Pub Date : 2023-10-11DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230004
J. P. Egonyu, R.R. Olubowa, C. Tanga, X. Cheseto, S. Subramanian
The nutritional value of larvae of the rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes sp., a popular delicacy and source of animal feed in western Kenya is unknown. This study aimed to determine the nutritional composition of Oryctes sp. larvae consumed in western Kenya and compare the nutrient values across four sampling counties i.e. Busia, Bungoma, Trans Nzoia and Kakamega. The hypotheses tested were: (1) the beetle larvae were rich in nutrients including moisture, crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat, carbohydrates, minerals, flavonoids and vitamins; and (2) these nutrient values were not affected by the county of collection of the samples. The nutritional values of triplicates of larval samples collected from the four counties were analysed using standard chemical procedures and compared using one-way analysis of variance. The larvae contained approximately 18, 42, 2, 1, and 19% moisture, crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat and carbohydrates on dry matter basis, respectively. Nine minerals namely magnesium, iron, zinc, calcium, copper, aluminium, cobalt, manganese and sodium were detected in the larvae at approximately 493, 26, 14, 267, 3, 14, 1, 9 and 221 mg/100 g, respectively. Furthermore, appreciable levels of flavonoids and vitamins A, E, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, B2, B5, B6 and B9 were recorded in the larvae. The nutritional composition of the larvae was unique in each county, thereby providing opportunity to use insects from different sites for specific nutritional needs of consumers. The nutrient contents of the larvae were comparable or superior to that of conventional food sources. The larvae were particularly richer in flavonoids than most conventional foods which are currently relied upon as sources of dietary flavonoids. The beetle larvae are therefore vital in fighting malnutrition.
{"title":"Rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes sp.) larvae as a nutrient rich delicacy: a comparison of nutrient profiles from four counties in western Kenya","authors":"J. P. Egonyu, R.R. Olubowa, C. Tanga, X. Cheseto, S. Subramanian","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230004","url":null,"abstract":"The nutritional value of larvae of the rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes sp., a popular delicacy and source of animal feed in western Kenya is unknown. This study aimed to determine the nutritional composition of Oryctes sp. larvae consumed in western Kenya and compare the nutrient values across four sampling counties i.e. Busia, Bungoma, Trans Nzoia and Kakamega. The hypotheses tested were: (1) the beetle larvae were rich in nutrients including moisture, crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat, carbohydrates, minerals, flavonoids and vitamins; and (2) these nutrient values were not affected by the county of collection of the samples. The nutritional values of triplicates of larval samples collected from the four counties were analysed using standard chemical procedures and compared using one-way analysis of variance. The larvae contained approximately 18, 42, 2, 1, and 19% moisture, crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat and carbohydrates on dry matter basis, respectively. Nine minerals namely magnesium, iron, zinc, calcium, copper, aluminium, cobalt, manganese and sodium were detected in the larvae at approximately 493, 26, 14, 267, 3, 14, 1, 9 and 221 mg/100 g, respectively. Furthermore, appreciable levels of flavonoids and vitamins A, E, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, B2, B5, B6 and B9 were recorded in the larvae. The nutritional composition of the larvae was unique in each county, thereby providing opportunity to use insects from different sites for specific nutritional needs of consumers. The nutrient contents of the larvae were comparable or superior to that of conventional food sources. The larvae were particularly richer in flavonoids than most conventional foods which are currently relied upon as sources of dietary flavonoids. The beetle larvae are therefore vital in fighting malnutrition.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"117 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139320724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-11DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230058
P. Fallas, A. Quirós-Ramı́rez
Insect-based foods are still considered a novelty in Costa Rica. Although there is no tradition of entomophagy in this country, some insect-based products are being recently introduced as innovations into the market. Pioneering in creating nutritious and appealing insect-based foods represents an important opportunity to cater to a growing population and promote a sustainable local food system development. Consumer perception is one of the main barriers for introducing edible insects in Costa Rica, as in many other occidental countries. Costa Rican consumers in this and previous studies showed resistance to consuming and accepting insects as part of their everyday diet. This exploratory qualitative study aimed at revealing the patterns explaining such resistance. In this study, twelve potential consumers from urban settings, aged between 25 and 45, were selected to complete a structured survey and attend a one-on-one in-depth interview session where different projective techniques were applied. The data were analysed systematically to gain a deeper understanding of thoughts, perceptions, reservations, and motivations to consume insect-based foods. Five different patterns were identified and unpacked: whole insects, movement, texture, dirt, and bad taste. These patterns are based on expectations from previous experiences with insects in non-edible contexts, are drivers of disgust, and prevent the participants from thinking of insects as food.
