Sustainable Production and Consumption最新文献_第2页

Income-based environmental effects of family food consumption and the affordability towards healthy diets 家庭食品消费对环境的收入影响以及健康饮食的可负担性

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Sustainable Production and Consumption

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.019

Environmentally sustainable diets are attracting increasing attention, but the environmental impact of diets with different income residents is still poorly understood. Based on the environmental footprint method, we explored the environmental impact of food consumption in China from 2000 to 2020, and used the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) model to investigate its driving factors. Furthermore, we constructed a multi-objective optimization model, incorporating the affordability indicator, to optimize a healthy diet pattern. The results show that: (1) The food diversity index (FDI) was directly proportional to income, and geographically, the FDIs of economically developed provinces were higher than that of economically developing provinces. (2) The environmental footprint caused by food consumption was gradually increasing, with 60 % of the carbon footprint of low-income residents coming from grain and pork. (3) Dietary affordability was a major factor in increasing environmental footprint. High-income residents had greater access to milk, meat, etc., which had a greater negative environmental impact. We put forward suggestions on dietary optimization and affordability for different income residents, with a view to achieving nutritional and healthy diets of Chinese while generating minimum resource and environmental load, and promoting the transformation of the agro-food system.

环境可持续膳食正受到越来越多的关注，但人们对不同收入居民的膳食对环境的影响仍知之甚少。基于环境足迹方法，我们探讨了 2000 年至 2020 年中国食品消费对环境的影响，并使用对数平均膳食指数（LMDI）模型研究了其驱动因素。此外，我们还构建了一个多目标优化模型，结合可负担性指标来优化健康饮食模式。结果表明(1）食物多样性指数（FDI）与收入成正比，从地域上看，经济发达省份的食物多样性指数高于经济发展中省份。(2）食物消费造成的环境足迹逐渐增加，低收入居民碳足迹的 60% 来自粮食和猪肉。 3）膳食负担能力是环境足迹增加的主要因素。高收入居民更容易获得牛奶、肉类等，这些食物对环境的负面影响更大。我们提出了针对不同收入居民的膳食优化和可负担性建议，以期在实现中国人营养健康膳食的同时，产生最小的资源和环境负荷，促进农业食品体系的转型。

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引用次数: 0

Circular economy and the separated yet inseparable social dimension: Views from European circular city experts 循环经济与分离但不可分割的社会层面：欧洲循环型城市专家的观点

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Sustainable Production and Consumption

Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.016

Circular economy has received significant attention worldwide for its potential to reconcile ecological limits and economic development. Europe, in particular, has made it a policy focus for achieving its climate ambitions. However, to date, the circular economy remains a loosely defined concept with competing discourses of technocentrism and holistic societal transformation. As the former prevails, its neglect of the social dimension raises concerns about the circular economy's social sustainability and feasibility. Therefore, this study explores how the relationship between the circular economy and the social dimension is perceived by experts directly engaged in the current circular transition process. By uncovering their experiences and perceptions, this study aims to offer empirical insights for the future development of the circular economy. Through qualitatively exploring the views of 14 experts across 11 European cities with a clear circular vision, this study found that although the social dimension is not a primary focus or fundamentally connected with the circular economy, it plays a fundamental role in the transition process and is simultaneously an impacted area. However, there is a significant gap between the ideal social environment required for circular transition and what the current transition can facilitate. As such, the future of the circular economy may be precarious unless it shifts from a technocentric tendency to more holistic, transformational approaches.

循环经济因其兼顾生态限制和经济发展的潜力而受到全世界的广泛关注。欧洲尤其将其作为实现气候目标的政策重点。然而，迄今为止，循环经济仍然是一个定义松散的概念，存在着技术中心主义和整体社会转型两种相互竞争的论调。由于前者占主导地位，其对社会层面的忽视引发了人们对循环经济的社会可持续性和可行性的担忧。因此，本研究探讨了直接参与当前循环转型进程的专家如何看待循环经济与社会层面之间的关系。通过了解他们的经验和看法，本研究旨在为循环经济的未来发展提供经验性见解。通过对欧洲 11 个具有明确循环愿景的城市的 14 位专家的观点进行定性探讨，本研究发现，尽管社会层面不是循环经济的主要关注点或与循环经济没有根本联系，但它在转型过程中发挥着根本性作用，同时也是一个受影响的领域。然而，循环转型所需的理想社会环境与当前转型所能促进的社会环境之间存在巨大差距。因此，循环经济的未来可能岌岌可危，除非它从以技术为中心的倾向转向更全面的转型方法。

