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A value-sensitive approach for integrated seawater desalination and brine treatment 综合海水淡化和盐水处理的价值敏感方法
IF 10.9 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.11.006
Rodoula Ktori, Mar Palmeros Parada , Marcos Rodriguez-Pascual, Mark C.M. van Loosdrecht, Dimitrios Xevgenos
The transition to seawater desalination integrated with resource recovery, particularly in water- and energy-scarce regions, requires innovative approaches that consider societal benefits and costs. This study goes beyond traditional techno-economic evaluations by employing a Value-Sensitive Design (VSD) approach, which guides the selection of performance indicators and informs the design of technical scenarios for integrated seawater desalination and brine treatment systems. VSD ensures that the scenarios are socially relevant by directly incorporating stakeholder values into the design and assessment process. Four technical scenarios (Sc) were used to evaluate the VSD approach: Sc1) maximum water recovery, Sc2) and Sc3) integrated desalination with brine treatment for maximum resource recovery (using different configurations) and Sc4) electricity-based desalination for chemical recovery. Techno-economic models are implemented using Python to analyse the feasibility and performance of these scenarios. The modelling results indicate that all scenarios achieve zero brine production. However, the trade-offs between resource recovery and greenhouse gas emissions are evident. Increased salt recovery leads to higher CO2 emissions (locally) due to electricity consumption. Scenario 1 minimized electrical energy consumption and emissions while maximizing water production. Scenarios 2 and 3 performed best in water and high-quality salt production. Despite its higher CO2 emissions, Scenario 4 proved most profitable due to the production of chemicals. These findings highlight the importance of tailoring plant designs to regional needs. By providing a comprehensive understanding of trade-offs, the VSD approach fosters stakeholder dialogue and serves as a valuable decision-making tool for designing sustainable desalination systems.
向海水淡化与资源回收一体化过渡,尤其是在缺水和缺能地区,需要考虑社会效益和成本的创新方法。这项研究超越了传统的技术经济评估,采用了价值敏感设计(VSD)方法,指导性能指标的选择,并为海水淡化和盐水处理一体化系统的技术方案设计提供信息。VSD 通过将利益相关者的价值直接纳入设计和评估过程,确保方案具有社会相关性。VSD 方法采用了四种技术方案(Sc)进行评估:Sc1)最大限度地回收水;Sc2)和 Sc3)综合海水淡化与盐水处理,以实现最大限度的资源回收(使用不同的配置);Sc4)基于电力的海水淡化,以实现化学回收。技术经济模型使用 Python 实现,以分析这些方案的可行性和性能。建模结果表明,所有方案都能实现零盐水生产。然而,资源回收与温室气体排放之间的权衡是显而易见的。由于电力消耗,盐回收量的增加导致二氧化碳排放量增加(本地)。方案 1 在最大限度提高产水量的同时,最大限度地减少了电能消耗和排放。方案 2 和 3 在水和优质盐生产方面表现最佳。尽管方案 4 的二氧化碳排放量较高,但由于生产化学品,其盈利能力最强。这些发现强调了根据地区需求定制工厂设计的重要性。通过提供对权衡的全面理解,可持续发展分区方法促进了利益相关者的对话,并成为设计可持续海水淡化系统的重要决策工具。
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引用次数: 0
A review of life cycle impacts and costs of precision agriculture for cultivation of field crops 大田作物种植精准农业的生命周期影响和成本审查
IF 10.9 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.11.010
Sofia Bahmutsky, Florian Grassauer, Vivek Arulnathan, Nathan Pelletier
Assessing precision agriculture in crop production based on life cycle thinking and assessments allows for the consideration of multiple environmental as well as economic aspects at a systems level. Research at this intersection is, however, notably lacking. This review paper seeks to understand the current state of both environmental and economics research with respect to different agricultural crop production methods (orchard, vegetable, open field crop, etc.), regions, and the types of precision agriculture technologies applied in each context. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis method was used to answer three review questions to address a targeted subset of precision agriculture technologies relevant to field crop production, from both environmental and economic perspectives and at the global level. Fertilizer production/use and associated field-level emissions are the leading cause of environmental impacts in many life cycle impact categories, and energy and pesticide use also contribute significantly. For most environmental impact categories, the utilization of precision agriculture practices reduced these impacts as compared to conventional practices. Many precision agriculture technologies focus on nitrogen management, namely variable rate application of nutrients, but disproportionately in the context of high value crops. There is evidence that supports the notion that variable rate fertilization management leads to reduction in many but not necessarily all environmental impacts. Some studies reported no, or limited economic benefits associated with precision agriculture technologies, however overall results suggest that precision agriculture utilization delivers economic benefits either via cost savings, input savings, and/or increases to yield, margin, or profits. Variable rate technology is highlighted as a promising subset of precision agriculture technologies in terms of environmental impact reductions and economic benefits.
