. Vagaggini, F. Tarchi, R. Frosinini, V. Francardi, S. Simoni, E. Dreassi","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230101","url":null,"abstract":"Tenebrio molitor larvae (TML) are a novel smart food recently declared safe by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). These edible insects are a complete source of digestible proteins, and their farming requires limited space and resources. With the purpose to increase the sustainability of their farming, different nursery wastes produced during fall foliage were used as feed supplements. Punica granatum (PL), Castanea sativa (CSL) and Robinia pseudoacacia fallen leaves (AL), and the leaves of two plants used in traditional medicine, Laurus nobilis (LL) and Mentha arvensis leaves (MAL), which are rich in polyphenols, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins were added to the TML standard diet as sources of antioxidant compounds. The fortified diets were administered to TML for their entire life cycle, and mean weight and survival rate analysed every 15 days, without observing a negative impact. After 45 days, when pupation exceeded 50%, the experiment was interrupted. TML accumulated antioxidant compounds from leaves, important to prevent inflammation and oxidative stress. Accordingly, we observed an increment of the antioxidant and radical scavenging activities respect to the TML fed with the standard diet (STDSL). Differently from STDSL, total fat content remained constant during development, while the quality of fat ameliorated, with a beneficial reduction of SFAs and an improvement of nutritional indexes associated with cardiovascular disease prevention. In addition, we observed an important reduction in n6/n3 ratio and the accumulation of linolenic acid. Taken together, our results strongly support the use of nursery wastes to fortify TML and improve their nutraceutical value.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"134 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139167728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.1163/23524588-00001012
R.K. Sahu, S. Borthakur, M. Saikia, S. Sarkar, R.S. Ahmed, D. Dasgupta, R. Dhakal, S. Mech, P. Manna, P. Dutta, J. Kalita
Dietary intake of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory-rich foods is a growing approach for fighting inflammation and its associated disorders. Edible insects are gaining popularity as a food source; however, their therapeutic properties, anti-inflammatory activity and their mechanism of action remain largely unexplored. Herein, we evaluate the effectiveness of Antheraea assamensis pupae hydrolysates against oxidative stress and inflammation. The proteins isolated from the pupae were digested with pepsin or pancreatin, or pepsin + pancreatin and passed through a 30 kDa molecular cut-off membrane. The low molecular weight protein hydrolysates were characterised using RP-HPLC, HRMS, XRD, and FTIR-ATR. Hydrolysate from pepsin + pancreatin digestion showed significantly higher DPPH (77.13±2.57%), superoxide (72.08±1.15%) and hydroxyl (56.32±0.90%) radical scavenging activity in a cell-free system. Further, it reduced intercellular ROS production and suppressed the lipopolysaccharide-induced protein expression of TLR4, p-IKKβ, p-NF-, IL-1β, and COX2 in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, it inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators, including IL-6, IL-1β, and MIP-2. These findings suggest that A. assamensis pupae hydrolysates can be a potential source of bioactive peptides for managing oxidative stress and inflammation.
{"title":"A common edible insect (Antheraea assamensis) protein hydrolysate regulates LPS-induced oxidative stress and inflammation by modulating the TLR4/NF- κ β Signaling Pathway","authors":"R.K. Sahu, S. Borthakur, M. Saikia, S. Sarkar, R.S. Ahmed, D. Dasgupta, R. Dhakal, S. Mech, P. Manna, P. Dutta, J. Kalita","doi":"10.1163/23524588-00001012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-00001012","url":null,"abstract":"Dietary intake of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory-rich foods is a growing approach for fighting inflammation and its associated disorders. Edible insects are gaining popularity as a food source; however, their therapeutic properties, anti-inflammatory activity and their mechanism of action remain largely unexplored. Herein, we evaluate the effectiveness of Antheraea assamensis pupae hydrolysates against oxidative stress and inflammation. The proteins isolated from the pupae were digested with pepsin or pancreatin, or pepsin + pancreatin and passed through a 30 kDa molecular cut-off membrane. The low molecular weight protein hydrolysates were characterised using RP-HPLC, HRMS, XRD, and FTIR-ATR. Hydrolysate from pepsin + pancreatin digestion showed significantly higher DPPH (77.13±2.57%), superoxide (72.08±1.15%) and hydroxyl (56.32±0.90%) radical scavenging activity in a cell-free system. Further, it reduced intercellular ROS production and suppressed the lipopolysaccharide-induced protein expression of TLR4, p-IKKβ, p-NF-, IL-1β, and COX2 in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, it inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators, including IL-6, IL-1β, and MIP-2. These findings suggest that A. assamensis pupae hydrolysates can be a potential source of bioactive peptides for managing oxidative stress and inflammation.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"18 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139169437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230064
