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Conceptual framework for considering animal welfare in sustainability assessments of foods 在食品可持续性评估中考虑动物福利的概念框架

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Sustainable Production and Consumption

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.10.004

Sebastian Richter , Laura Scherer , Margaret Hegwood , Harriet Bartlett , Leonie N. Bossert , Anita Frehner , Christian Schader

In recent years, many studies analyzed the environmental, health and economic implications of the production and consumption of different foods – and, on this basis, evaluated their sustainability. However, associated impacts on animals have remained largely unexamined and existing assessment approaches are still immature and often lack reflection on their normative assumptions and resulting implications. As animal welfare concerns increase, this represents a shortcoming, leaving a critical sustainability issue without due consideration. To address this, we develop a conceptual framework that guides the key decisions for assessing animal welfare impacts of foods. The framework is derived from an integrative literature review and revised following external feedback from expert focus groups. It bridges the research fields of food system modeling, animal welfare science and animal ethics and can guide researchers in developing assessment approaches and assessing animal welfare impacts of foods, from individual food items to whole diets. The framework also directs transparent communication of the most important assessment decisions. We outline key considerations for animal welfare assessments of foods, highlight associated challenges and discuss quality criteria as well as technical and normative strategies to address them. Our contribution provides a basis for future research to integrate animal welfare into sustainability evaluations of food and investigate tradeoffs and synergies with environmental, social or economic issues. Following this framework in future assessments facilitates the integration of animal welfare into food-related policy assessments and public decisions.

近年来，许多研究分析了不同食品的生产和消费对环境、健康和经济的影响，并在此基础上评估了其可持续性。然而，对动物的相关影响在很大程度上仍未得到研究，而且现有的评估方法仍不成熟，往往缺乏对其规范性假设和由此产生的影响的反思。随着对动物福利的关注与日俱增，这是一个缺陷，使一个关键的可持续性问题没有得到应有的考虑。为了解决这个问题，我们开发了一个概念框架，用于指导评估食品对动物福利影响的关键决策。该框架源自综合文献综述，并根据专家焦点小组的外部反馈进行了修订。它连接了食品系统建模、动物福利科学和动物伦理学等研究领域，可指导研究人员制定评估方法，评估食品（从单个食品到整个膳食）对动物福利的影响。该框架还能指导对最重要的评估决策进行透明的沟通。我们概述了食品动物福利评估的主要考虑因素，强调了相关挑战，并讨论了质量标准以及应对这些挑战的技术和规范策略。我们的贡献为今后的研究奠定了基础，以便将动物福利纳入食品可持续性评估，并研究与环境、社会或经济问题之间的权衡和协同作用。在未来的评估中遵循这一框架有助于将动物福利纳入与食品相关的政策评估和公共决策中。

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引用次数: 0

The carbon footprint of fruits: A systematic review from a life cycle perspective 水果的碳足迹：从生命周期角度进行系统回顾

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Sustainable Production and Consumption

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.10.014

Sandip Subedi , Benjamin Dent , Rajendra Adhikari

The agrifood system's challenge of meeting an ever-increasing demand for food while at the same time minimizing its carbon impact is reflected in increased research on the carbon footprint assessment of agrifood products. Despite fruits representing a significant and expanding proportion of total agrifood production, not only is their whole-of-life carbon footprint inadequately explored, but also the existing knowledge in this area is fragmented and dispersed. To address these issues, this study systematically reviewed 161 peer-reviewed journal articles using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Literature Reviews and Meta-Analyses framework. The review focused on the scope of each study, assessment methods, emission hotspots, and greenhouse gas mitigation strategies, alongside a meta-analysis of 289 carbon footprint values, establishing reference points for fruits' carbon footprint. Findings revealed that existing studies predominantly focused on cradle-to-farm gate spatial boundaries and single-year production data. Process-based life cycle assessment adhering to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14040 and 14044 standards was the dominant methodology. The production stage was identified as the greenhouse gas emission hotspot in the majority of studies, however, a meta-analysis of carbon footprint values across the entire fruit life cycle showed that the production stage is a critical but not the sole hotspot. The meta-analysis suggests an average cradle-to-farm gate carbon footprint of 0.503 ± 0.365 kg carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂eq) per kg fruit. Expanding the boundary to cradle-to-retail and cradle-to-grave resulted in mean values of 0.743 ± 0.193 and 1.257 ± 0.886 kg CO₂eq per kg fruit, respectively. Emphasizing the importance of incorporating carbon sequestration in future studies for accurately positioning fruits among agri-food products in terms of their carbon footprint, the study underscores the need for developing a standard protocol for more reliable and comparable estimates. Findings and strategies for reducing emissions contribute to ensuring sustainable fruit production, with both academic and practical implications.

