Pub Date : 2023-08-14DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230007
B. Huang, Y. Zhang, S. Zhang, X. Dong, S. Chi, Q. Yang, H. Liu, J. Deng, B. Tan, S. Xie
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) (BSF) is an insect that can be fed with food waste, and its larval meal is now studied as a feed ingredient to reduce the use of fish meal. However, adding BSF into the feed of pearl gentian grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus ) did not give good results. Higher levels of BSF substitution caused disorders of fatty acid metabolism, leads to fatty liver, and caused oxidative damage in the liver. Also, higher levels of BSF substitution reduced percentage of thick myofibers and significantly affected 40 of metabolites, including dodecanoic acid, D-lyxose, D-aspartic acid, and glutathione in the muscle, which did no positive effect on the improvement of fish meat. Therefore, BSF may require further processing, such as degreasing, in order to be better used.
{"title":"Dietary application of Hermetia illucens larvae meal negatively affected the fillet quality and fatty acid metabolism of pearl gentian grouper","authors":"B. Huang, Y. Zhang, S. Zhang, X. Dong, S. Chi, Q. Yang, H. Liu, J. Deng, B. Tan, S. Xie","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230007","url":null,"abstract":"Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) (BSF) is an insect that can be fed with food waste, and its larval meal is now studied as a feed ingredient to reduce the use of fish meal. However, adding BSF into the feed of pearl gentian grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus ) did not give good results. Higher levels of BSF substitution caused disorders of fatty acid metabolism, leads to fatty liver, and caused oxidative damage in the liver. Also, higher levels of BSF substitution reduced percentage of thick myofibers and significantly affected 40 of metabolites, including dodecanoic acid, D-lyxose, D-aspartic acid, and glutathione in the muscle, which did no positive effect on the improvement of fish meat. Therefore, BSF may require further processing, such as degreasing, in order to be better used.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"2014 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139350731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-14DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20220110
S. Busti, M. Magnani, A. Badiani, M. Silvi, G. Baldi, F. Soglia, M. Petracci, F. Sirri, L. Gasco, F. Brambilla, P.P. Gatta, L. Parma, A. Bonaldo
In recent years, insect meal has attracted increasing interest as an innovative protein source to replace fish meal in feed formulation due to its valuable nutritional profile. This research aimed to compare the effects of different dietary inclusion levels (5, 10, and 15%) of Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae meal on Sparus aurata (initial weight: 98.6 ± 0.6 g) sensorial, technological, and nutritional fillets quality. Fish were fed experimental diets over 113 days. Results showed that the inclusion of defatted HI larvae meal did not induce off-flavours in gilthead sea bream fillets. No significant differences were found in appearance, mouthfeels, and texture, while a difference emerged in the trait ‘cooked chicken breast’ for odour and flavour characteristics. Moreover, fillets’ quality traits and proximate composition analyses performed did not show significant differences between the treatments. The fillets’ fatty acid content showed that higher inclusion of HI meal leads to higher saturated fatty acids content, while no significant difference in polyunsaturated fatty acids was observed among treatments. Results have a positive implication as dietary HI did not negatively affect the fatty acids composition or quality of sea bream fillets.