{"title":"Understanding attitudes and associations of Costa Ricans towards insect consumption","authors":"P. Fallas, A. Quirós-Ramı́rez","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230058","url":null,"abstract":"Insect-based foods are still considered a novelty in Costa Rica. Although there is no tradition of entomophagy in this country, some insect-based products are being recently introduced as innovations into the market. Pioneering in creating nutritious and appealing insect-based foods represents an important opportunity to cater to a growing population and promote a sustainable local food system development. Consumer perception is one of the main barriers for introducing edible insects in Costa Rica, as in many other occidental countries. Costa Rican consumers in this and previous studies showed resistance to consuming and accepting insects as part of their everyday diet. This exploratory qualitative study aimed at revealing the patterns explaining such resistance. In this study, twelve potential consumers from urban settings, aged between 25 and 45, were selected to complete a structured survey and attend a one-on-one in-depth interview session where different projective techniques were applied. The data were analysed systematically to gain a deeper understanding of thoughts, perceptions, reservations, and motivations to consume insect-based foods. Five different patterns were identified and unpacked: whole insects, movement, texture, dirt, and bad taste. These patterns are based on expectations from previous experiences with insects in non-edible contexts, are drivers of disgust, and prevent the participants from thinking of insects as food.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139320381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-11DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230016
B. Burešová, Z. Kotikova, L. Paznocht, J. Lachman, K. Podhorecká, P. Martinek, M. Kurečka, P. Škvorová, B. Lampová, L. Kouřimská
The effect of insect powder addition on the acrylamide formation in leavened and unleavened wheat bread and on the content of its main precursors in raw material was investigated. The samples under study were prepared form wholemeal wheat flour supplemented with 5, 8, and 12% of field cricket or yellow mealworm powder. The addition of both insects increased the content of reducing sugars and free amino acids, except for asparagine, the limiting factor of acrylamide formation in cereal products, which was lower in the samples with the greatest cricket and mealworm supplementation than in the control wheat flour (242.4 and 177.9 vs 249.6 mg/kg). For unleavened bread, an increase in acrylamide was recorded with the highest share of cricket and mealworm compared to the control (up to 14.03 and 29.52 vs 11.02 μg/kg). Conversely, for leavened bread, the variants most supplemented with cricket and mealworm exhibited the lowest acrylamide content relative to the control (64.84 and 68.78 vs 82.47 μg/kg). It is indicated by the results that the supplementation of bakery products with insects enriches their nutritional value and does not pose a risk of increased acrylamide intake by consumers.
{"title":"Does the addition of edible insects affect the formation of acrylamide during bread baking?","authors":"B. Burešová, Z. Kotikova, L. Paznocht, J. Lachman, K. Podhorecká, P. Martinek, M. Kurečka, P. Škvorová, B. Lampová, L. Kouřimská","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230016","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of insect powder addition on the acrylamide formation in leavened and unleavened wheat bread and on the content of its main precursors in raw material was investigated. The samples under study were prepared form wholemeal wheat flour supplemented with 5, 8, and 12% of field cricket or yellow mealworm powder. The addition of both insects increased the content of reducing sugars and free amino acids, except for asparagine, the limiting factor of acrylamide formation in cereal products, which was lower in the samples with the greatest cricket and mealworm supplementation than in the control wheat flour (242.4 and 177.9 vs 249.6 mg/kg). For unleavened bread, an increase in acrylamide was recorded with the highest share of cricket and mealworm compared to the control (up to 14.03 and 29.52 vs 11.02 μg/kg). Conversely, for leavened bread, the variants most supplemented with cricket and mealworm exhibited the lowest acrylamide content relative to the control (64.84 and 68.78 vs 82.47 μg/kg). It is indicated by the results that the supplementation of bakery products with insects enriches their nutritional value and does not pose a risk of increased acrylamide intake by consumers.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"48 2 Suppl 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139320587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-04DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230055
N. Ormanoğlu, G. Baliota, C. Rumbos, C. G. Athanassiou
Commercial availability of insect biomass for food and feed calls for the methodical investigation of all the complications that can deteriorate the insect farming efficiency. An appropriate stocking density is thus instrumental for the establishment of sustainable and cost effective insect farming protocols; high densities may lead to reduced insect fitness and reproduction, while low densities will result to a proportionally lower per capita yield. The present study deals with the estimation of the optimum adult density of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), a species with great potential as food and feed source based on its high growth performance and reproductive output. However, limited data is available so far regarding the effect of adult density on its reproductive performance. Four different adult densities, ranging from 1.1 to 8.2 cm2 per adult, were evaluated in laboratory experiments in terms of reproductive output (number of eggs) and larval emergence for a period of 45 days of continuous oviposition. According to our results, the reproduction output, expressed as the cumulative number of eggs per adult and the cumulative larval hatching rate, was not affected by the adult densities tested here. Although high hatching rates that in most of the cases exceeded 85% were observed within the initial oviposition interval, these rates were in all treatments drastically reduced to 48-56% after 30 to 36 d. High adult survival (over 93%) was observed during the trial. In this experiment, the maximum reproductive output was observed in the highest density of adults that were left to oviposit continuously for a month. Data as such provide an opportunity to further exploit A. diaperinus in high-throughput production systems.