基于生命周期思维和评估对作物生产中的精准农业进行评估,可以在系统层面上考虑多个环境和经济方面。然而,这方面的研究明显不足。本综述论文旨在了解针对不同农作物生产方式(果园、蔬菜、露地作物等)、地区以及在各种情况下应用的精准农业技术类型的环境和经济学研究现状。我们采用系统综述和元分析首选报告项目的方法来回答三个综述问题,从环境和经济角度以及全球层面来探讨与大田作物生产相关的精准农业技术的目标子集。在许多生命周期影响类别中,化肥生产/使用和相关的田间排放是造成环境影响的主要原因,能源和农药的使用也有很大影响。在大多数环境影响类别中,与传统做法相比,精准农业做法的使用减少了这些影响。许多精准农业技术侧重于氮肥管理,即养分的可变施用率,但在高价值作物方面却不成比例。有证据表明,可变施肥量管理可减少许多环境影响,但不一定是所有环境影响。一些研究报告称,精准农业技术没有带来经济效益,或经济效益有限,但总体结果表明,精准农业的利用通过节约成本、节省投入和/或提高产量、利润率或利润带来了经济效益。就减少环境影响和经济效益而言,变速技术是精准农业技术中很有前景的一个子集。
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引用次数: 0
Conceptualizing circular economy policy instruments: The case of recycled content standards 循环经济政策工具的概念化:再生成分标准案例
IF 10.9 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.11.009
Mattia Maeder, Magnus Fröhling
Recycled content standards (RCSs) are an increasingly popular regulatory policy instrument requiring recycled materials in new products, thus aiming to close material loops. Public policy can boost the implementation of a circular economy (CE), but the relationship between individual policy instruments such as RCSs and CE needs more research. In this study, we reviewed 62 RCS policies in 30 jurisdictions and 19 scientific articles on RCSs. Our analysis has shown a new wave of increasingly stringent RCSs in multiple jurisdictions worldwide since 2018, primarily for packaging plastics and targeting CE goals. Based on our RCS study, we developed a conceptual framework for CE policy instruments with three main results. First, CE policy instruments have crucial characteristics, including feasibility, design, and administration. Second, they target the economic, environmental, and social pillars of sustainable development. Third, they have potential systemic effects at multiple abstraction levels. Our framework can be used by researchers, policymakers, and industry practitioners to understand how policy instruments contribute to CE but may have unforeseen consequences. Thus, our study guides effective CE policymaking and recommends investigating comprehensive CE policy mixes.
回收成分标准(RCSs)是一种日益流行的监管政策工具,要求在新产品中使用回收材料,从而实现材料闭环。公共政策可以促进循环经济(CE)的实施,但诸如回收成分标准等单个政策工具与循环经济之间的关系还需要更多的研究。在这项研究中,我们回顾了 30 个司法管辖区的 62 项循环经济政策和 19 篇有关循环经济的科学文章。我们的分析表明,自 2018 年以来,全球多个司法管辖区掀起了新一轮日益严格的 RCS 浪潮,主要针对包装塑料并瞄准 CE 目标。基于我们的 RCS 研究,我们为 CE 政策工具制定了一个概念框架,并得出了三个主要结果。首先,CE 政策工具具有关键特征,包括可行性、设计和管理。第二,它们针对可持续发展的经济、环境和社会支柱。第三,它们在多个抽象层面具有潜在的系统效应。我们的框架可供研究人员、政策制定者和行业从业者使用,以了解政策工具如何有助于促进可持续消费,但又可能产生不可预见的后果。因此,我们的研究可以指导有效的行政首长协调会决策,并建议调查全面的行政首长协调会政策组合。
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引用次数: 0
Lithium from clay: Assessing the environmental impacts of extraction 从粘土中提取锂:评估开采对环境的影响
IF 10.9 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.11.008
Venkat Roy , Mariappan Parans Paranthaman , Fu Zhao
The burgeoning electric vehicle (EV) sector in the United States (US) is expected to drive up the demand for lithium, a critical element for EV batteries. Lithium-rich clays in the Nevada desert emerge as a prospective US-based domestic source. This study employs Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to examine the environmental aspects of extracting lithium from this source. Among the two evaluated routes, acid leaching was more energy-efficient (35 MJ/kg LCE (Lithium Carbonate Equivalent) than roasting (200 MJ/kg LCE), based on pilot plant data. When compared to conventional methods like spodumene-based extraction, acid leaching shows reductions across almost every category, with notable decreases in high-magnitude impacts like Global Warming (48 %), Freshwater Ecotoxicity (15 %), and Smog (69 %). Water consumption is the only category that increases, rising by 79 %. Insights from this study on upstream impacts of lithium from clay could help inform sourcing decisions downstream, in the battery and EV sector.