近年来，昆虫粉因其宝贵的营养成分，作为饲料配方中替代鱼粉的创新蛋白质来源引起了越来越多的关注。本研究旨在比较不同膳食添加量（5%、10% 和 15%）的白头翁（HI）幼虫粉对鲈鱼（初始体重：98.6 ± 0.6 g）感官、技术和营养鱼片质量的影响。鱼类在实验日粮中喂养了 113 天。结果表明，添加脱脂 HI 幼虫粉不会导致金头鲷鱼片产生异味。在外观、口感和质地方面没有发现明显差异，而在 "熟鸡胸肉 "的气味和风味特征方面出现了差异。此外，鱼片的品质特征和近似成分分析也未显示出不同处理之间的显著差异。鸡排的脂肪酸含量表明，HI 粉的添加量越高，饱和脂肪酸含量越高，而多不饱和脂肪酸含量在不同处理间无显著差异。结果具有积极意义，因为膳食中的 HI 不会对鲷鱼片的脂肪酸组成或质量产生负面影响。
{"title":"Effect of different inclusion levels of defatted Hermetia illucens larvae meal on fillet quality of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)","authors":"S. Busti, M. Magnani, A. Badiani, M. Silvi, G. Baldi, F. Soglia, M. Petracci, F. Sirri, L. Gasco, F. Brambilla, P.P. Gatta, L. Parma, A. Bonaldo","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20220110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20220110","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, insect meal has attracted increasing interest as an innovative protein source to replace fish meal in feed formulation due to its valuable nutritional profile. This research aimed to compare the effects of different dietary inclusion levels (5, 10, and 15%) of Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae meal on Sparus aurata (initial weight: 98.6 ± 0.6 g) sensorial, technological, and nutritional fillets quality. Fish were fed experimental diets over 113 days. Results showed that the inclusion of defatted HI larvae meal did not induce off-flavours in gilthead sea bream fillets. No significant differences were found in appearance, mouthfeels, and texture, while a difference emerged in the trait ‘cooked chicken breast’ for odour and flavour characteristics. Moreover, fillets’ quality traits and proximate composition analyses performed did not show significant differences between the treatments. The fillets’ fatty acid content showed that higher inclusion of HI meal leads to higher saturated fatty acids content, while no significant difference in polyunsaturated fatty acids was observed among treatments. Results have a positive implication as dietary HI did not negatively affect the fatty acids composition or quality of sea bream fillets.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139350663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-11DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20220178
H. El-Sheikh, F. Abo-Donia, A. Ghania, E.E. Hussein
The impact on growth performance, feed efficiency, and health status of substituting 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of fishmeal (FM) with Vespa orientalis meal (WM) in the Nile tilapia diets was examined. Fifteen hapas of randomly selected fingerlings (with a mean weight of 1.1 g ± 0.02) were fed the test meals for 84 days. The findings indicated that the fish development rate was not noticeably affected when FM was partially replaced by up to 50% of WM. The feed conversion ratios of WM25 and WM50 were considerably greater () than those of all other diets. The substitution of FM by WM up to 100% did not significantly alter the values of total protein, globulin, albumin, urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (). These results suggest that the Nile tilapia is unaffected by the integration of WM up to 50% instead of FM without adverse effects on growth and nutrient utilisation.
{"title":"Influence of substituting fishmeal with Vespa orientalis meal in the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) diets on growth and feed utilisation","authors":"H. El-Sheikh, F. Abo-Donia, A. Ghania, E.E. Hussein","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20220178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20220178","url":null,"abstract":"The impact on growth performance, feed efficiency, and health status of substituting 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of fishmeal (FM) with Vespa orientalis meal (WM) in the Nile tilapia diets was examined. Fifteen hapas of randomly selected fingerlings (with a mean weight of 1.1 g ± 0.02) were fed the test meals for 84 days. The findings indicated that the fish development rate was not noticeably affected when FM was partially replaced by up to 50% of WM. The feed conversion ratios of WM25 and WM50 were considerably greater () than those of all other diets. The substitution of FM by WM up to 100% did not significantly alter the values of total protein, globulin, albumin, urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (). These results suggest that the Nile tilapia is unaffected by the integration of WM up to 50% instead of FM without adverse effects on growth and nutrient utilisation.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139350966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-10DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230028
E. Fukuda, M.N. Carrasco, A.J. Perez, B. Fischer, M. Drewery
Insects have potential to be integrated into livestock production systems as feed. However, to be viable as feed, insects must be mass-reared in a ‘mini-livestock’ system. As these mass-rearing systems are relatively new, industry standards and welfare regulations are not yet in place, leaving insect welfare-related questions open. Given the importance of consumer attitudes to the social legitimacy of insect production, an analysis of consumers’ ethical perceptions of producing insects as livestock feed is warranted. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine if US consumers support or oppose using insects as livestock feed, (2) determine if perceptions regarding insect welfare or ethics are reasons for opposition, and (3) identify US consumers’ perceived risks and benefits of using insects as livestock feed. We developed a quantitative electronic questionnaire-based survey and established reliability and validity prior to distribution. Distribution was achieved through convenience sampling to adult US consumers (n = 361). When asked if insects should be used as livestock feed, 34% of respondents were supportive, 52% were neutral, and 15% were opposed. Of those who were opposed (n = 53), 58% cited ethical concerns as their reason for opposition. Of respondents who were supportive or neutral towards using insects as livestock feed (n = 308), 29% reported livestock welfare and 26% reported insect welfare as perceived risks. Perceived benefits emphasised environmental sustainability. From our entire sample, 74% of respondents thought insects could feel pain, 23% did not know, and 4% did not think insects could feel pain. Gender, age, household income, education level, and previous knowledge were significant determinants () of whether or not respondents thought insects could feel pain. Our data highlight potential areas of opposition to developing the insect rearing industry in the US and suggests that producers have reason to establish practices that are perceived as creating high-welfare conditions for their insects.