将昆虫生物量作为食物和饲料进行商业利用，需要有条不紊地调查所有可能降低昆虫养殖效率的复杂因素。因此，适当的饲养密度对于建立可持续且具有成本效益的昆虫养殖规程至关重要；高密度可能会导致昆虫体能和繁殖能力下降，而低密度则会导致人均产量成比例地降低。本研究涉及小黄粉虫（Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer)）（鞘翅目：Tenebrionidae）最佳成虫密度的估算。然而，目前关于成虫密度对其繁殖性能影响的数据还很有限。我们在实验室实验中评估了四种不同的成虫密度（每只成虫 1.1 至 8.2 平方厘米不等）在连续产卵 45 天期间的生殖产量（卵数）和幼虫出现率。根据我们的结果，繁殖产量（以每只成虫的累积卵数和累积幼虫孵化率表示）并没有受到这里测试的成虫密度的影响。虽然在最初的产卵间隔期内观察到了很高的孵化率，大多数情况下超过了 85%，但在 30 至 36 d 后，所有处理的孵化率都急剧下降至 48-56%。在该试验中，密度最高的成虫连续产卵一个月后，生殖产量最高。这些数据为在高通量生产系统中进一步利用 A. diaperinus 提供了机会。
{"title":"The effect of adult density on the reproductive output and hatching performance of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)","authors":"N. Ormanoğlu, G. Baliota, C. Rumbos, C. G. Athanassiou","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230055","url":null,"abstract":"Commercial availability of insect biomass for food and feed calls for the methodical investigation of all the complications that can deteriorate the insect farming efficiency. An appropriate stocking density is thus instrumental for the establishment of sustainable and cost effective insect farming protocols; high densities may lead to reduced insect fitness and reproduction, while low densities will result to a proportionally lower per capita yield. The present study deals with the estimation of the optimum adult density of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), a species with great potential as food and feed source based on its high growth performance and reproductive output. However, limited data is available so far regarding the effect of adult density on its reproductive performance. Four different adult densities, ranging from 1.1 to 8.2 cm2 per adult, were evaluated in laboratory experiments in terms of reproductive output (number of eggs) and larval emergence for a period of 45 days of continuous oviposition. According to our results, the reproduction output, expressed as the cumulative number of eggs per adult and the cumulative larval hatching rate, was not affected by the adult densities tested here. Although high hatching rates that in most of the cases exceeded 85% were observed within the initial oviposition interval, these rates were in all treatments drastically reduced to 48-56% after 30 to 36 d. High adult survival (over 93%) was observed during the trial. In this experiment, the maximum reproductive output was observed in the highest density of adults that were left to oviposit continuously for a month. Data as such provide an opportunity to further exploit A. diaperinus in high-throughput production systems.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139323560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230008
D. Deruytter1, L. Gasco2, W. Yakti, H. Katz4, C. L. Coudron1, A. Gligorescu5, L. Frooninckx6, I. Noyens6, M. Meneguz7, F. Grosso7, S. B. Oddon2, I. Biasato2, T. Mielenz8, Veldkamp9 J.J.A, Van Loon, T. Spranghers, G. W. Vandenberg, D. Oonincx, G. Bosch
There is a growing interest in the ability of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) to convert low-value organic residues into high-value products. This leads to more publications with conversion data for various organic resources. However, these results are rarely comparable between laboratories due to differences in study protocols. This hinders comparisons among studies, the use of results in practice, and overall advancement in BSFL conversion research. Therefore, a standardised research protocol was developed for nursing, rearing and harvesting of BSFL for feed assessment. The utility of this protocol, was assessed via an international ring test with 9 partners. One batch of Gainesville diet (wheat bran (50%), alfa-alfa (30%) and maize (20%)) was produced and distributed among the partners to avoid dietary variations. Five-day-old BSFL larvae were used for the growth trial with six replicates per partner. Average larval weight was assessed after 3 days, 7 days, and harvest (>10% prepupae). Total yield and frass were recorded, and samples were chemically analysed to allow the quantification of the conversion efficiency. The results were used to calculate the within and between partner variability of the protocol. The results indicate that for the biological parameters (average weight, yield and density) the within partner variability was 24% and the between partner variability was 60%. For the assessed chemical parameters (N, fat, ash, P, K, pH), both the within and between variability was lower (respectively 9 and 28%). The results of this study give a first indication of the variability that can be expected within and between BSFL feeding experiments for different parameters and can therefore serve as guideline when developing a new experimental designs, assess standard operating procedures and other applications. The protocol can be used as first basis for future feed experiments, improving the comparability of results.