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引用次数: 0

A global synthesis of nitrous oxide emissions across cotton-planted soils 全球棉花种植土壤的一氧化二氮排放量综述

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Sustainable Production and Consumption

Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.022

Globally, acquiring information on region- and crop-specific nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions is vital for establishing effective N₂O mitigation strategies. Soil cultivated with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is an important source of N₂O in agricultural production. However, little is known about the magnitudes and main drivers of soil N₂O emissions from cotton fields worldwide. In this meta-analysis, we were the first to synthesize 34 peer-reviewed papers (298 observational datasets) to quantify the magnitudes and controlling factors of area-scaled N₂O emissions (N₂O_area), direct N₂O emission factors (EF_d), and yield-scaled N₂O emissions (N₂O_yield) from the soils of cotton fields and to explore associated potential mitigation strategies. On average, the N₂O_area from global cotton-planted soils was 2.10 kg N ha⁻¹, with a mean EF_d of 0.92 %, which is comparable to those reported for cereal crops (e.g., maize, 1.02 %) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change default value of 1 % for global croplands. The global mean N₂O_yield estimated here was 622 g N Mg⁻¹. At the global scale, the variations in all N₂O-related indices in the soils of cotton fields were demonstrated to be primarily controlled by climatic conditions (e.g. climate type) and soil properties (e.g., bulk density, pH, C/N or soil texture) rather than by well-recognized management practices (e.g., N fertilization rate). Furthermore, our analysis showed that the application of urease and/or nitrification inhibitors significantly reduced soil N₂O emissions while maintaining seed cotton yields. These findings emphasize that cotton production has an obvious climate footprint and provide potential N₂O mitigation options for the sustainable intensification of cotton production.

在全球范围内，获取特定地区和作物的一氧化二氮（N2O）排放信息对于制定有效的一氧化二氮减缓战略至关重要。种植棉花（Gossypium hirsutum L.）的土壤是农业生产中一氧化二氮的重要来源。然而，人们对全球棉田土壤一氧化二氮排放量的大小和主要驱动因素知之甚少。在这项荟萃分析中，我们首次综合了 34 篇经同行评审的论文（298 个观测数据集），量化了棉田土壤的面积标度 N2O 排放量（N2Oarea）、直接 N2O 排放因子（EFd）和产量标度 N2O 排放量（N2Oyield）的大小和控制因素，并探讨了相关的潜在减缓策略。平均而言，全球棉田土壤的一氧化二氮面积为 2.10 千克氮/公顷-1，平均 EFd 为 0.92%，与谷类作物（如玉米，1.02%）和政府间气候变化专门委员会为全球耕地设定的 1% 的默认值相当。此处估算的全球平均一氧化二氮产量为 622 克 N Mg-1。在全球范围内，棉田土壤中所有与一氧化二氮有关的指数的变化都被证明主要受气候条件（如气候类型）和土壤特性（如容重、pH 值、C/N 或土壤质地）的控制，而不是受公认的管理方法（如氮肥施用量）的控制。此外，我们的分析表明，在保持籽棉产量的同时，施用脲酶和/或硝化抑制剂可显著减少土壤中的一氧化二氮排放量。这些发现强调了棉花生产对气候的明显影响，并为棉花生产的可持续集约化提供了潜在的一氧化二氮减缓方案。

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引用次数: 0

Optimizing dietary habits for climate benefits in China: Greenhouse gas emissions and sustainable substitution strategies 在中国优化饮食习惯，实现气候惠益：温室气体排放与可持续替代战略

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Sustainable Production and Consumption

Pub Date : 2024-09-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.024

The transition in dietary patterns will impact future food consumption and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). In this study, we employed the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) coefficient method to evaluate the GHGs associated with dietary consumption across 31 provinces in China from 1978 to 2022. Additionally, we simulated the greenhouse gas emission reduction potential and the spatio-temporal changes under five food substitution scenarios for the period 2022–2050. The results indicated that GHGs from animal-based foods increased the most, rising from 1673.1 Mt. CO₂eq in 1978 to 6660.3 Mt. CO₂eq in 2022, with pork being the largest source of emissions, accounting for approximately 44 %. The grain-based food substitution scenario resulted in the lowest GHG emissions, about 533.88 Mt. CO₂eq. Conversely, the plant-based food substitution scenario had the highest emissions, reaching 635.49 Mt. CO₂eq. This study provides a benchmark for improving regional dietary structures and formulating policies aimed at reducing GHGs through dietary consumption.