{"title":"US consumer perceptions of insects as livestock feed: ethical considerations for insects","authors":"E. Fukuda, M.N. Carrasco, A.J. Perez, B. Fischer, M. Drewery","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230028","url":null,"abstract":"Insects have potential to be integrated into livestock production systems as feed. However, to be viable as feed, insects must be mass-reared in a ‘mini-livestock’ system. As these mass-rearing systems are relatively new, industry standards and welfare regulations are not yet in place, leaving insect welfare-related questions open. Given the importance of consumer attitudes to the social legitimacy of insect production, an analysis of consumers’ ethical perceptions of producing insects as livestock feed is warranted. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine if US consumers support or oppose using insects as livestock feed, (2) determine if perceptions regarding insect welfare or ethics are reasons for opposition, and (3) identify US consumers’ perceived risks and benefits of using insects as livestock feed. We developed a quantitative electronic questionnaire-based survey and established reliability and validity prior to distribution. Distribution was achieved through convenience sampling to adult US consumers (n = 361). When asked if insects should be used as livestock feed, 34% of respondents were supportive, 52% were neutral, and 15% were opposed. Of those who were opposed (n = 53), 58% cited ethical concerns as their reason for opposition. Of respondents who were supportive or neutral towards using insects as livestock feed (n = 308), 29% reported livestock welfare and 26% reported insect welfare as perceived risks. Perceived benefits emphasised environmental sustainability. From our entire sample, 74% of respondents thought insects could feel pain, 23% did not know, and 4% did not think insects could feel pain. Gender, age, household income, education level, and previous knowledge were significant determinants () of whether or not respondents thought insects could feel pain. Our data highlight potential areas of opposition to developing the insect rearing industry in the US and suggests that producers have reason to establish practices that are perceived as creating high-welfare conditions for their insects.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139351106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-08DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20220108
R. Gebauer, R. Seeger, T. Gebauer, J. Wegener, W. Kloas, F.J. Schaefer
The present study aimed to compare the growth performance and liver and muscle fatty acid (FA) profile of juvenile common carp fed with raw black soldier fly (BSFL; Hermetia illucens) and honey bee drone brood (BDB; Apis mellifera), a novel insect in aquaculture, with a commercial carp diet (CCF). After 6 weeks, the weight gain and specific growth rate were significantly higher in fish fed with CCF, followed by the BDB-fed and BSFL-fed fish, with significant differences among groups. The essential FA contents in feeds were disproportionally mirrored in fish livers and muscles, suggesting feed-dependant biosynthesis ability in common carp. In conclusion, the results suggest that dietary FAs affect the muscle FA composition of common carp. Yet, the composition of dietary essential FAs content did not mirror the essential FA content in muscle, confirming the biosynthesis of essential FAs. The BDB appeared to be a viable alternative or supplement to CCF compliant with circular bioeconomy without compromising the FA profile of common carp muscles. Despite the low growth performance of fish fed with BSFL, this diet indicated good nutritional qualities regarding the FA profiles.