美国蓬勃发展的电动汽车(EV)行业预计将推动对锂的需求增长,而锂是电动汽车电池的关键元素。内华达沙漠中的富锂粘土有望成为美国国内的锂资源。本研究采用了生命周期评估(LCA)方法来研究从这一资源中提取锂的环境问题。根据试验工厂的数据,在两种评估方法中,酸浸出比焙烧(200 兆焦耳/千克 LCE)更节能(35 兆焦耳/千克 LCE(碳酸锂当量))。与基于沸石的萃取等传统方法相比,酸浸法几乎减少了所有类别的影响,其中全球变暖(48%)、淡水生态毒性(15%)和烟雾(69%)等高影响显著减少。耗水量是唯一增加的类别,增加了 79%。本研究对粘土锂上游影响的见解有助于为下游电池和电动汽车行业的采购决策提供参考。
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引用次数: 0
An interlinked dynamic model of timber and carbon stocks in Japan's wooden houses and plantation forests 日本木屋和人工林木材与碳储量的关联动态模型
IF 10.9 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.11.003
Naho Yamashita , Tomer Fishman , Chihiro Kayo , Hiroki Tanikawa
Carbon absorption in growing trees is an important element of a carbon-neutral society, and the long-term storage of carbon stocks is a crucial sustainability challenge. Previous studies have focused on either live-biomass carbon stocks in plantation forests or anthropogenic carbon stocks in man-made objects. For a comprehensive nature-based climate solution, an analytical framework, dataset, and scenario setup for modeling the interrelationship between timber supply and demand are required. This study developed an interlinked material flow analysis model in which the timber demand for wooden houses is connected with timber supply from managed plantation forestry. We demonstrate the model by quantifying both live-biomass and anthropogenic carbon stocks and their potentials in Japan. We compared multiple scenario-runs of the model for wooden house demands estimated by population change with varying combinations of house types, structures, and lifespans. Our results show that carbon stocks will reach a maximum amount of 1.1 billion t-C by 2050 in a scenario of high demand for wooden detached houses with lifespan extensions. On the other hand, we also found that the aging of plantation forests and their reduced carbon-stocking capacities appear inevitable in any scenario owing to the limited demand for timber. Notably, despite the widely different settings of the various scenarios, our results exhibited narrow variances in future potential carbon storage in Japan. This can be explained by the unique population characteristics and building demographics of Japan. These counterintuitive findings highlight the need for interrelated modeling of the forestry and construction sectors. Our model and its scope are versatile and applicable to other case study areas, estimation periods, and target materials.