膳食模式的转变将影响未来的食品消费和温室气体排放（GHGs）。在本研究中，我们采用政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）系数法评估了 1978 年至 2022 年中国 31 个省份与膳食消费相关的温室气体排放量。此外，我们还模拟了 2022-2050 年期间五种食物替代情景下的温室气体减排潜力和时空变化。结果表明，动物性食品产生的温室气体增加最多，从1978年的1673.1百万吨二氧化碳当量增加到2022年的6660.3百万吨二氧化碳当量，其中猪肉是最大的排放源，约占44%。谷物食品替代情景的温室气体排放量最低，约为 5.3388 亿吨 CO2eq。相反，植物性食品替代方案的温室气体排放量最高，达到 635.49 兆吨二氧化碳当量。这项研究为改善地区膳食结构和制定旨在通过膳食消费减少温室气体的政策提供了基准。

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引用次数: 0

The effect of repair and lifetime extension on the environmental performance of energy-using products. Application to electric water kettles 维修和延长使用寿命对用能产品环保性能的影响。电热水壶的应用

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Sustainable Production and Consumption

Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.020

This study evaluates the environmental impacts of extending the lifetime of electric kettles through repair strategies by means of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. A total of 2640 scenarios were analysed, each considering six variables: material composition, usage intensity, year of failure, failure management, lifetime extension, and end-of-life (EoL) management. The results demonstrate that extending kettle lifetimes through repair can reduce the total environmental impact by up to 35 %, particularly in scenarios where low-energy use is combined with maximum lifetime extension. The use phase contributed the most to the environmental impact, accounting for 48–64 % of the total in most scenarios, driven primarily by energy consumption during kettle operation. In contrast, material composition and EoL management had a smaller effect, representing only 5–10 % of the impact. Repairs focused on lime descaling were the most effective, reducing the environmental burden by up to 20 %, while repairs involving component replacement were less impactful in this regard. These findings underscore the potential of repair strategies to significantly reduce the environmental footprint of household appliances. Policymakers should prioritise repairability in product design and promote consumer awareness to extend product lifetimes and achieve lower environmental impacts.

本研究通过生命周期评估（LCA）方法，评估了通过维修策略延长电热水壶使用寿命对环境的影响。共分析了 2640 个方案，每个方案都考虑了六个变量：材料成分、使用强度、故障年份、故障管理、使用寿命延长和寿命终期（EoL）管理。结果表明，通过维修延长水壶寿命可减少高达 35% 的总环境影响，尤其是在低能耗使用与最大限度延长寿命相结合的情况下。使用阶段对环境影响最大，在大多数情况下占总影响的 48-64%，主要由反应釜运行期间的能耗造成。相比之下，材料成分和 EoL 管理的影响较小，仅占影响的 5-10%。以石灰除垢为重点的维修最为有效，最多可减少 20% 的环境负担，而涉及部件更换的维修在这方面的影响较小。这些研究结果强调了维修策略在大幅减少家用电器环境足迹方面的潜力。政策制定者应在产品设计中优先考虑可修复性，并提高消费者的意识，以延长产品寿命，降低对环境的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Reducing life cycle environmental impacts of milk production through precision livestock farming 通过精准畜牧业减少牛奶生产生命周期对环境的影响

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Sustainable Production and Consumption

Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.021

In recent decades, the livestock sector has significantly improved its efficiency, productivity, and environmental sustainability. Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) represents a driver in this direction, since it enables to monitor individual animals and herds, and supports the farmer in making better decisions. Although the benefits are clear on a livestock perspective, it is difficult to quantify the environmental benefit of having technology on farm, mostly due to the complexity of collecting data on the same farm before and after a certain solution.