{"title":"Growth performance and fatty acids profile of common carp fed with raw black soldier fly larvae and honey bee drone brood","authors":"R. Gebauer, R. Seeger, T. Gebauer, J. Wegener, W. Kloas, F.J. Schaefer","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20220108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20220108","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aimed to compare the growth performance and liver and muscle fatty acid (FA) profile of juvenile common carp fed with raw black soldier fly (BSFL; Hermetia illucens) and honey bee drone brood (BDB; Apis mellifera), a novel insect in aquaculture, with a commercial carp diet (CCF). After 6 weeks, the weight gain and specific growth rate were significantly higher in fish fed with CCF, followed by the BDB-fed and BSFL-fed fish, with significant differences among groups. The essential FA contents in feeds were disproportionally mirrored in fish livers and muscles, suggesting feed-dependant biosynthesis ability in common carp. In conclusion, the results suggest that dietary FAs affect the muscle FA composition of common carp. Yet, the composition of dietary essential FAs content did not mirror the essential FA content in muscle, confirming the biosynthesis of essential FAs. The BDB appeared to be a viable alternative or supplement to CCF compliant with circular bioeconomy without compromising the FA profile of common carp muscles. Despite the low growth performance of fish fed with BSFL, this diet indicated good nutritional qualities regarding the FA profiles.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139351301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-04DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20220143
K. Mulungu, I. Macharia, Z. Abro, M. Kassie, C. Tanga
Owing to its potential as an alternative source of protein, entomophagy (insect eating) has received substantial attention from researchers and development actors. However, despite its relatively high acceptance in some regions, such as western Kenya, there is a limited understanding of the factors that drive entomophagy. Therefore, we conducted a study in western Kenya in Bungoma and Trans-Nzoia counties utilising data from a random sample of 442 households to analyse consumption patterns and determinants of insect-eating behaviour. The analysis used the extended theory of planned behaviour and structural equation modelling to determine entomophagy. Termites, grasshoppers, locusts, dung beetles, crickets, and black ants are examples of insects eaten by these communities. Termites are the most known and consumed insect among households. Most households prefer to eat the insects as a whole and not processed. Results indicate that attitude (ATT), perceived behavioural control (PBC), social norms and objective knowledge (OK) positively and significantly influence households’ intention to eat insects, whereas environmental concerns and perceived barriers (neophobia) have no significant effect. In the model where we include objective knowledge and environmental concern, the effects of ATT and PBC are lower. PBC reduces the effect of ATT on behavioural intention while directly negatively affecting entomophagy. Intention to eat is positively associated with insect-eating behaviour. In addition to these psychological factors, we found that culture significantly explains entomophagy. Once we condition on psychological factors, socioeconomic factors do not have any influence on entomophagy. ATT and OK about insects and culture significantly predict preference for termites over beef – suggesting the positive role of nutrition information. These results show the importance of psychological variables and culture in influencing entomophagy.
由于昆虫膳食（吃昆虫）具有作为蛋白质替代来源的潜力，因此受到了研究人员和发展行动者的极大关注。然而，尽管昆虫嗜食在肯尼亚西部等一些地区的接受度相对较高，但人们对推动昆虫嗜食的因素了解有限。因此，我们在肯尼亚西部的邦戈马县和外恩佐亚县进行了一项研究，利用随机抽样的 442 个家庭的数据分析昆虫消费模式和食虫行为的决定因素。分析采用了扩展的计划行为理论和结构方程模型来确定昆虫食性。白蚁、蚱蜢、蝗虫、蜣螂、蟋蟀和黑蚂蚁是这些社区食用的昆虫。白蚁是住户最熟悉和食用最多的昆虫。大多数家庭喜欢吃完整的昆虫，而不是加工过的昆虫。结果表明，态度（ATT）、感知行为控制（PBC）、社会规范和客观知识（OK）对家庭食用昆虫的意向有显著的积极影响，而环境问题和感知障碍（恐新症）则没有显著影响。在包括客观知识和环境问题的模型中，ATT 和 PBC 的影响较小。PBC 会降低 ATT 对行为意向的影响，同时直接对昆虫食性产生负面影响。进食意向与食虫行为呈正相关。除了这些心理因素外，我们还发现文化对昆虫食性有显著的解释作用。当我们对心理因素进行调节后，社会经济因素对昆虫食性没有任何影响。关于昆虫和文化的 ATT 和 OK 能显著预测对白蚁而非牛肉的偏好--这表明营养信息的积极作用。这些结果表明了心理变量和文化在影响昆虫食性方面的重要性。
{"title":"Entomophagy in western Kenya: consumption patterns and the role of psychological and socio-cultural factors","authors":"K. Mulungu, I. Macharia, Z. Abro, M. Kassie, C. Tanga","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20220143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20220143","url":null,"abstract":"Owing to its potential as an alternative source of protein, entomophagy (insect eating) has received substantial attention from researchers and development actors. However, despite its relatively high acceptance in some regions, such as western Kenya, there is a limited understanding of the factors that drive entomophagy. Therefore, we conducted a study in western Kenya in Bungoma and Trans-Nzoia counties utilising data from a random sample of 442 households to analyse consumption patterns and determinants of insect-eating behaviour. The analysis used the extended theory of planned behaviour and structural equation modelling to determine entomophagy. Termites, grasshoppers, locusts, dung beetles, crickets, and black ants are examples of insects eaten by these communities. Termites are the most known and consumed insect among households. Most households prefer to eat the insects as a whole and not processed. Results indicate that attitude (ATT), perceived behavioural control (PBC), social norms and objective knowledge (OK) positively and significantly influence households’ intention to eat insects, whereas environmental concerns and perceived barriers (neophobia) have no significant effect. In the model where we include objective knowledge and environmental concern, the effects of ATT and PBC are lower. PBC reduces the effect of ATT on behavioural intention while directly negatively affecting entomophagy. Intention to eat is positively associated with insect-eating behaviour. In addition to these psychological factors, we found that culture significantly explains entomophagy. Once we condition on psychological factors, socioeconomic factors do not have any influence on entomophagy. ATT and OK about insects and culture significantly predict preference for termites over beef – suggesting the positive role of nutrition information. These results show the importance of psychological variables and culture in influencing entomophagy.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139351679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. N. Madimutsa, L. Macheka, F. Matiza Ruzengwe, J. Mubaiwa, F. Manditsera