树木生长过程中的碳吸收是实现碳中和社会的重要因素,而碳储量的长期储存则是可持续发展面临的关键挑战。以往的研究主要集中在人工林中的活生物量碳储量或人造物体中的人为碳储量。要全面解决基于自然的气候问题,就需要一个分析框架、数据集和情景设置来模拟木材供需之间的相互关系。本研究开发了一个相互关联的材料流分析模型,在该模型中,木制房屋的木材需求与来自人工林管理的木材供应相关联。我们通过量化日本的活生物量和人为碳储量及其潜力来演示该模型。我们比较了该模型的多个情景运行,这些情景是通过不同的房屋类型、结构和寿命组合的人口变化估算出的木屋需求量。结果表明,在木制独立式房屋需求量大且寿命延长的情景下,到 2050 年碳储量将达到 11 亿吨碳当量的最大值。另一方面,我们还发现,由于对木材的需求有限,人工林的老化及其碳储存能力的降低在任何情景下都是不可避免的。值得注意的是,尽管各种情景的设定大相径庭,但我们的研究结果表明,日本未来潜在碳储存量的差异很小。这可以用日本独特的人口特征和建筑人口统计学来解释。这些与直觉相反的发现凸显了对林业和建筑业进行相互关联建模的必要性。我们的模型及其范围具有多样性,适用于其他案例研究地区、估算期和目标材料。
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引用次数: 0
Review of current practices of life cycle assessment in electric mobility: A first step towards method harmonization 回顾电动汽车生命周期评估的现行做法:统一方法的第一步
IF 10.9 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.10.026
Hazem Eltohamy , Lauran van Oers , Julia Lindholm , Marco Raugei , Kadambari Lokesh , Joris Baars , Jana Husmann , Nikolas Hill , Robert Istrate , Davis Jose , Fredrik Tegstedt , Antoine Beylot , Pascal Menegazzi , Jeroen Guinée , Bernhard Steubing
It is widely acknowledged that unharmonized methodological and data choices in life cycle assessments (LCAs) can limit comparability and complicate decision-making, ultimately hindering their effectiveness in guiding the rapid transition to electric mobility in Europe. The electric mobility sector aims to harmonize these assumptions and choices to improve comparability and better support decision-making. To support these efforts, this article aims to review the LCA practices across various sources in order to identify where key differences in assumptions, methodological approaches, and data selection occur in relevant LCA topics. In addition to this primary objective, we highlight certain practices that could serve as starting points for ongoing harmonization attempts, pointing out topics where it is challenging to do so. Our results showed that cradle-to-grave system boundary is the most commonly adopted in vehicle and traction battery LCAs, with maintenance and capital goods often excluded. The distance-based functional unit is dominant. Choices in Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) showed the greatest diversity and need for harmonization. Data quality and availability vary significantly by life cycle stage, with no standardized data collection approach in place. A lack of primary data is most prominent in the raw material acquisition and end of life (EoL) life cycle stages. Electricity consumption is a key topic in the EV sector, with major debates surrounding location-based versus market-based and static versus dynamic modeling. Multifunctionality problems are vaguely defined and resolved in the literature. For EoL multifunctionality, cut-off and avoided burden are prevalent, while allocation is common upstream. Impact assessments primarily follow the ReCiPe and CML-IA methods, with climate change, acidification, photochemical ozone formation, and eutrophication being the most reported impact categories. Systematic uncertainty propagation is rare in interpretations, with sensitivity analyses typically focusing on energy consumption, total mileage, and battery recycling rates. Overall, the review showed a big variation in assumptions and choices in EV LCA studies, particularly in the LCI stage. Among the discussed topics, we identified multifunctionality and electricity modeling as particularly contentious.
人们普遍认为,生命周期评估(LCA)中未统一的方法和数据选择会限制可比性并使决策复杂化,最终阻碍其有效指导欧洲向电动交通的快速过渡。电动交通领域的目标是协调这些假设和选择,以提高可比性并更好地支持决策。为了支持这些努力,本文旨在审查各种来源的生命周期评估实践,以确定相关生命周期评估主题在假设、方法论和数据选择方面的关键差异。除这一主要目标外,我们还强调了某些可作为当前统一尝试起点的实践,并指出了具有挑战性的主题。我们的研究结果表明,"从摇篮到坟墓 "的系统边界是车辆和牵引电池生命周期评估中最常采用的,而维护和资本货物通常不包括在内。基于距离的功能单元占主导地位。生命周期清单(LCI)中的选择显示出最大的多样性和协调性需求。各生命周期阶段的数据质量和可用性差异很大,没有标准化的数据收集方法。原始数据的缺乏在原材料获取和生命周期终结(EoL)阶段最为突出。电力消耗是电动汽车领域的一个关键议题,围绕基于地点的建模与基于市场的建模、静态建模与动态建模展开了激烈争论。文献中对多功能性问题的定义和解决方法含糊不清。对于 EoL 多功能性而言,切断和避免负担很普遍,而上游分配则很常见。影响评估主要采用 ReCiPe 和 CML-IA 方法,气候变化、酸化、光化学臭氧形成和富营养化是报告最多的影响类别。系统的不确定性传播在解释中很少见,敏感性分析通常集中在能源消耗、总里程和电池回收率上。总体而言,综述显示电动汽车生命周期评估研究中的假设和选择存在很大差异,尤其是在生命周期影响指标阶段。在讨论的主题中,我们发现多功能性和电力建模尤其有争议。
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引用次数: 0
Risks impeding sustainable energy transition related to metals mining 与金属采矿有关的阻碍可持续能源转型的风险
IF 10.9 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.11.002
Nannan Wang, Junlin Hao, Minghui Liu, Naixiao Cui
Sustainable energy transition is essential for global climate change mitigation, requiring substantial amounts of metals to support clean energy technologies. However, a key challenge is ensuring the stable metals mining operations while achieving economic viability, social benefits, and environmental responsibilities. Through a comprehensive literature review, this study identifies 30 risks impeding sustainable energy transition related to metals mining at two levels: the micro level risk and the macro level risk. A cross-evaluation method, by considering literature analysis and expert assessments, is proposed to develop a framework of 15 key risks. The findings reveal inappropriate classification in current literature, as the causes, consequences, and certain objective facts of risk events have been categorized as risks by academics. Additionally, there exist conflicting opinions between academics and practitioners on the key risks. Based on the findings, a multi-stakeholder governance approach is proposed to effectively mitigate these key risks and ensure the sustainable energy transition.