J. P. Anankware, S. K. Debrah, S. Asomah, J.P. Egonyu, J. Eilenberg, N. Roos, D. Obeng-Ofori
The African palm weevil Rhynchophorus phoenicis (Fabricius) is an alternative to conventional protein sources from livestock and poultry due to their rich nutritional content and ability to be reared on agricultural by-products. When establishing a production protocol for mass production of R. phoenicis larvae, it is imperative to understand the interaction between substrate and temperature on the development and reproductive success of the weevils. To determine the optimum temperatures for continuous production of R. phoenicis, the larvae were subjected to four temperatures (20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, and 35 °C) at a relative humidity of 70% on different substrates (elephant ear corm, peeled sugarcane, and palm yolk) in an incubator. The developmental duration of R. phoenicis larvae decreased with a temperature above 30 °C whilst percentage larval survival was high at 20 °C and 25 °C. The temperature with the fastest larval development and highest mortality was 35 °C. The optimal temperature from egg to the adult stage was observed at 25 °C. The oviposition and hatchability of eggs was high on elephant ear corm (EC), and palm yolk (PY) at 25 °C whilst the number of cocoons was high at 20 °C on decorticated coconut coir (DC). Thus, it is feasible to utilise the easily accessible substrates that interact well with temperature to produce optimum condition for the production of R. phoenicis larvae.
非洲棕榈象鼻虫（Rhynchophorus phoenicis (Fabricius)）营养丰富，可在农副产品上饲养，是家畜和家禽传统蛋白质来源的替代品。在制定大规模生产凤眼象鼻虫幼虫的生产方案时，必须了解基质和温度对象鼻虫发育和繁殖成功率的影响。为了确定连续生产凤眼象鼻虫的最佳温度，在培养箱中将幼虫放在不同的基质（象耳茎、去皮甘蔗和棕榈卵黄）上，在相对湿度为 70% 的条件下进行了四次温度试验（20 °C、25 °C、30 °C和 35 °C）。温度超过 30 ° C 时，凤眼莲幼虫的发育期缩短，而在 20 ° C 和 25 ° C 时，幼虫存活率较高。幼虫发育最快、死亡率最高的温度是 35 °C。从卵到成虫阶段的最佳温度为 25 °C。在 25 °C时，象耳球茎（EC）和棕榈黄（PY）上卵的产卵和孵化率较高，而在 20 °C时，脱皮椰糠（DC）上的茧数较高。
{"title":"Interactive effects of temperature and substrates on selected life history parameters of the African palm weevil Rhynchophorus phoenicis (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","authors":"J. P. Anankware, S. K. Debrah, S. Asomah, J.P. Egonyu, J. Eilenberg, N. Roos, D. Obeng-Ofori","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230064","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The African palm weevil Rhynchophorus phoenicis (Fabricius) is an alternative to conventional protein sources from livestock and poultry due to their rich nutritional content and ability to be reared on agricultural by-products. When establishing a production protocol for mass production of R. phoenicis larvae, it is imperative to understand the interaction between substrate and temperature on the development and reproductive success of the weevils. To determine the optimum temperatures for continuous production of R. phoenicis, the larvae were subjected to four temperatures (20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, and 35 °C) at a relative humidity of 70% on different substrates (elephant ear corm, peeled sugarcane, and palm yolk) in an incubator. The developmental duration of R. phoenicis larvae decreased with a temperature above 30 °C whilst percentage larval survival was high at 20 °C and 25 °C. The temperature with the fastest larval development and highest mortality was 35 °C. The optimal temperature from egg to the adult stage was observed at 25 °C. The oviposition and hatchability of eggs was high on elephant ear corm (EC), and palm yolk (PY) at 25 °C whilst the number of cocoons was high at 20 °C on decorticated coconut coir (DC).\u0000Thus, it is feasible to utilise the easily accessible substrates that interact well with temperature to produce optimum condition for the production of R. phoenicis larvae.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":" 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138961536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230166
B. Randazzo, C. Uboni, G. Cardinaletti, A. Rondinella, F. Tulli
Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L., TM), one of the main cultured insect species, is used for feed and food. Larval stages of this species can be reared on several substrates, including grains and industrial by-products. However, this species may potentially accumulate contaminants from the substrate, including microplastics (MPs), which may represent a potential hazard for its utilization in food chain. Evidences for plastic degradation by mealworms have been reported, while there are few information about the retention of microplastics in the body and tissues of this species. The aim of the present study was to assess whether TM larvae reared on a MPs-contaminated substrate were able to retain MPs in body tissues and to evaluate the retention and excretion rate after fasting for 24 and 48 hours. For this purpose, fluorescent amino formaldehyde polymer microbeads (1-5 μm) were used to simulate a MPs contamination in the substrate used for larvae rearing. A relevant concentration of MPs were found in the gut and were associated with ingested feed. However, microscopic analyses indicated that the gut acts as a simple transit site and a barrier towards MPs migration in tissues. A marked reduction of MPS content was highlighted in larvae after fasting, even though a 48-hours fasting period was not sufficient to completely depurate insect gut from MPs. Results obtained in the present study suggest that the polymer microbeads used are recalcitrant to digestion by TM larvae, and show the relevant ability of depuration from MPs of this species. Taken together the results showed the suitability of TM to be reared on MPs contaminated substrates since larvae survival and growth resulted not hampered by the MPs presence and open cues on the fasting period able to completely depurate insect body from MPs residues.
{"title":"Retention and excretion of microplastics by Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae reared on an amino formaldehyde polymer microbeads contaminated substrate","authors":"B. Randazzo, C. Uboni, G. Cardinaletti, A. Rondinella, F. Tulli","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230166","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L., TM), one of the main cultured insect species, is used for feed and food. Larval stages of this species can be reared on several substrates, including grains and industrial by-products. However, this species may potentially accumulate contaminants from the substrate, including microplastics (MPs), which may represent a potential hazard for its utilization in food chain. Evidences for plastic degradation by mealworms have been reported, while there are few information about the retention of microplastics in the body and tissues of this species. The aim of the present study was to assess whether TM larvae reared on a MPs-contaminated substrate were able to retain MPs in body tissues and to evaluate the retention and excretion rate after fasting for 24 and 48 hours. For this purpose, fluorescent amino formaldehyde polymer microbeads (1-5 μm) were used to simulate a MPs contamination in the substrate used for larvae rearing. A relevant concentration of MPs were found in the gut and were associated with ingested feed. However, microscopic analyses indicated that the gut acts as a simple transit site and a barrier towards MPs migration in tissues. A marked reduction of MPS content was highlighted in larvae after fasting, even though a 48-hours fasting period was not sufficient to completely depurate insect gut from MPs. Results obtained in the present study suggest that the polymer microbeads used are recalcitrant to digestion by TM larvae, and show the relevant ability of depuration from MPs of this species. Taken together the results showed the suitability of TM to be reared on MPs contaminated substrates since larvae survival and growth resulted not hampered by the MPs presence and open cues on the fasting period able to completely depurate insect body from MPs residues.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"75 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138998815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230104
M. Barrett, R.K. Godfrey, A. Schnell, B. Fischer
Yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor; Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) are currently the most farmed holometabolous insect species in the insects as food and feed industry, with over 300 billion individual mealworms reared annually. Yellow mealworm larvae are being developed for potential uses as human protein, pet, livestock and fish feed, reclamation of mycotoxin-contaminated grains, and more. Insect welfare is of great interest to consumers, producers, and academics; yet no studies have considered the species-specific welfare concerns of farmed yellow mealworms under current industry conditions. Following a model for considering farmed insect welfare, we review yellow mealworm biology and its relationships to welfare in commercial rearing facilities, including: interspecific interactions (predators, parasites, and pathogens), abiotic conditions (temperature, hydration, atmospheric gasses, lighting), nutrition (including pollutants, plastics, and hormones), intraspecific concerns (genetics, morphological defects, cannibalism, density, mating and oviposition needs, and handling-associated stress), and slaughter and depopulation methods (including anesthesia and stunning). From this review, we identify practical recommendations for improving current welfare concerns in the industry and mitigating future concerns that may appear as the industry continues to grow. Finally, we discuss future research directions that are necessary to better understand the welfare of this species.