In this context, this paper focuses on the assessment of the environmental sustainability of a case-study Italian dairy cattle farm where different technologies were installed one by one: first a mechanical ventilation system (MV) and second an automatic milking system (AMS), without introducing other significant changes to the farm management and practices in the meantime. The environmental impact of milk production on the farm was quantified through the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, and the initial farm configuration was compared with the two scenarios in which each technology was incorporated. Fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM) was used as Functional Unit, and a cradle to farm gate system boundary and biophysical allocation method were selected. This enabled to provide valuable insights for stakeholders about the effect on the environmental sustainability of the use of the two technologies. The results show that for all the evaluated impact categories there is an environmental benefit of the improved scenarios. The biggest benefit can be observed with the installation of mechanical ventilation, to which correspond benefits in terms of animal health, welfare and productivity. Then, also AMS entails sustainability improvements, mainly linked with increased efficiency and productivity. In conclusion, the use of technology on dairy farms improves not only the farm efficiency and the animal management, but also the environmental sustainability. Furthermore, the rapid technological advancements may further enhance this positive trend in reducing the contribution of livestock farming to the environmental impacts provided that farmers adopt them.

近几十年来，畜牧业的效率、生产力和环境可持续性都有了显著提高。精准畜牧业（PLF）是这一方向的驱动力，因为它能够监测单个牲畜和畜群，帮助农民做出更好的决策。虽然从畜牧业的角度来看，精确畜牧业的好处显而易见，但很难量化在牧场采用技术对环境带来的好处，这主要是由于在采用某种解决方案之前和之后，在同一个牧场收集数据非常复杂。通过生命周期评估（LCA）方法量化了牧场牛奶生产对环境的影响，并将牧场的初始配置与采用每种技术的两种方案进行了比较。使用脂肪和蛋白质校正牛奶（FPCM）作为功能单元，并选择了从摇篮到农场大门的系统边界和生物物理分配方法。这样，利益相关者就能深入了解使用这两种技术对环境可持续性的影响。结果表明，在所有评估的影响类别中，改进方案都具有环境效益。安装机械通风设备的效益最大，动物健康、福利和生产率也相应提高。此外，AMS 还能改善可持续性，主要与提高效率和生产率有关。总之，在奶牛场使用技术不仅能提高牧场效率和动物管理水平，还能改善环境的可持续性。此外，快速的技术进步可能会进一步加强这一积极趋势，减少畜牧业对环境的影响，但前提是农民必须采用这些技术。

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引用次数: 0

Comparative environmental and economic assessment of emerging hydrometallurgical recycling technologies for Li-ion battery cathodes 锂离子电池阴极新兴湿法冶金回收技术的环境和经济比较评估

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Sustainable Production and Consumption

Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.015

The growing demand for electric vehicles has led to a growing concern for battery recycling, particularly for critical raw materials. However, there is insufficient investigation into the environmental and economic impacts of hydrometallurgical recycling methods. In this study we explored emerging hydrometallurgical technologies in economic and environmental perspective to establish conceptual routes to recover Co, Ni and Mn oxides from waste LiNi_0.33Mn_0.33Co_0.33O₂ cathode materials from spent Li-ion batteries. After, life cycle assessment and costing techniques were utilized to compare the environmental and economical performances of each conceptual route. Recovery efficiency of metal oxides through each route was also considered as a key factor. Results suggested that deep eutectic solvent-based leaching produces the highest impact under many impact categories while electrolysis-based leaching showed the least. Under purification technologies assessed, ion-exchange based purification showed significantly lower impact under many categories except stratospheric ozone depletion. Solvent based purification has been identified as the worst technology for purification. Hydroxide based calcination has been identified as the most environmentally sustainable calcination method compared to oxalate calcination. The route consists with inorganic leaching, ion-exchange based purification and hydroxide calcination showed the lowest environmental impact (emission effect at 33.8 kg CO₂ eq), with lower economic impact ($ 119) and the highest recovery efficiency (78 %) per 1 kg of cathode active materials. However, using electrolysis-based leaching can slightly increase the impacts with lower recovery efficiency (75 %) and better economic performance ($104/kg of cathode active materials). Terrestrial ecotoxicity was identified to be the most affected impact category for the recovery processes. It is recommended that technologies like deep eutectic solvent-based leaching, solvent extraction and environmentally sustainable technologies like supercritical fluid extraction need further studies prior to industrial applications.