农业食品系统面临的挑战是，既要满足日益增长的食品需求，又要最大限度地减少对碳的影响，这反映在对农业食品产品碳足迹评估研究的增加上。尽管水果在农业食品总产量中所占的比例很大，而且还在不断扩大，但人们不仅对其整个生命周期的碳足迹探索不足，而且在这一领域的现有知识也比较零散和分散。为解决这些问题，本研究采用 "系统文献综述和元分析首选报告项目 "框架，对 161 篇同行评议期刊论文进行了系统综述。审查的重点是每项研究的范围、评估方法、排放热点和温室气体减排策略，同时对 289 个碳足迹值进行了元分析，为水果的碳足迹建立了参考点。研究结果表明，现有研究主要关注从摇篮到农场的空间边界和单一年份的生产数据。符合国际标准化组织（ISO）14040 和 14044 标准的基于过程的生命周期评估是主要方法。在大多数研究中，生产阶段被认为是温室气体排放的热点，然而，对整个水果生命周期的碳足迹值进行的元分析表明，生产阶段是一个关键的热点，但不是唯一的热点。荟萃分析表明，从摇篮到农场的平均碳足迹为每公斤水果 0.503 ± 0.365 公斤二氧化碳当量（CO2eq）。将边界扩大到 "摇篮到零售 "和 "摇篮到坟墓 "后，每公斤水果的平均值分别为 0.743 ± 0.193 和 1.257 ± 0.886 公斤二氧化碳当量。该研究强调了在未来研究中纳入碳固存的重要性，以准确定位水果在农业食品产品中的碳足迹，同时强调有必要制定一个标准协议，以获得更可靠、更具可比性的估计值。研究结果和减排战略有助于确保可持续的水果生产，具有学术和实践意义。

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引用次数: 0

Environmental and economic sustainability of additive manufacturing: A systematic literature review 增材制造的环境和经济可持续性：系统文献综述

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Sustainable Production and Consumption

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.10.012

Hamad Hussain Shah, Claudio Tregambi, Piero Bareschino, Francesco Pepe

Additive manufacturing (AM) is rapidly being adopted in various industries due to its ability to enhance production efficiency and reduce material waste, yet there remains a critical need to explore its sustainability, particularly concerning environmental, economic, and material recycling aspects. This study employs a systematic literature review (SLR) approach to assess the sustainability of AM across multiple aspects, including environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, and its role in advancing circular economy (CE) principles. The findings indicate that AM offers notable environmental benefits, including reductions in material waste and energy consumption, but challenges remain in scaling these advantages globally, particularly regarding the optimization of energy use and the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Economic analysis reveals that AM is cost-effective for small-scale production but less competitive in large-scale operations. The study also highlights that while AM promotes material recycling, its full potential in supporting a CE has yet to be realized. To further advance AM's sustainability, it is recommended to integrate more sustainable materials into AM processes and adopt industry-wide protocols to support global adoption of sustainable AM practices.

快速成型制造（AM）能够提高生产效率并减少材料浪费，因此正迅速被各行各业所采用，但仍亟需探索其可持续性，尤其是在环境、经济和材料回收方面。本研究采用系统文献综述（SLR）方法，从多个方面评估了 AM 的可持续性，包括环境影响、成本效益及其在推进循环经济（CE）原则方面的作用。研究结果表明，AM 具有显著的环境效益，包括减少材料浪费和能源消耗，但在全球范围内推广这些优势仍面临挑战，特别是在优化能源使用和挥发性有机化合物 (VOC) 排放方面。经济分析表明，AM 在小规模生产中具有成本效益，但在大规模运营中竞争力较弱。研究还强调，虽然 AM 促进了材料的回收利用，但其在支持 CE 方面的全部潜力仍有待发挥。为进一步推动 AM 的可持续发展，建议将更多可持续材料纳入 AM 流程，并采用全行业协议，以支持全球采用可持续 AM 实践。

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引用次数: 0

Global carbon transition in the passenger transportation sector over 2000–2021 2000-2021 年全球客运部门的碳排放转型