{"title":"Farmed yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor; Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) welfare: species-specific recommendations for a global industry","authors":"M. Barrett, R.K. Godfrey, A. Schnell, B. Fischer","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230104","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor; Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) are currently the most farmed holometabolous insect species in the insects as food and feed industry, with over 300 billion individual mealworms reared annually. Yellow mealworm larvae are being developed for potential uses as human protein, pet, livestock and fish feed, reclamation of mycotoxin-contaminated grains, and more. Insect welfare is of great interest to consumers, producers, and academics; yet no studies have considered the species-specific welfare concerns of farmed yellow mealworms under current industry conditions. Following a model for considering farmed insect welfare, we review yellow mealworm biology and its relationships to welfare in commercial rearing facilities, including: interspecific interactions (predators, parasites, and pathogens), abiotic conditions (temperature, hydration, atmospheric gasses, lighting), nutrition (including pollutants, plastics, and hormones), intraspecific concerns (genetics, morphological defects, cannibalism, density, mating and oviposition needs, and handling-associated stress), and slaughter and depopulation methods (including anesthesia and stunning). From this review, we identify practical recommendations for improving current welfare concerns in the industry and mitigating future concerns that may appear as the industry continues to grow. Finally, we discuss future research directions that are necessary to better understand the welfare of this species.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"50 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138997380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230053
T.T. Ma, S.P. Zhu, A.L. Chen, Y.J. Zhong, Z. Fu, S. Deng, Y.H. Huang, J. Fu
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of dietary black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) on production performance, meat quality (including sensory quality, muscle fiber histological characteristics, chemical composition, and antioxidant capacity of muscle), and serum biochemical indices of 28-day-old squabs, to provide a good reference for the potential use of BSFLM as a functional feed supplement in pigeon production. A total of 192 1-day-old squabs and 96 pairs of 7-month-old breeding pigeons with the same egg production were stochastically divided into 4 groups with 6 paired replicates. Each pair of breeding pigeon with two squabs. The pigeons were fed the diets supplemented with 0 (control group), 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% BSFLM, respectively. The experiment lasted for 28 days. Dietary BSFLM supplementation increased the growth performance, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), serum levels of glutathione peroxidase (GHS-PX), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and glucose (GLU), and reduced the shear force, serum contents of triglyceride, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. Moreover, it improved the meat color, muscle fiber histological characteristics, and fatty acids profile. However, no significant effects were observed on the slaughter performance, pH value, the water-loss, chemical composition, and amino acids profile. In conclusion, dietary BSFLM may improve the growth performance, meat quality, muscle antioxidant capacity, and health status of squabs. The best effects were observed for the 1.0% BSFLM diet.
{"title":"Effects of black soldier fly larvae meal on production performance, meat quality, antioxidant capacity and serum biochemical indices of squabs","authors":"T.T. Ma, S.P. Zhu, A.L. Chen, Y.J. Zhong, Z. Fu, S. Deng, Y.H. Huang, J. Fu","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230053","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of dietary black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) on production performance, meat quality (including sensory quality, muscle fiber histological characteristics, chemical composition, and antioxidant capacity of muscle), and serum biochemical indices of 28-day-old squabs, to provide a good reference for the potential use of BSFLM as a functional feed supplement in pigeon production. A total of 192 1-day-old squabs and 96 pairs of 7-month-old breeding pigeons with the same egg production were stochastically divided into 4 groups with 6 paired replicates. Each pair of breeding pigeon with two squabs. The pigeons were fed the diets supplemented with 0 (control group), 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% BSFLM, respectively. The experiment lasted for 28 days. Dietary BSFLM supplementation increased the growth performance, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), serum levels of glutathione peroxidase (GHS-PX), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and glucose (GLU), and reduced the shear force, serum contents of triglyceride, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. Moreover, it improved the meat color, muscle fiber histological characteristics, and fatty acids profile. However, no significant effects were observed on the slaughter performance, pH value, the water-loss, chemical composition, and amino acids profile. In conclusion, dietary BSFLM may improve the growth performance, meat quality, muscle antioxidant capacity, and health status of squabs. The best effects were observed for the 1.0% BSFLM diet.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"194 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138997181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.1163/23524588-00001018
Takuro Ueda, Bontetsu Haga, Hodaka Suzuki
Entomophagy is considered a potent dietary practice to replace animal protein due to its highly nutritious and environmentally sustainable features. While entomophagy has many advantages, safety and security concerns still remain, especially for wild-caught insects, not farm-reared insects. This study aimed to clarify the potential microbiological hazards of eating wild-caught cicadas. Large brown cicadas and robust cicadas, which were commonly inhabited in Japan, were caught and examined the hygienic indicator bacteria, standard plate counts (SPC) and Enterobacteriaceae. Then, representative colonies of Enterobacteriaceae were identified. Also, the distribution of bacteria, i.e. the surface or inside the body of the cicadas, and the changes in the bacterial number during the storage of the dead cicadas were examined. SPC was in the range of 3.0 to 9.0 log CFU/g and Enterobacteriaceae was detected in the most of cicadas. Most of the Enterobacteriaceae species identified were biosafety level 2 pathogens or opportunistic pathogens. SPC and Enterobacteriaceae were distributed both on the surface and in the body of the cicadas. SPC and Enterobacteriaceae rapidly increased in the dead cicadas during the storage (at 25 °C). In this study, it is concluded that sufficient heat cooking and proper cold storage should be necessary for the safe consumption of cicadas as food.