Mopane worm (Gonimbrasia belina) consumption contributes to the sustainable supply of protein and several other nutrients for low socio-economic communities. However, mopane worm are bivoltine, producing two generations per rainy season which is postulated to affect their nutritional value. This research investigated the effect of emergence season and geolocation on the nutritional composition of mopane worms. Proximate, mineral composition and fatty acid profile were analysed on degutted mopane worm samples collected over three mopane worm emergence seasons (November-December 2020, April-May 2021, and November-December 2021) from three locations in Gwanda district, Zimbabwe. Crude protein and crude fat ranged between 52.5-58.8 and 12.0-18.6% DM respectively. Potassium (1,195.3-1,759.9), magnesium (104.6-225.5) and calcium (51.2-145.5) were the most abundant macroelements (mg/100 g DM) whilst iron (10.6-21.6) and zinc (13.8-17.9) were the most abundant microelements (mg/100 g DM). Using an attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), mopane worm fat was found to be highly saturated with oleic (ω-9), linoleic (ω-6) and palmitoleic (ω-7) fatty acids. Furthermore, the results revealed a significant (Bonferroni-correction α<0.002) influence of geolocation (sampling location) on mineral content of mopane worms whilst emergence season had a significant influence on fat, protein, ash crude fibre and mineral content. These findings indicate that mopane worm due to their high content of both macro- and micronutrients could contribute significantly to the alleviation of protein, zinc, and iron deficiencies in target communities. More so, the findings on nutritional variation due to emergence season and geolocation provide information that is key in domestication of the mopane worm for realisation of its optimum nutrient content.
{"title":"Effects of seasonal variation and geographical location on the nutritional composition of mopane worm (Gonimbrasia belina)","authors":"O. N. Madimutsa, L. Macheka, F. Matiza Ruzengwe, J. Mubaiwa, F. Manditsera","doi":"10.3920/jiff2022.0157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3920/jiff2022.0157","url":null,"abstract":"Mopane worm (Gonimbrasia belina) consumption contributes to the sustainable supply of protein and several other nutrients for low socio-economic communities. However, mopane worm are bivoltine, producing two generations per rainy season which is postulated to affect their nutritional value. This research investigated the effect of emergence season and geolocation on the nutritional composition of mopane worms. Proximate, mineral composition and fatty acid profile were analysed on degutted mopane worm samples collected over three mopane worm emergence seasons (November-December 2020, April-May 2021, and November-December 2021) from three locations in Gwanda district, Zimbabwe. Crude protein and crude fat ranged between 52.5-58.8 and 12.0-18.6% DM respectively. Potassium (1,195.3-1,759.9), magnesium (104.6-225.5) and calcium (51.2-145.5) were the most abundant macroelements (mg/100 g DM) whilst iron (10.6-21.6) and zinc (13.8-17.9) were the most abundant microelements (mg/100 g DM). Using an attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), mopane worm fat was found to be highly saturated with oleic (ω-9), linoleic (ω-6) and palmitoleic (ω-7) fatty acids. Furthermore, the results revealed a significant (Bonferroni-correction α<0.002) influence of geolocation (sampling location) on mineral content of mopane worms whilst emergence season had a significant influence on fat, protein, ash crude fibre and mineral content. These findings indicate that mopane worm due to their high content of both macro- and micronutrients could contribute significantly to the alleviation of protein, zinc, and iron deficiencies in target communities. More so, the findings on nutritional variation due to emergence season and geolocation provide information that is key in domestication of the mopane worm for realisation of its optimum nutrient content.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45624081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When insects are introduced as a novel protein source in human diets, we need to understand the protein quality to compare their nutritional value with other foods. Protein quality assessment methods are based on evaluation of the ability of the protein to meet the amino acid (AA) requirements of the human body. Most available data comes from animal models, either in rats or pigs. The limited available data supports edible insects as a high-quality protein source for human consumption. The farmed insect species considered relevant as an alternative protein source are generally of good quality, and the protein quality of the vast diversity of insect species harvested from the wild across continents are likely to be sources of good quality, though this remains to be assessed. For methodological considerations, the recommended DIAAS (digestible indispensable AA score) method relies on accurately determining the total protein content. When determining total protein based on total nitrogen (N), using the standard conversion factor of 6.25 which disregards the non-protein N in insects, the protein quality is underestimated in comparison with other animal-source foods, such as meat and dairy.