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Sustainable Production and Consumption

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.10.006

Haoyan Jing , Yuke Chen , Minda Ma , Wei Feng , Xiwang Xiang

The high-emitting and hard-to-abate passenger transport sector plays a crucial role in global deep decarbonization. To lead an equitable and rapid transition in the passenger transportation, this work is the first to develop a bottom-up modeling framework integrated with the latest decomposing structural decomposition methodology to assess and compare historical emission patterns and decarbonization efforts of 28 countries over the past two decades. Results indicate: (1) Carbon emissions from the global passenger transport sector increased between 2000 and 2021, peaking in 2019, with GDP per capita and population size being key drivers of rising carbon emissions across countries. (2) The decarbonization efforts of the global passenger transport sector varied by traffic mode. The largest contributors were passenger buses [−0.46 megatons of carbon dioxide per year (Mt CO₂/yr)], followed by trains (−0.4 Mt CO₂/yr), and airplanes (−0.28 Mt CO₂/yr), while passenger cars (1.04 Mt CO₂/yr) hindered the decarbonization process. (3) Although the global passenger transport sector has cumulatively decarbonized 3005.9 Mt CO₂ and achieved a decarbonization rate of 5.1 %, regional performance varied significantly, exhibiting uneven and inadequate progress. Overall, the study provides an effective data-driven assessment framework for reviewing and comparing global and national passenger transport decarbonization performance, which will facilitate the planning of decarbonization pathways by global emitters and the early achievement of zero-carbon transport.

高排放、难减排的客运行业在全球深度脱碳中发挥着至关重要的作用。为引导客运行业实现公平、快速的转型，本研究首次开发了一个自下而上的建模框架，并结合最新的结构分解方法，对 28 个国家在过去 20 年中的历史排放模式和去碳化努力进行了评估和比较。结果表明：（1）2000 年至 2021 年，全球客运部门的碳排放量增加，2019 年达到峰值，人均 GDP 和人口数量是各国碳排放量增加的主要驱动因素。(2) 全球客运部门的脱碳努力因交通方式而异。贡献最大的是客车[-0.46 兆吨二氧化碳/年（Mt CO2/yr）]，其次是火车（-0.4 兆吨二氧化碳/年）和飞机（-0.28 兆吨二氧化碳/年），而客车（1.04 兆吨二氧化碳/年）阻碍了脱碳进程。(3) 虽然全球客运部门已累计脱碳 3.059 亿吨二氧化碳，脱碳率达到 5.1%，但各地区的表现差异很大，进展不平衡、不充分。总之，该研究为审查和比较全球及各国客运脱碳绩效提供了一个有效的数据驱动评估框架，有助于全球排放者规划脱碳路径，早日实现零碳交通。

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引用次数: 0

Contribution of ultra-processed food and animal-plant protein intake ratio to the environmental impact of Belgian diets 超加工食品和动植物蛋白质摄入比例对比利时饮食环境影响的贡献

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Sustainable Production and Consumption

Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.10.008

Claire Dénos , Stefanie Vandevijvere , Lieselot Boone , Margot Cooreman-Algoed , Michiel De Bauw , Wouter M.J. Achten , Jo Dewulf

There is growing concern about the various impacts of food consumption, both on human and planetary health. Given the context-specific nature of consumption patterns, evaluating their national-level impacts is crucial for proactive policy development. This research aims to evaluate the environmental impact of current Belgian diets, with particular attention to the contribution of food groups, ultra-processed foods (UPF), and the animal-to-plant protein ratio. The methodology consists of three key stages. Firstly, the Belgian diet was summarised, based on data from the Belgian National Food Consumption Survey 2014/2015. Secondly, the origin of the most frequently consumed foods was traced using trade databases. Finally, a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment was conducted to determine the impact of Belgian diets on climate change, water use, land use, and fossil resource scarcity. In this third step, an iterative procedure for selecting the food items to be included in the study was performed. The iterative approach resulted in the inclusion of 227 food items in the analysis. The results indicate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 4.4 [4.27–4.54] kg CO₂-equivalent per person per day. Red meat (35 %), beverages (16 %), dairy products (12 %) and snacks (10 %) are identified as primary contributors to climate change. Similar results were observed for land use impacts. Water use and fossil resource scarcity exhibited different trends, with beverages being the most impactful food group. Moreover, UPF account for 50 % of the total climate change and land use impacts, with a linear relationship observed between increased UPF consumption and GHG emissions and land use. A similar linear trend is observed between the ratio of animal-to-plant protein intake and both climate change and land use impact categories. A shift from the current protein ratio to a ratio of 40/60, as suggested in the Flemish Green Deal Protein Shift has been shown to result in a reduction in GHG emissions of the diet by 29 %. This study emphasises the need to target the consumption of high-impact foods such as UPF and animal-based products. Future research will investigate the relationship between environmental and health impacts.