随着电动汽车需求的不断增长，人们越来越关注电池的回收利用，尤其是关键原材料的回收利用。然而，对湿法冶金回收方法的环境和经济影响的调查还不够充分。在本研究中，我们从经济和环境的角度探讨了新兴的湿法冶金技术，以建立从废旧锂离子电池的 LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2 正极材料中回收 Co、Ni 和 Mn 氧化物的概念路线。之后，利用生命周期评估和成本计算技术比较了每种概念路线的环境和经济性能。通过每种途径回收金属氧化物的效率也被视为一个关键因素。结果表明，在许多影响类别中，基于深共晶溶剂的浸出法产生的影响最大，而基于电解的浸出法产生的影响最小。在所评估的净化技术中，除平流层臭氧消耗外，基于离子交换的净化技术在许多类别中的影响明显较低。溶剂净化被认为是最差的净化技术。与草酸盐煅烧法相比，氢氧化物煅烧法被认为是最具环境可持续性的煅烧法。由无机沥滤、离子交换提纯和氢氧化物煅烧组成的路线对环境的影响最小（排放效应为 33.8 千克二氧化碳当量），对经济的影响较小（119 美元），每 1 千克阴极活性材料的回收效率最高（78%）。然而，使用电解法浸出会略微增加对环境的影响，但回收效率较低（75%），经济效益较好（每公斤阴极活性材料 104 美元）。陆地生态毒性被认为是对回收工艺影响最大的类别。建议在工业应用之前，需要进一步研究深共晶溶剂浸出、溶剂萃取等技术以及超临界流体萃取等环境可持续技术。

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引用次数: 0

Consumers' willingness-to-pay for dairy and plant-based milk alternatives towards sustainable dairy: A scoping review 消费者对可持续乳制品的乳制品和植物乳替代品的支付意愿：范围审查

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Sustainable Production and Consumption

Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.010

The dairy sector is transforming following growing concerns over sustainability, propelling innovations such as plant-based milk alternatives (PBMAs). Researchers have shown increasing interest in conducting studies on consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for dairy and PBMAs. This scoping review expounds on consumers' WTP for dairy and PBMAs, focusing on attributes to understand the variation across regions, value elicitation methods, driving factors, and impact on sustainable dairy. Researchers searched the literature using Web of Science, Scopus, and AgEcon databases and used descriptive statistics and thematic analysis to synthesize the findings of a scoping review of 123 worldwide studies. The reviewed studies applied stated preference (SP) and revealed preference (RP) methods, but SP methods were dominant, especially discrete choice experiments (DCEs) (42 %) and contingent valuation methods (CVM) (25 %). Consumers were willing to pay an average premium of 44 % for all attributes. Most studies were on cow milk (90 %), whereas very few investigated PBMAs and other milk types. The average WTP for the attribute categories were organic (55 %), animal welfare (53 %), origin (45 %), milk quality and safety (45 %), brand (40 %), environmental (34 %), health-related (25 %), and sensory attributes (22 %). Consumers' WTP for dairy and PBMAs attributes impact the sustainability of the dairy sector across regions. Moreover, income, awareness, and information consciousness influenced consumers' WTP for organic, safety, health, and environmental milk attributes. This study highlights the complexity and diversity of consumers' WTP for dairy and PBMAs across regions. Our findings emphasize the need to employ multilevel strategies ranging from farm-level dairy production to processing and consumption to achieve socially, economically, and environmentally sustainable dairy. Future research should focus on consumers' WTP for PBMAs and gather more evidence on how consumers in Africa and South America value sustainable dairy and PBMAs.