{"title":"Hygienic indicator bacteria in the 2 species of wild-caught Japanese cicadas, large brown cicadas and robust cicadas","authors":"Takuro Ueda, Bontetsu Haga, Hodaka Suzuki","doi":"10.1163/23524588-00001018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-00001018","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Entomophagy is considered a potent dietary practice to replace animal protein due to its highly nutritious and environmentally sustainable features. While entomophagy has many advantages, safety and security concerns still remain, especially for wild-caught insects, not farm-reared insects. This study aimed to clarify the potential microbiological hazards of eating wild-caught cicadas. Large brown cicadas and robust cicadas, which were commonly inhabited in Japan, were caught and examined the hygienic indicator bacteria, standard plate counts (SPC) and Enterobacteriaceae. Then, representative colonies of Enterobacteriaceae were identified. Also, the distribution of bacteria, i.e. the surface or inside the body of the cicadas, and the changes in the bacterial number during the storage of the dead cicadas were examined. SPC was in the range of 3.0 to 9.0 log CFU/g and Enterobacteriaceae was detected in the most of cicadas. Most of the Enterobacteriaceae species identified were biosafety level 2 pathogens or opportunistic pathogens. SPC and Enterobacteriaceae were distributed both on the surface and in the body of the cicadas. SPC and Enterobacteriaceae rapidly increased in the dead cicadas during the storage (at 25 °C). In this study, it is concluded that sufficient heat cooking and proper cold storage should be necessary for the safe consumption of cicadas as food.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"27 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138972690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230106
C. Kwakernaak, M.V. Spankeren, M. Dalim, B.A. Loureiro, L. Star, A. Paul
A digestibility study with laying hens was carried out to determine the nutritional value of a commercial and representative (batch to batch variance adjusted) insect meal based on Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae, (from black soldier fly) which was the objective in this study. A basal diet (BD; CP 15%), formulated and fed as such and an experimental diet (HD; CP 21%) consisting of BD with inclusion of 18% of the HI meal were used in the study. The BD and HD were fed to eight and six replicate metabolic cages, respectively, with eight Dekalb White laying hens each from 25 to 27 weeks of age. Diets (pelleted with TiO2 as marker) and water were available for ad libitum intake. Excreta was collected during the last three days to determine AMEn and apparent total tract faecal nutrient digestibility coefficients (ATTDC). Distal ileal content was collected at the last day of the experiment to determine apparent ileal amino acids digestibility of diets and HI meal. Using table values for endogenous losses standardised ileal amino acids digestibility coefficient (SIDC) of HI meal were also calculated. Analysed nutrients (g/kg) in HI meal were: 47 moisture, 529 crude protein, 71 ash, 135 fat and thus 218 was calculated as carbohydrates. Determined AME AMEn for HI meal was 3,846 kcal/kg dry matter (DM) and AMEn was 3,498 3,671 kcal/kg DM and ATTDC AFD for crude protein, crude fat and carbohydrates was 0.830, 0.940 and 0.680, respectively. Average SID coefficient for the 18 amino acids was 0.861 86.1%. Among indispensable amino acids SIDC ranged from 0.790% for threonine to 0.950% for phenylalanine and was 0.840% for lysine. These findings highlight that HI meal is an interesting alternative protein source for soybean meal (SBM). Besides market prices and availability, demands for more sustainable poultry production will determine the use of HI meals as alternative for SBM in poultry diets in the near future, especially in regions where SBM is imported from overseas.