人们越来越关注食品消费对人类和地球健康的各种影响。鉴于消费模式的具体情况，评估其在国家层面的影响对于制定积极的政策至关重要。本研究旨在评估当前比利时饮食对环境的影响，尤其关注食物种类、超加工食品（UPF）以及动物蛋白与植物蛋白的比例对环境的影响。研究方法包括三个关键阶段。首先，根据 "2014/2015 年比利时全国食品消费调查 "的数据对比利时的膳食进行总结。其次，利用贸易数据库追踪最常消费食品的原产地。最后，进行了 "从摇篮到坟墓 "生命周期评估，以确定比利时饮食对气候变化、水资源利用、土地利用和化石资源稀缺性的影响。在第三步中，我们采用了一种迭代程序来选择纳入研究的食品。迭代法最终将 227 种食品纳入分析。结果显示，每人每天的温室气体排放量为 4.4 [4.27-4.54] 千克二氧化碳当量。红肉（35%）、饮料（16%）、奶制品（12%）和零食（10%）被认为是造成气候变化的主要因素。土地利用的影响也有类似的结果。水的使用和化石资源的稀缺呈现出不同的趋势，饮料是影响最大的食品类别。此外，铀浓缩物占气候变化和土地利用影响总量的 50%，铀浓缩物消费量的增加与温室气体排放和土地利用之间呈线性关系。在动物-植物蛋白摄入量比率与气候变化和土地利用影响类别之间也观察到类似的线性趋势。根据弗拉芒绿色交易蛋白质转变的建议，从目前的蛋白质比例转变为 40/60 的比例，可使饮食中的温室气体排放量减少 29%。这项研究强调，需要有针对性地消费高影响食物，如 UPF 和动物性产品。未来的研究将调查环境和健康影响之间的关系。

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引用次数: 0

Residential water choices: Assessing the willingness to adopt alternative water sources by examining risk perceptions and personal norms in Belgium 居民用水选择：通过研究比利时的风险意识和个人规范，评估采用替代水源的意愿

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Sustainable Production and Consumption

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.10.007

Estefanya Charlotte Vazquez-Casaubon, Veroline Cauberghe

With escalating freshwater scarcity, transformative shifts in infrastructure, technology, and societal attitudes are essential. This study applies Protection Motivation Theory to explore how perceived water scarcity impacts individuals' willingness to reduce tap water consumption and increase the use of alternative sources in households. An online survey (n = 2623) in Belgium assessed acceptance of tap water, rainwater, and recycled greywater for various household activities. Sequential regression analysis examined the influence of threat appraisal, coping appraisal, personal norms, and socio-demographics on this willingness. The results indicate that willingness to conserve tap water is strongly driven by self-efficacy rather than risk appraisal. Conversely, willingness to use rainwater and recycled greywater depends on perceived future water scarcity, perceived self-efficacy, and personal norms. Perceptions of present water scarcity negatively influenced the willingness to use rainwater and recycled greywater, suggesting a boomerang effect. However, future water scarcity perceptions encourage the use of alternative water sources, providing a nuanced perspective. These findings provide valuable insights into the acceptance of alternative water sources and underline the importance of context-specific approaches, enhancing self-efficacy and personal norms to encourage the adoption of alternative water sources for household activities, ensuring effective freshwater conservation.