{"title":"Standardising black soldier fly larvae feeding experiments: an initial protocol and variability estimates","authors":"D. Deruytter1, L. Gasco2, W. Yakti, H. Katz4, C. L. Coudron1, A. Gligorescu5, L. Frooninckx6, I. Noyens6, M. Meneguz7, F. Grosso7, S. B. Oddon2, I. Biasato2, T. Mielenz8, Veldkamp9 J.J.A, Van Loon, T. Spranghers, G. W. Vandenberg, D. Oonincx, G. Bosch","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230008","url":null,"abstract":"There is a growing interest in the ability of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) to convert low-value organic residues into high-value products. This leads to more publications with conversion data for various organic resources. However, these results are rarely comparable between laboratories due to differences in study protocols. This hinders comparisons among studies, the use of results in practice, and overall advancement in BSFL conversion research. Therefore, a standardised research protocol was developed for nursing, rearing and harvesting of BSFL for feed assessment. The utility of this protocol, was assessed via an international ring test with 9 partners. One batch of Gainesville diet (wheat bran (50%), alfa-alfa (30%) and maize (20%)) was produced and distributed among the partners to avoid dietary variations. Five-day-old BSFL larvae were used for the growth trial with six replicates per partner. Average larval weight was assessed after 3 days, 7 days, and harvest (>10% prepupae). Total yield and frass were recorded, and samples were chemically analysed to allow the quantification of the conversion efficiency. The results were used to calculate the within and between partner variability of the protocol. The results indicate that for the biological parameters (average weight, yield and density) the within partner variability was 24% and the between partner variability was 60%. For the assessed chemical parameters (N, fat, ash, P, K, pH), both the within and between variability was lower (respectively 9 and 28%). The results of this study give a first indication of the variability that can be expected within and between BSFL feeding experiments for different parameters and can therefore serve as guideline when developing a new experimental designs, assess standard operating procedures and other applications. The protocol can be used as first basis for future feed experiments, improving the comparability of results.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139328522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230027
R. El Hajj, H. Mhemdi, S. Khashayar, V. Lefrançois, K. Allaf, E. Vorobiev
Insects are increasingly being evaluated as promising protein sources for the food and feed sectors. However, to be accepted as a viable food source, insects must undergo proper processing. Drying is a crucial step in insect processing, as it inhibits the growth of harmful microorganisms, improves their stability and extends their shelf life. After drying, insects can be further processed into various forms, to make them more socially acceptable as food and feed. During drying, biological materials are prone to shrinking, which usually affects their quality. Shrinkage of dried biological material results in a compact structure and causes a significant reduction in water diffusivity. It is typically escorted with unsatisfactory organoleptic quality and problems with grinding. Therefore, including retexturing and structure-expanding techniques in regular drying procedures is becoming essential. The instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) technique was suggested as a texturing technique for yellow mealworms. DIC treatment successfully overcame shrinkage at treatment conditions of 0.194 MPa/32 s and above, resulting in enhanced water diffusivity of 1,833 and 682% for DIC-treated larvae at 0.45 MPa/25 s, dried at 50 and 60 °C, respectively, as compared to blanched larvae. Furthermore, DIC caused a 125% increase in the specific surface area of the dried meal, and a more uniform particle size distribution, both of which reflect the influence of this pretreatment on grinding and, consequently, the end product’s quality. Finally, experimental data of sorption isotherms at 20, 30, and 40 °C were fitted with Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB), and Oswin models to represent the sorption behaviour.