可持续能源转型对减缓全球气候变化至关重要,需要大量金属来支持清洁能源技术。然而,一个关键的挑战是确保金属采矿业的稳定运营,同时实现经济可行性、社会效益和环境责任。本研究通过全面的文献综述,从微观层面风险和宏观层面风险两个层面,确定了阻碍金属采矿业可持续能源转型的 30 种风险。通过文献分析和专家评估,提出了一种交叉评估方法,以建立 15 种关键风险的框架。研究结果表明,目前的文献分类不当,学术界将风险事件的原因、后果和某些客观事实归为风险。此外,学术界和从业人员对关键风险的看法也存在冲突。根据研究结果,提出了一种多方利益相关者治理方法,以有效降低这些关键风险,确保能源的可持续过渡。
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引用次数: 0
Unveiling the potential for decarbonization of the building sector: A comparative study of technological and non-technological low-carbon strategies 揭示建筑部门去碳化的潜力:技术和非技术低碳战略比较研究
IF 10.9 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.11.001
Sogand Shahmohammadi, Marianne Pedinotti-Castelle, Ben Amor
There is an urgent need to mitigate carbon emissions in the building sector, particularly from existing buildings. The existing literature focuses predominantly on technological strategies such as low-carbon materials. This prompts the question: Can technological strategies alone drive the decarbonization of buildings, or are non-technological strategies also essential? Although recent research considers the benefits of the latter, studies assessing the potential of non-technological strategies for decarbonization of buildings are lacking because of the challenges involved in evaluating the indirect impacts and potential trade-offs associated with these strategies such as their ripple effects on mobility. This study pioneers a comparative assessment to evaluate the environmental mitigation potential of non-technological strategies (adaptation, a subset of the sharing economy, and behavioral changes) against technological strategies (low-carbon materials, retrofitting, and recycled materials) to ascertain the effectiveness of non-technological approaches. Through life cycle assessment, this study extends beyond solely evaluating the GHG reduction potential to assess the overall environmental mitigation capacity. A single-family house in Montreal was used as a reference scenario. With significant mitigation potential observed from a non-technological perspective, the results robustly reveal that the adaptation scenario surpasses all scenarios, including retrofitting, which is the primary mitigation strategy for existing buildings, by up to 50 % and 41 % at the midpoint and damage levels, respectively. Furthermore, the adaptation scenario potentially provides sufficiency by saving considerable amounts of material and energy, thereby alleviating the environmental impact of the production and use stages by up to 27 % and 15 %, respectively. This study also evaluates the combined effects of adaptation and retrofitting for existing buildings, revealing by up to 8 % greater environmental benefits at the midpoint and damage levels than in the adaptation scenario individually. These results highlight the potential of non-technological strategies that are currently overlooked in the building sector. However, their implementation requires fewer resources and less energy than technological changes. Therefore, further investigation is warranted to explore how adopting these strategies, along with technological ones, is advantageous.