随着淡水稀缺程度的不断加剧，基础设施、技术和社会态度的转变至关重要。本研究运用保护动机理论来探讨水资源匮乏对个人减少家庭自来水消耗和增加使用替代水源的意愿有何影响。在比利时进行的一项在线调查（n = 2623）评估了各种家庭活动对自来水、雨水和回收中水的接受程度。序列回归分析考察了威胁评估、应对评估、个人规范和社会人口统计对这种意愿的影响。结果表明，节约自来水的意愿主要受自我效能感而非风险评估的影响。相反，使用雨水和回收中水的意愿则取决于对未来缺水状况的感知、自我效能感和个人规范。对当前缺水状况的感知会对使用雨水和回收灰水的意愿产生负面影响，这表明存在回旋效应。然而，对未来水资源短缺的看法鼓励人们使用替代水源，从而提供了一个细致入微的视角。这些研究结果为了解替代水源的接受程度提供了宝贵的见解，并强调了根据具体情况采取相应方法的重要性，提高自我效能和个人规范，以鼓励在家庭活动中采用替代水源，确保有效保护淡水资源。

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引用次数: 0

Global nutrient content embedded in food losses and waste: Identifying the sources and magnitude along the food supply chain 食物损失和浪费中蕴含的全球营养成分：确定食品供应链的来源和规模

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Sustainable Production and Consumption

Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.10.005

Manouk Beuving , Warren C. McNabb , Nick W. Smith

Reducing food losses and waste (FLW) can contribute to improving nutrient availability to meet the nutritional needs of the global population. Identifying foods that contribute most to nutrient content in FLW is crucial for developing effective strategies to reduce FLW. Here, we assessed the current literature for quality and consistency of FLW data, and then evaluated the quantity of nutrients that are wasted as a consequence of FLW, identifying the primary food sources contributing to this on a global scale. Several FLW definitions and quantification methods were identified in the literature, making it difficult to compare FLW data and estimates of nutrient content in FLW between existing studies. The nutrient content in global FLW was determined for 29 nutrients from 99 food commodities with the DELTA Model®, after which the contribution of each food group to the nutrient content of FLW was calculated. An indicator was developed to assess the potential impact of resolving FLW on global nutrient availability. Nutrient content in FLW was highest for phosphorus (69 % of global requirement), tryptophan (62 %), thiamine (61 %), methionine (58 %) and histidine (54 %). For 17 out of 29 nutrients, >40 % of the global requirement was embedded in FLW. Cereals contributed most to nutrient losses, followed by fruits and vegetables. According to the indicator, rice, wheat, vegetables, maize, and milk provided the greatest opportunity for increasing nutrient supply via reduction of FLW, due to the combination of waste rates and nutrient density. Our findings highlight the importance of broadening FLW research beyond food mass to incorporate nutritional aspects as important indicators, and to identify key food items to reduce FLW for the improvement of nutrient availability.

减少食物损失和浪费（FLW）有助于提高营养供应，满足全球人口的营养需求。确定哪些食物对食物损耗和浪费中的营养成分贡献最大，对于制定减少食物损耗和浪费的有效策略至关重要。在此，我们评估了现有文献中 FLW 数据的质量和一致性，然后评估了因 FLW 而浪费的营养素数量，确定了全球范围内造成浪费的主要食物来源。在文献中发现了几种 FLW 定义和量化方法，因此很难比较现有研究中的 FLW 数据和 FLW 中营养素含量的估计值。利用 DELTA Model® 确定了全球 FLW 中 99 种食品中 29 种营养素的含量，然后计算了每种食品对 FLW 营养素含量的贡献。制定了一项指标，以评估解决 FLW 问题对全球营养素供应的潜在影响。在 FLW 中，磷（占全球需求量的 69%）、色氨酸（62%）、硫胺素（61%）、蛋氨酸（58%）和组氨酸（54%）的营养素含量最高。在 29 种营养素中，有 17 种营养素的全球需求量的 40% 来自于 FLW。谷物造成的营养损失最大，其次是水果和蔬菜。根据该指标，大米、小麦、蔬菜、玉米和牛奶由于浪费率和营养密度的综合因素，为通过减少 FLW 来增加营养供应提供了最大的机会。我们的研究结果凸显了扩大食物浪费损失研究的重要性，不仅要研究食物质量，还要将营养方面作为重要指标，并确定减少食物浪费损失的关键食品，以提高营养供应。

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引用次数: 0

Environmental benefits of valorising food waste into bio-based polyols for the production of polyurethane rigid foams 将食物垃圾转化为生物基多元醇用于生产聚氨酯硬质泡沫塑料的环境效益

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Sustainable Production and Consumption

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.029

Zi-Hao Qin , Anda Fridrihsone , Liang Dong , Jin-Hua Mou , Yahui Miao , Lin Zhang , Chunbao Xu , Mikelis Kirpluks , Carol Sze Ki Lin