{"title":"Apparent nutrient digestibility, metabolizable energy and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of commercial partially defatted Hermetia illucens meal for laying hens","authors":"C. Kwakernaak, M.V. Spankeren, M. Dalim, B.A. Loureiro, L. Star, A. Paul","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230106","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000A digestibility study with laying hens was carried out to determine the nutritional value of a commercial and representative (batch to batch variance adjusted) insect meal based on Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae, (from black soldier fly) which was the objective in this study. A basal diet (BD; CP 15%), formulated and fed as such and an experimental diet (HD; CP 21%) consisting of BD with inclusion of 18% of the HI meal were used in the study. The BD and HD were fed to eight and six replicate metabolic cages, respectively, with eight Dekalb White laying hens each from 25 to 27 weeks of age. Diets (pelleted with TiO2 as marker) and water were available for ad libitum intake. Excreta was collected during the last three days to determine AMEn and apparent total tract faecal nutrient digestibility coefficients (ATTDC). Distal ileal content was collected at the last day of the experiment to determine apparent ileal amino acids digestibility of diets and HI meal. Using table values for endogenous losses standardised ileal amino acids digestibility coefficient (SIDC) of HI meal were also calculated. Analysed nutrients (g/kg) in HI meal were: 47 moisture, 529 crude protein, 71 ash, 135 fat and thus 218 was calculated as carbohydrates. Determined AME AMEn for HI meal was 3,846 kcal/kg dry matter (DM) and AMEn was 3,498 3,671 kcal/kg DM and ATTDC AFD for crude protein, crude fat and carbohydrates was 0.830, 0.940 and 0.680, respectively. Average SID coefficient for the 18 amino acids was 0.861 86.1%. Among indispensable amino acids SIDC ranged from 0.790% for threonine to 0.950% for phenylalanine and was 0.840% for lysine. These findings highlight that HI meal is an interesting alternative protein source for soybean meal (SBM). Besides market prices and availability, demands for more sustainable poultry production will determine the use of HI meals as alternative for SBM in poultry diets in the near future, especially in regions where SBM is imported from overseas.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138587895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230154
H. Niyonsaba, I.L. Groeneveld, I. Vermeij, J. Höhler, H. van der Fels-Klerx, M.P.M. Meuwissen
Insects are increasingly considered as a relevant alternative protein source in the transition to a more circular economy and more sustainable food production. Understanding the profitability of insect farms is crucial for starting entrepreneurs, established rearers, and third parties. In this study we analysed the revenues and expenses of seven T. molitor farms in the Netherlands, representing approximately a quarter of the total sector. We calculated their gross margin and net present value. Revenues came from the sales of fresh larvae and insect frass, and from extension services. Expenses included investments, and non-allocated and variable expenses. Results cover technical and economic results, and a qualitative description of farm operations. The gross margins and net present values ranged from −180 to 2,030 and from −12,359 to 15,535 EUR/tonne fresh larvae production, respectively. The main determinants of T. molitor farms’ profitability included the sales price of larvae, and its labour and substrate expenses. Our estimates can be used by decision making of farmers, credit providers, and policy makers to support the growth of this still very small, but emerging sector.
{"title":"Profitability of insect production for T. molitor farms in The Netherlands","authors":"H. Niyonsaba, I.L. Groeneveld, I. Vermeij, J. Höhler, H. van der Fels-Klerx, M.P.M. Meuwissen","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230154","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Insects are increasingly considered as a relevant alternative protein source in the transition to a more circular economy and more sustainable food production. Understanding the profitability of insect farms is crucial for starting entrepreneurs, established rearers, and third parties. In this study we analysed the revenues and expenses of seven T. molitor farms in the Netherlands, representing approximately a quarter of the total sector. We calculated their gross margin and net present value. Revenues came from the sales of fresh larvae and insect frass, and from extension services. Expenses included investments, and non-allocated and variable expenses. Results cover technical and economic results, and a qualitative description of farm operations. The gross margins and net present values ranged from −180 to 2,030 and from −12,359 to 15,535 EUR/tonne fresh larvae production, respectively. The main determinants of T. molitor farms’ profitability included the sales price of larvae, and its labour and substrate expenses. Our estimates can be used by decision making of farmers, credit providers, and policy makers to support the growth of this still very small, but emerging sector.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"28 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138589238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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