{"title":"Are insects a good source of protein for humans?","authors":"N. Malla, N. Roos","doi":"10.3920/jiff2023.x003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3920/jiff2023.x003","url":null,"abstract":"When insects are introduced as a novel protein source in human diets, we need to understand the protein quality to compare their nutritional value with other foods. Protein quality assessment methods are based on evaluation of the ability of the protein to meet the amino acid (AA) requirements of the human body. Most available data comes from animal models, either in rats or pigs. The limited available data supports edible insects as a high-quality protein source for human consumption. The farmed insect species considered relevant as an alternative protein source are generally of good quality, and the protein quality of the vast diversity of insect species harvested from the wild across continents are likely to be sources of good quality, though this remains to be assessed. For methodological considerations, the recommended DIAAS (digestible indispensable AA score) method relies on accurately determining the total protein content. When determining total protein based on total nitrogen (N), using the standard conversion factor of 6.25 which disregards the non-protein N in insects, the protein quality is underestimated in comparison with other animal-source foods, such as meat and dairy.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44319574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Daş, M.M. Seyedalmoosavi, K. Schleifer, M. Mielenz, C.C. Metges
Mineral and heavy metal accumulation in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) is of growing interest. The bioaccumulation of elements in BSFL is usually assessed by a bioaccumulation factor (BAF), which is the ratio between the concentration of an element in the organism and in its feeding substrate. Recently, a new index, i.e. bioaccumulation index (BAI), which represents the relative increase in the concentration of a given element to its initial concentration has been proposed. The BAI is claimed to be a more valid alternative to the BAF, especially because it takes into account the initial element concentration of the larvae. This work assesses BAF and BAI in comparison with true element retention rate in BSFL. Using an experimental setup that included the element turnover of BSFL in two different feeding regimes (with and without a different substrate for neonatal larvae), we show that: (1) the initial element concentration in BSFL is only a tiny fraction (<0.1%) of the total element pool in the system, implying that the feeding substrate is the main source of elements to be accumulated by the growing larvae; (2) each element has a specific concentration pattern from the start to the end of feeding experiments. Furthermore, in cases where both neonatal diets and experimental feeding substrates are used during the larval growth period, BAI can be confounded by time/age with diet-related effects. From an agri-food perspective of rearing BSFL for element accumulation, the retention rate of elements from the feeding substrate to the larval body remains the most valid evaluation parameter. The results of input-output calculations and element-unspecific correlations suggest a higher agreement of true element retention rate with BAF than with BAI. Therefore, we propose to assess the element accumulation in BSFL by retention rate followed by BAF under laboratory conditions.