Under the global pursuit of sustainable development, waste streams are being recognised as renewable feedstocks to produce value-added products. Given this, food waste (FW) was explored to synthesise bio-based polyols to further develop polyurethane rigid foams (PURF). However, relevant environmental aspects are yet to be examined to support this biorefinery scheme as a green and sustainable solution. In this work, we examined the environmental performance associated with the production of PURF using polyols derived from a FW biorefinery scheme by life cycle assessment (LCA). Analysis was first conducted at the polyol level. Different allocation and offset options were examined to configure the LCA model. Based on mass allocation, compared with fossil-based production, the production of FW-derived polyols achieved reductions of 24.30 % and 34.19 % in global warming potential (GWP) and cumulative energy demand (CED), respectively. At the midpoint level, FW-derived polyols had reduced impacts on human carcinogenic toxicity, freshwater eutrophication, and fossil resource scarcity but caused additional burdens on freshwater and marine ecotoxicity. Key environmental hotspots at this level included diethylene glycol, ion exchange resin (epoxidation catalyst), and hydrogen peroxide. The lipid content in FW also played a significant role. It was demonstrated that reducing the use of enzymes for FW hydrolysis to a cost-effective level remarkably mitigated the overall impacts of FW-derived polyol production. At the next level, we examined the production of FW-derived PURF using the obtained polyols. When 70 % of the polyols were replaced with bio-based products, the resultant PURF production achieved a GWP and CED of 5.67 kg CO_2eq and 110.66 MJ/kg, respectively. In general, FW-derived PURF leads to environmental benefits compared to fossil-based ones. However, isocyanate used for foam formulation was the dominant contributor, causing almost two-thirds of the total impacts. The flame retardant also caused considerable impacts. Through the systematic examination of FW-derived polyols and PURF, this study demonstrated that FW-derived PURF could benefit the sustainable development of FW biorefineries and bio-based plastic industries, while the identified environmental hotspots need to be further studied and replaced with greener substitutes.

在全球追求可持续发展的背景下，废物流被认为是生产增值产品的可再生原料。有鉴于此，人们探索用食物垃圾（FW）合成生物基多元醇，以进一步开发聚氨酯硬质泡沫（PURF）。然而，相关的环境问题仍有待研究，以支持这一生物精炼计划成为绿色和可持续的解决方案。在这项工作中，我们通过生命周期评估（LCA）研究了使用从 FW 生物精炼计划中提取的多元醇生产 PURF 的相关环境性能。首先在多元醇层面进行了分析。研究了不同的分配和抵消方案，以配置生命周期评估模型。根据质量分配，与基于化石的生产相比，生产 FW 衍生多元醇的全球升温潜能值 (GWP) 和累积能源需求 (CED) 分别减少了 24.30 % 和 34.19 %。在中点水平上，全脂化学品衍生多元醇减少了对人类致癌毒性、淡水富营养化和化石资源稀缺的影响，但对淡水和海洋生态毒性造成了额外负担。这一层面的主要环境热点包括二甘醇、离子交换树脂（环氧化催化剂）和过氧化氢。FW 中的脂质含量也起着重要作用。研究表明，将用于 FW 水解的酶的使用量降低到具有成本效益的水平，可显著减轻 FW 衍生多元醇生产的总体影响。下一步，我们研究了使用获得的多元醇生产 FW 衍生 PURF 的情况。当 70% 的多元醇被生物基产品取代时，生产出的 PURF 的 GWP 和 CED 分别为 5.67 kg CO2eq 和 110.66 MJ/kg。总的来说，与化石基的 PURF 相比，FW 衍生的 PURF 具有环境效益。然而，泡沫配方中使用的异氰酸酯是主要的影响因素，几乎占总影响的三分之二。阻燃剂也造成了相当大的影响。这项研究通过系统地检查从 FW 提取的多元醇和 PURF，表明从 FW 提取的 PURF 有利于 FW 生物炼油厂和生物基塑料工业的可持续发展，而已确定的环境热点问题需要进一步研究，并用更环保的替代品加以替代。

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引用次数: 0

Global projections of plastic use, end-of-life fate and potential changes in consumption, reduction, recycling and replacement with bioplastics to 2050 到 2050 年全球塑料使用量、报废转归以及在消费、减少、回收和用生物塑料替代方面的潜在变化预测

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Sustainable Production and Consumption

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.025

Monika Dokl , Anja Copot , Damjan Krajnc , Yee Van Fan , Annamaria Vujanović , Kathleen B. Aviso , Raymond R. Tan , Zdravko Kravanja , Lidija Čuček