目前迫切需要减少建筑领域的碳排放,尤其是现有建筑的碳排放。现有文献主要关注低碳材料等技术战略。这就提出了一个问题:是技术战略本身就能推动建筑的去碳化,还是非技术战略也必不可少?尽管最近的研究考虑了后者的益处,但缺乏对非技术策略在建筑脱碳方面的潜力进行评估的研究,因为评估这些策略的间接影响和潜在权衡(如对流动性的连锁反应)是一项挑战。本研究开创了一种比较评估方法,将非技术策略(适应、共享经济子集和行为改变)与技术策略(低碳材料、改造和再生材料)进行比较,以确定非技术方法的有效性。通过生命周期评估,本研究不仅评估了温室气体减排潜力,还评估了整体环境缓解能力。蒙特利尔的一栋单户住宅被用作参考方案。从非技术角度观察到了巨大的减排潜力,研究结果有力地揭示了适应方案超越了所有方案,包括改造方案,而改造方案是现有建筑的主要减排策略,在中点和损害水平上分别高达 50% 和 41%。此外,适应方案通过节省大量材料和能源,有可能提供充足的能源,从而将生产和使用阶段对环境的影响分别减轻 27% 和 15%。本研究还评估了现有建筑适应性改造和翻新改造的综合效果,结果显示,在中点和损害水平上,环境效益比单独适应性改造方案高出多达 8%。这些结果凸显了目前在建筑领域被忽视的非技术战略的潜力。然而,与技术变革相比,实施这些战略所需的资源和能源更少。因此,有必要进行进一步调查,以探索在采用技术策略的同时采用这些策略的优势。
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引用次数: 0
Global peak of international trade-induced CO2 transfers and drivers: From multiple perspectives 国际贸易引起的二氧化碳转移和驱动因素的全球峰值:从多个角度看
IF 10.9 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.10.025
Hongru Yi, Laijun Zhao, Youfeng Cheng, Ke Wang, Juntao Zhen, Chenchen Wang
Trade-induced CO2 transfers have increased the pressure on global carbon emission and may trigger carbon leakage. Understanding the peak status of these transfers is crucial for expediting global peaking process. This study investigates global CO2 transfer peaks across production (transfers-in CO2, TIC), intermediate processing (transmission CO2, TRC), and consumption (transfers-out CO2, TOC) during 2000–2019, and identifies main drivers. Our findings reveal a sustained increase in CO2 transfers, particularly TRC (47.8 %). Meanwhile, discernible patterns emerge, with TIC and TRC rising in Global South but declining in Global North. TOC demonstrates a pattern marked by augmentation in both North and South. Furthermore, the results indicate that a minority of economies have already reached their peak in CO2 transfers, with three economies peaking in TIC, six peaking in TRC, and two peaking in TOC. Further analysis reveals that production structure would be the primary driver of mitigating transfers. Additionally, carbon intensity in both power and non-power sectors can also contribute to mitigation. This is exemplified by the dampening effect exerted by carbon intensity of power sector on China's TIC during 2014–2019 (−8.5 Mt). Conversely, the international final trade scale propels CO2 transfers in non-peaked economies. International cooperation in production technology and environmental cost are recommended to facilitate the peak of international trade-induced CO2 transfers. These findings are valuable for global synergistic governance of trade-induced CO2 transfers across production, processing, and consumption stages, as well as for mitigating carbon leakage.