{"title":"Impact of instant controlled pressure drop texturing on the drying of yellow mealworms","authors":"R. El Hajj, H. Mhemdi, S. Khashayar, V. Lefrançois, K. Allaf, E. Vorobiev","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230027","url":null,"abstract":"Insects are increasingly being evaluated as promising protein sources for the food and feed sectors. However, to be accepted as a viable food source, insects must undergo proper processing. Drying is a crucial step in insect processing, as it inhibits the growth of harmful microorganisms, improves their stability and extends their shelf life. After drying, insects can be further processed into various forms, to make them more socially acceptable as food and feed. During drying, biological materials are prone to shrinking, which usually affects their quality. Shrinkage of dried biological material results in a compact structure and causes a significant reduction in water diffusivity. It is typically escorted with unsatisfactory organoleptic quality and problems with grinding. Therefore, including retexturing and structure-expanding techniques in regular drying procedures is becoming essential. The instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) technique was suggested as a texturing technique for yellow mealworms. DIC treatment successfully overcame shrinkage at treatment conditions of 0.194 MPa/32 s and above, resulting in enhanced water diffusivity of 1,833 and 682% for DIC-treated larvae at 0.45 MPa/25 s, dried at 50 and 60 °C, respectively, as compared to blanched larvae. Furthermore, DIC caused a 125% increase in the specific surface area of the dried meal, and a more uniform particle size distribution, both of which reflect the influence of this pretreatment on grinding and, consequently, the end product’s quality. Finally, experimental data of sorption isotherms at 20, 30, and 40 °C were fitted with Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB), and Oswin models to represent the sorption behaviour.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139334663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230137
C. Zhu, L.-Q. Jing, M. Zhao, M.-X. Lu, Y. Du
Mineral deficiencies result in a variety of health issues in humans, and alternative sources of minerals are greatly needed to address this problem. Clanis bilineata tsingtauica larvae are nutrient-rich and are prepared using several different cooking methods in China. In this study, the concentrations of ten different mineral elements were determined in the larvae of C. bilineata tsingtauica. The guts of larvae that had wriggled in soil contained abundant macro- and micronutrients at 4,800 and 271.68 mg/kg, respectively. Larvae that wriggled in soil contained high levels of phytic acid (1707.07 μg/g) and had the lowest mineral bioavailability. Expression studies indicated that genes related to phytic acid highly expressed in the hemolymph of larvae that had not wriggled in soil. This study shows that C. bilineata tsingtauica larvae are vital sources of minerals and that long-established dietary habits have a scientific basis, thus providing insight into the use of this alternative food source to improve human health.
{"title":"Tissue distribution of minerals and antinutrients of Clanis bilineata tsingtauica Mell larvae based on different methods of consumption","authors":"C. Zhu, L.-Q. Jing, M. Zhao, M.-X. Lu, Y. Du","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230137","url":null,"abstract":"Mineral deficiencies result in a variety of health issues in humans, and alternative sources of minerals are greatly needed to address this problem. Clanis bilineata tsingtauica larvae are nutrient-rich and are prepared using several different cooking methods in China. In this study, the concentrations of ten different mineral elements were determined in the larvae of C. bilineata tsingtauica. The guts of larvae that had wriggled in soil contained abundant macro- and micronutrients at 4,800 and 271.68 mg/kg, respectively. Larvae that wriggled in soil contained high levels of phytic acid (1707.07 μg/g) and had the lowest mineral bioavailability. Expression studies indicated that genes related to phytic acid highly expressed in the hemolymph of larvae that had not wriggled in soil. This study shows that C. bilineata tsingtauica larvae are vital sources of minerals and that long-established dietary habits have a scientific basis, thus providing insight into the use of this alternative food source to improve human health.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"131 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139334075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230183
G. Ssepuuya, J. Claes, M. Van Der Borght, L. Van Campenhout, D. Nakimbugwe
Ruspolia differens is an edible insect delicacy in sub-Saharan Africa, majorly harvested from the wild, with a very short shelf life (24 hours depending on the handling conditions). Combinations of preheating, roasting and drying, and storage at refrigerated and room temperature were used to prolong its shelf life. Product quality was evaluated using sensory, microbial and chemical analyses. To allow transportation from the harvesting areas to the market, preservation up to 9 hours at room temperature was possible using only preheating (boiling at 100 °C for 6 minutes). Combinations of preheating and roasting (for 25 and 35 minutes at 165 °C) resulted in moisture contents of 21.3 and 10.4% with shelf life at refrigeration temperature of 25 and 54 days, respectively. Aroma was the main factor determining the shelf life. Further drying of preheated and roasted grasshoppers resulted in a product with 4.5% moisture. In combination with vacuum packaging, storage at room temperature was possible for at least 20 weeks. This research therefore contributes to long term storage of the surplus harvested R. differens, and thus to increased food security.