{"title":"The validity of the bioaccumulation index versus the bioaccumulation factor for assessment of element accumulation in black soldier fly larvae","authors":"G. Daş, M.M. Seyedalmoosavi, K. Schleifer, M. Mielenz, C.C. Metges","doi":"10.3920/jiff2023.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3920/jiff2023.0021","url":null,"abstract":"Mineral and heavy metal accumulation in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) is of growing interest. The bioaccumulation of elements in BSFL is usually assessed by a bioaccumulation factor (BAF), which is the ratio between the concentration of an element in the organism and in its feeding substrate. Recently, a new index, i.e. bioaccumulation index (BAI), which represents the relative increase in the concentration of a given element to its initial concentration has been proposed. The BAI is claimed to be a more valid alternative to the BAF, especially because it takes into account the initial element concentration of the larvae. This work assesses BAF and BAI in comparison with true element retention rate in BSFL. Using an experimental setup that included the element turnover of BSFL in two different feeding regimes (with and without a different substrate for neonatal larvae), we show that: (1) the initial element concentration in BSFL is only a tiny fraction (<0.1%) of the total element pool in the system, implying that the feeding substrate is the main source of elements to be accumulated by the growing larvae; (2) each element has a specific concentration pattern from the start to the end of feeding experiments. Furthermore, in cases where both neonatal diets and experimental feeding substrates are used during the larval growth period, BAI can be confounded by time/age with diet-related effects. From an agri-food perspective of rearing BSFL for element accumulation, the retention rate of elements from the feeding substrate to the larval body remains the most valid evaluation parameter. The results of input-output calculations and element-unspecific correlations suggest a higher agreement of true element retention rate with BAF than with BAI. Therefore, we propose to assess the element accumulation in BSFL by retention rate followed by BAF under laboratory conditions.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135741626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Angole, G.M. Malinga, C.M. Tanga, S. Subramanian, X. Cheseto, J.P. Egonyu
Effects of widescale locust control with insecticides on non-target edible insects have been scarcely assessed. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of spraying desert locust with cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos on: (1) termite mound activity; (2) safety of edible termites from contamination with pesticide residues; and (3) nutritional composition of non-target edible termites. Incidences of inactive termitaria in the sprayed and unsprayed sites were enumerated. Edible soldiers of Macrotermes spp. from sprayed and unsprayed colonies whose alates swarm around dusk, midnight and dawn were analysed for cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos residues, and proximate, mineral and flavonoid compositions. The pesticide sprays did not influence the incidence of inactive termitaria. No cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos residues were detected in the termites. Chlorpyrifos spraying lowered crude fibre and protein contents in soldiers of dawn and midnight swarming colonies, respectively; whereas cypermethrin spraying lowered ash and crude fat contents in soldiers from dawn and dusk swarming colonies, respectively. Cypermethrin spraying increased moisture content in soldiers from midnight swarming colonies. The level of manganese in soldiers from dawn swarming colonies was lowered by cypermethrin spraying, while contents of aluminium and cobalt from the same type of colony were lowered by chlorpyrifos spraying. However, levels of calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, aluminium, manganese and iron were enhanced in soldiers from different termite colonies sprayed with cypermethrin and/or chlorpyrifos. Similarly, soldier termite samples from both insecticide sprayed sites contained higher flavonoid levels than the samples from unsprayed sites. Freedom of the edible soldier termites from the pesticides residues renders them safe for consumption. The results provide insights into the likely effects of wide-scale pesticide sprays against locust on the nutritional profiles of edible termites.
{"title":"Effect of desert locust control on non-target edible termites in eastern Uganda","authors":"M. Angole, G.M. Malinga, C.M. Tanga, S. Subramanian, X. Cheseto, J.P. Egonyu","doi":"10.3920/jiff2022.0058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3920/jiff2022.0058","url":null,"abstract":"Effects of widescale locust control with insecticides on non-target edible insects have been scarcely assessed. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of spraying desert locust with cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos on: (1) termite mound activity; (2) safety of edible termites from contamination with pesticide residues; and (3) nutritional composition of non-target edible termites. Incidences of inactive termitaria in the sprayed and unsprayed sites were enumerated. Edible soldiers of Macrotermes spp. from sprayed and unsprayed colonies whose alates swarm around dusk, midnight and dawn were analysed for cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos residues, and proximate, mineral and flavonoid compositions. The pesticide sprays did not influence the incidence of inactive termitaria. No cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos residues were detected in the termites. Chlorpyrifos spraying lowered crude fibre and protein contents in soldiers of dawn and midnight swarming colonies, respectively; whereas cypermethrin spraying lowered ash and crude fat contents in soldiers from dawn and dusk swarming colonies, respectively. Cypermethrin spraying increased moisture content in soldiers from midnight swarming colonies. The level of manganese in soldiers from dawn swarming colonies was lowered by cypermethrin spraying, while contents of aluminium and cobalt from the same type of colony were lowered by chlorpyrifos spraying. However, levels of calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, aluminium, manganese and iron were enhanced in soldiers from different termite colonies sprayed with cypermethrin and/or chlorpyrifos. Similarly, soldier termite samples from both insecticide sprayed sites contained higher flavonoid levels than the samples from unsprayed sites. Freedom of the edible soldier termites from the pesticides residues renders them safe for consumption. The results provide insights into the likely effects of wide-scale pesticide sprays against locust on the nutritional profiles of edible termites.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135791979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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