贸易导致的二氧化碳转移增加了全球碳排放的压力,并可能引发碳泄漏。了解这些转移的峰值状态对于加快全球封顶进程至关重要。本研究调查了 2000-2019 年间全球生产(转入二氧化碳,TIC)、中间加工(转出二氧化碳,TRC)和消费(转出二氧化碳,TOC)的二氧化碳转移峰值,并确定了主要驱动因素。我们的研究结果表明,二氧化碳转移量持续增长,尤其是 TRC(47.8%)。与此同时,我们还发现了一些明显的模式,在全球南部,TIC 和 TRC 在上升,而在全球北部,TIC 和 TRC 在下降。总有机碳在北方和南方都呈现出增加的模式。此外,研究结果表明,少数经济体的二氧化碳排放量已经达到峰值,其中三个经济体的 TIC 达到峰值,六个经济体的 TRC 达到峰值,两个经济体的 TOC 达到峰值。进一步分析表明,生产结构将是减缓转移的主要驱动力。此外,电力和非电力部门的碳强度也有助于减缓。电力行业的碳强度在 2014-2019 年间对中国的总碳汇产生了抑制作用(-850 万吨),就是很好的例证。相反,国际最终贸易规模推动了非峰值经济体的二氧化碳转移。建议在生产技术和环境成本方面开展国际合作,以促进国际贸易引起的二氧化碳转移达到峰值。这些发现对于在生产、加工和消费各阶段对贸易引起的二氧化碳转移进行全球协同治理以及减少碳泄漏都很有价值。
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引用次数: 0
Scaling sustainable pig manure treatment: Life cycle assessments for small to large piggeries in China 扩大可持续猪粪处理规模:中国从小型到大型养猪场的生命周期评估
IF 10.9 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.10.023
Aimin Ji , Hongyan Guo , Ningzhou Li , Ning Zhang , Shikun Cheng , Jinghua Guan , Haiying Li , Xinting Hu , Zhenying Zhang
Over 50 % of pig stockpiling and slaughtering in China is attributed to medium and large piggeries. The diverse scales and distributions of these piggeries present significant challenges for the sustainable management of pig manure, with a research gap in assessing the environmental benefits of treatment technologies across different farm sizes. Therefore, the environmental and economic performances of ten pig manure treatment technologies for small, medium and large piggeries were evaluated via life cycle assessment and life cycle costing methods. The black membrane biogas pool (BMBP) technology for medium-scale piggeries demonstrates superior environmental performance, reducing emissions by 44.00 kg CO2 equivalent, 0.36 kg SO2 equivalent, and 0.05 kg PM2.5 equivalent per ton of dry pig manure treated. Additionally, the products generated from this process can offset 2.93 GJ of energy consumption and 0.25 tons of water consumption. Meanwhile, the ectopic microbial fermentation bed technology provides the best economic efficiency, at the cost of only $17.88 per ton. Significant disparities in the scale of piggeries and manure production across provinces necessitate region-specific policies. The estimated global warming potential (GWP) from pig manure treatment nationwide was 5.31 million tons of CO2 equivalent, with Henan, Sichuan, and Hunan provinces accounting for a combined 28.3 % of this total in 2020. Scenario analysis indicates that by 2025, achieving a pig manure utilization rate of 90 % could reduce GWP by 9.1 % (0.5 million tons of CO2 equivalent) compared to an 80 % utilization rate, with reductions ranging from 1.78 % to 22.36 % across other environmental indicators. Promoting technologies such as BMBP and transitioning 5 % of aerobic processes to anaerobic processes could reduce emissions by 2.9 %, while also lowering other environmental indicators by 12.8 % to 20.1 %. The utilization of anaerobic technology, coupled with enhanced utilization rates, can prove more efficacious in mitigating carbon emissions and pollutants.
在中国,50% 以上的生猪存栏和屠宰来自大中型猪场。这些猪场的规模和分布各不相同,给猪粪的可持续管理带来了巨大挑战,在评估不同规模猪场的处理技术的环境效益方面存在研究空白。因此,我们通过生命周期评估和生命周期成本计算方法,对小型、中型和大型养猪场的十种猪粪处理技术的环境和经济效益进行了评估。用于中型猪场的黑膜沼气池(BMBP)技术表现出卓越的环保性能,每处理一吨干猪粪可减少 44.00 千克二氧化碳当量、0.36 千克二氧化硫当量和 0.05 千克 PM2.5 当量的排放。此外,该工艺产生的产品可抵消 2.93 千兆焦的能耗和 0.25 吨的水耗。同时,异位微生物发酵床技术的经济效益最好,每吨成本仅为 17.88 美元。由于各省养猪场和粪便生产的规模存在巨大差异,因此有必要制定针对不同地区的政策。2020 年,全国猪粪处理产生的全球升温潜能值 (GWP) 估计为 531 万吨二氧化碳当量,其中河南、四川和湖南三省合计占 28.3%。情景分析表明,到 2025 年,猪粪利用率达到 90% 与利用率达到 80% 相比,全球升温潜能值可降低 9.1%(50 万吨二氧化碳当量),其他环境指标的降低幅度从 1.78% 到 22.36%不等。推广 BMBP 等技术并将 5% 的好氧工艺过渡到厌氧工艺可减少 2.9% 的排放量,同时还可将其他环境指标降低 12.8% 至 20.1%。事实证明,利用厌氧技术,再加上提高利用率,可以更有效地减少碳排放和污染物。
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Sustainable Production and Consumption
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