{"title":"Shelf life of the preheated and ready-to-eat long-horned grasshopper Ruspolia differens Serville","authors":"G. Ssepuuya, J. Claes, M. Van Der Borght, L. Van Campenhout, D. Nakimbugwe","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230183","url":null,"abstract":"Ruspolia differens is an edible insect delicacy in sub-Saharan Africa, majorly harvested from the wild, with a very short shelf life (24 hours depending on the handling conditions). Combinations of preheating, roasting and drying, and storage at refrigerated and room temperature were used to prolong its shelf life. Product quality was evaluated using sensory, microbial and chemical analyses. To allow transportation from the harvesting areas to the market, preservation up to 9 hours at room temperature was possible using only preheating (boiling at 100 °C for 6 minutes). Combinations of preheating and roasting (for 25 and 35 minutes at 165 °C) resulted in moisture contents of 21.3 and 10.4% with shelf life at refrigeration temperature of 25 and 54 days, respectively. Aroma was the main factor determining the shelf life. Further drying of preheated and roasted grasshoppers resulted in a product with 4.5% moisture. In combination with vacuum packaging, storage at room temperature was possible for at least 20 weeks. This research therefore contributes to long term storage of the surplus harvested R. differens, and thus to increased food security.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"299 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139334373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230135
T. Jaramillo-Vivanco, R.M. Cámara, M. Cámara, E. Tejera, H. Balslev, J. M. Álvarez-Suarez
Since ancient times, indigenous communities have depended on traditional and sustainable use of available food sources. Throughout the tropics, the larvae of the palm weevil Rhynchophorus palmarum L. (Curculionidae, Coleoptera) have served this purpose. Several studies have described the ancestral use of R. palmarum as an edible and medicinal insect in the Americas. The use of the grub for food and a system for rearing them are byproducts of the use of palms among several ethnic groups, many of which rely on the same harvesting techniques. The grubs also are used as treatments for several conditions. To better characterise these applications, we developed semi-structured surveys with 58 mostly open-ended questions focused on habitat, food, medicinal use, and commerce of grubs. Respondents were 42 informants from five ethnic groups in Amazonian Ecuador. Analysis indicated that the five groups had similar patterns of use, rearing, and collection of the larvae, but without a structured management plan. Grub collection remains a side activity related to traditional use of palms, but the larvae of this species could offer new opportunities in breeding, commercialisation, and consumption of edible insects as part of a sustainable-use strategy to strengthen food security in Amazonian populations. The potential of the larvae in medicinal use and as a factor in tourism in these regions suggests untapped opportunities with this year-round forest resource.