随着人们对可持续发展的关注与日俱增，乳制品行业正在发生转变，植物基牛奶替代品（PBMAs）等创新产品应运而生。研究人员对研究消费者对乳制品和植物基牛奶替代品的支付意愿（WTP）表现出越来越大的兴趣。本范围综述阐述了消费者对乳制品和植物基牛奶替代品的支付意愿，重点关注了解不同地区消费者支付意愿的属性差异、价值激发方法、驱动因素以及对可持续乳制品的影响。研究人员使用 Web of Science、Scopus 和 AgEcon 数据库对文献进行了检索，并使用描述性统计和主题分析对全球 123 项研究的范围综述结果进行了归纳。综述研究采用了陈述偏好（SP）和揭示偏好（RP）方法，但陈述偏好方法占主导地位，尤其是离散选择实验（DCE）（42%）和或有估值方法（CVM）（25%）。消费者愿意为所有属性平均支付 44% 的溢价。大多数研究是针对牛奶的（90%），而很少有研究调查了 PBMA 和其他类型的牛奶。各类属性的平均 WTP 分别为有机属性（55%）、动物福利属性（53%）、原产地属性（45%）、牛奶质量和安全属性（45%）、品牌属性（40%）、环境属性（34%）、健康相关属性（25%）和感官属性（22%）。消费者对乳制品和PBMAs属性的WTP影响着各地区乳制品行业的可持续性。此外，收入、认知度和信息意识也影响着消费者对有机、安全、健康和环保牛奶属性的WTP。本研究强调了不同地区消费者对乳制品和 PBMA 的 WTP 的复杂性和多样性。我们的研究结果强调，需要采用从牧场层面的乳品生产到加工和消费的多层次策略，以实现乳品在社会、经济和环境方面的可持续发展。未来的研究应关注消费者对PBMAs的WTP，并收集更多关于非洲和南美洲消费者如何重视可持续乳制品和PBMAs的证据。

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引用次数: 0

Morals over money: The relationship between moral motivations and Consumers' food waste 道德重于金钱：道德动机与消费者浪费食物之间的关系

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Sustainable Production and Consumption

Pub Date : 2024-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.012

引用次数: 0

Implementing life cycle thinking and climate change indicators in small and medium size enterprises 在中小型企业中实施生命周期思维和气候变化指标

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Sustainable Production and Consumption

Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.014

The policy for a low emission society requires that companies measure their impact from a life cycle perspective for both products and corporate reporting. This work presents new climate performance indicators to evaluate business models (BM) based on life cycle assessment (LCA) and benchmarked with statistics for Sustainable Development Goal indicator 9.4.1. The research was conducted by action case studies involving 20 small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) from various sectors. The SMEs did not have previous experience with LCA. Therefore, a work process called “LCA á la carte” was designed to gradually increase details and effort. The results of simplified indicators on the manufacturing SMEs showed that the direct emissions to value added are lower than industry average. However, when upstream emissions and value added were included, the emission intensities are about industry average. The full life cycle climate indicators are presented for a boat production company that experiment with new BMs. Use phase electrification was found to be the most effective measure (60 % lower emission intensity), while material recycling and boat rental each reduced the emission intensity with about 30 %. However, a combination of these new BMs gives best results and could be needed to reach future benchmarks. This study suggests LCA for BM as a combination of a work process, actors' perspectives, and performance indicators. The results highlight that the scope of activities included in the performance indicators is crucial. New reporting standards such as the European Sustainable Development Standard (ESRS) should review the emission intensity indicators to ensure consistency between the scopes of activities included.

低排放社会政策要求企业从产品和企业报告的生命周期角度衡量其影响。这项工作提出了新的气候绩效指标，用于评估基于生命周期评估（LCA）的商业模式（BM），并以可持续发展目标指标 9.4.1 的统计数据为基准。研究通过行动案例研究进行，涉及 20 家不同行业的中小型企业 (SME)。这些中小型企业以前并没有生命周期评估的经验。因此，设计了一个名为 "LCA á la carte "的工作流程，以逐步增加细节和工作量。制造业中小型企业的简化指标结果表明，直接排放量与增加值之比低于行业平均水平。然而，如果将上游排放和附加值计算在内，排放强度则与行业平均水平相当。对一家尝试使用新型生物量管理的船只生产公司，提出了全生命周期气候指标。使用阶段电气化被认为是最有效的措施（排放强度降低了 60%），而材料回收和船只租赁各降低了约 30% 的排放强度。然而，将这些新的基本措施结合在一起可获得最佳效果，并可达到未来的基准。本研究建议将工作流程、参与者的观点和绩效指标结合起来，对 BM 进行生命周期评估。研究结果突出表明，绩效指标所包含的活动范围至关重要。新的报告标准（如欧洲可持续发展标准 (ESRS)）应审查排放强度指标，以确保所含活动范围的一致性。

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引用次数: 0