{"title":"Ethnobiology of edible palm weevil larvae Rhynchophorus palmarum L. (Curculionidae, Coleoptera), a common food source in Amazonian Ecuador","authors":"T. Jaramillo-Vivanco, R.M. Cámara, M. Cámara, E. Tejera, H. Balslev, J. M. Álvarez-Suarez","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230135","url":null,"abstract":"Since ancient times, indigenous communities have depended on traditional and sustainable use of available food sources. Throughout the tropics, the larvae of the palm weevil Rhynchophorus palmarum L. (Curculionidae, Coleoptera) have served this purpose. Several studies have described the ancestral use of R. palmarum as an edible and medicinal insect in the Americas. The use of the grub for food and a system for rearing them are byproducts of the use of palms among several ethnic groups, many of which rely on the same harvesting techniques. The grubs also are used as treatments for several conditions. To better characterise these applications, we developed semi-structured surveys with 58 mostly open-ended questions focused on habitat, food, medicinal use, and commerce of grubs. Respondents were 42 informants from five ethnic groups in Amazonian Ecuador. Analysis indicated that the five groups had similar patterns of use, rearing, and collection of the larvae, but without a structured management plan. Grub collection remains a side activity related to traditional use of palms, but the larvae of this species could offer new opportunities in breeding, commercialisation, and consumption of edible insects as part of a sustainable-use strategy to strengthen food security in Amazonian populations. The potential of the larvae in medicinal use and as a factor in tourism in these regions suggests untapped opportunities with this year-round forest resource.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139334137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230133
T.R. Murefu, A. N. Muriithi, R. Musundire
Mopane caterpillars (Gonimbrasia belina) are one of the most consumed edible insects in Southern Africa, and they contribute nutritional benefits to human health. However, their contribution to the food and nutritional security can be hindered by food safety concerns due to heavy metal contamination associated with harvesting, processing and poor post-harvest practices. This study investigated the effectiveness of post-harvest practices (degutting, charcoal roasting and sun drying, boiling, frying and open pan roasting) in reducing the heavy metal contaminants (cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), aluminium (Al), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and iron (Fe)) in mopane caterpillar sourced from Gwanda district in Zimbabwe. The post-harvest practice categories used in this study included: unprocessed (ungutted and naturally degutted samples), processed (manually degutted, and charcoal roasted and sun-dried), and cooked (boiled and salted; boiled, salted and roasted, and boiled, salted and fried) samples. An atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used for quantification of metals and the values detected were used to assess health risks to consumers using a quantitative risk assessment calculation method. The unprocessed and manually degutted samples showed higher levels Cd and traces of Pb, while charcoal roasting and sun drying resulted in elevated levels of Al, Zn, Cu and Fe. Hg and Ni were not detected in any of the unprocessed, processed or cooked samples. Cooking processes resulted in reduction of the concentrations of detected metals to levels within the permissible values. The health risk assessment disclosed noncarcinogenic risks based on the high hazard index (HI) values (HI > 1) in unprocessed, processed, boiled and salted, and boiled, salted and roasted samples, indicating that caution should be taken. The overall findings from the study shows that by cooking mopane caterpillars through boiling and frying, health risks associated with heavy metal contamination can be reduced.
{"title":"Effects of post-harvesting practices on heavy metal levels of mopane caterpillar (Gonimbrasia belina) products and associated risk assessment","authors":"T.R. Murefu, A. N. Muriithi, R. Musundire","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230133","url":null,"abstract":"Mopane caterpillars (Gonimbrasia belina) are one of the most consumed edible insects in Southern Africa, and they contribute nutritional benefits to human health. However, their contribution to the food and nutritional security can be hindered by food safety concerns due to heavy metal contamination associated with harvesting, processing and poor post-harvest practices. This study investigated the effectiveness of post-harvest practices (degutting, charcoal roasting and sun drying, boiling, frying and open pan roasting) in reducing the heavy metal contaminants (cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), aluminium (Al), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and iron (Fe)) in mopane caterpillar sourced from Gwanda district in Zimbabwe. The post-harvest practice categories used in this study included: unprocessed (ungutted and naturally degutted samples), processed (manually degutted, and charcoal roasted and sun-dried), and cooked (boiled and salted; boiled, salted and roasted, and boiled, salted and fried) samples. An atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used for quantification of metals and the values detected were used to assess health risks to consumers using a quantitative risk assessment calculation method. The unprocessed and manually degutted samples showed higher levels Cd and traces of Pb, while charcoal roasting and sun drying resulted in elevated levels of Al, Zn, Cu and Fe. Hg and Ni were not detected in any of the unprocessed, processed or cooked samples. Cooking processes resulted in reduction of the concentrations of detected metals to levels within the permissible values. The health risk assessment disclosed noncarcinogenic risks based on the high hazard index (HI) values (HI > 1) in unprocessed, processed, boiled and salted, and boiled, salted and roasted samples, indicating that caution should be taken. The overall findings from the study shows that by cooking mopane caterpillars through boiling and frying, health risks associated with heavy metal contamination can be reduced.","PeriodicalId":48604,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139334704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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