Excessive production, indiscriminate consumption, and improper disposal of plastics have led to plastic pollution and its hazardous environmental effects. Various approaches to tackle the challenges of reducing the plastic footprint have been developed and applied, such as the production of alternative materials (design for recycling), the production and use of biodegradable plastic and plastics from power-to-X, and the development of recycling approaches. This study proposes an optimisation strategy based on regression to evaluate and predict plastic use and end-of-life fate in the future based on historical trends. The mathematical model is formulated and correlations based on functions of time are developed and optimised by minimising the sum of squared residuals. The plastic quantities up to the year 2050 are projected based on historical trends analysis, and for improved sustainability, projections are additionally based on intervention analyses. The results show that the global use of plastics is expected to increase from 464 Mt in 2020 up to 884 Mt in 2050, with up to 4725 Mt of plastics accumulated in stock in 2050 (from the year 2000). Compared to other available forecasts, a slightly lower level of plastic use and stock are obtained. The intervention analysis estimates a range of global plastics' consumption between 594 Mt and 1018 Mt in 2050 by taking into account its different increment rates (between −1 % and 2.65 %). In the packaging sector, the implementation of reduction targets (15 % reduction in 2040 compared to 2018) could lead to a 27.3 % decrease in plastic use in 2050 as compared to 2018, while achieving recycling targets (55 % in 2030) would recycle >75 % of plastic packaging in 2050. The partial substitution of fossil-based plastics with bioplastics (polyethylene) will require significant land area, between 0.2 × 10⁶ km² for obtaining switchgrass and up to around 1.0 × 10⁶ km² for obtaining forest residue (annual yields of 58.15 t/ha and 3.5 t/ha) in 2050. The intervention analysis shows that proactive policies can mitigate sustainability challenges, however achieving broader sustainability goals also requires reduction of footprints related to energy production and virgin plastic production, the production of bio-based plastics, and the full implementation of recycling initiatives.

塑料的过度生产、任意消费和不当处置导致了塑料污染及其对环境的危害。为应对减少塑料足迹的挑战，人们开发并应用了各种方法，如生产替代材料（循环利用设计）、生产和使用生物降解塑料和 "电转X "塑料，以及开发循环利用方法。本研究提出了一种基于回归的优化策略，根据历史趋势评估和预测未来塑料的使用和报废情况。通过最小化残差平方和，建立了数学模型和基于时间函数的相关性，并对其进行了优化。根据历史趋势分析预测了到 2050 年的塑料数量，为了提高可持续性，还根据干预分析进行了预测。结果显示，全球塑料使用量预计将从 2020 年的 4.64 亿吨增加到 2050 年的 8.84 亿吨，2050 年的塑料库存量将达到 4.725 亿吨（从 2000 年算起）。与其他现有预测相比，塑料使用量和库存量略低。考虑到不同的增长率（-1 % 到 2.65 %），干预分析估计 2050 年全球塑料消费量在 5.94 亿吨到 1.018 亿吨之间。在包装领域，实施减量目标（2040 年比 2018 年减少 15%）可使 2050 年的塑料使用量比 2018 年减少 27.3%，而实现回收目标（2030 年达到 55%）则可在 2050 年回收 75% 的塑料包装。到 2050 年，用生物塑料（聚乙烯）部分替代化石基塑料将需要大量的土地面积，获取开关草的土地面积在 0.2 × 106 平方公里之间，获取森林残留物的土地面积高达约 1.0 × 106 平方公里（年产量分别为 58.15 吨/公顷和 3.5 吨/公顷）。干预分析表明，积极的政策可以缓解可持续性挑战，但要实现更广泛的可持续性目标，还需要减少与能源生产和原始塑料生产、生物基塑料生产相关的足迹，并全面实施回收措施。

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引用次数: 0

What should be understood to promote environmentally sustainable diets? 如何理解促进环境可持续饮食？

IF 10.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Sustainable Production and Consumption

Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.10.001

Yinglei Wu , Kiyo Kurisu , Kensuke Fukushi

An environmentally sustainable diet plays an increasingly significant role in reducing environmental impacts from the consumer side. The prominent environmentally sustainable dietary choices that have been discussed in recent years include organic food, local seasonal food, protein alternatives, plant-based diets, sustainable packaging, sustainable cooking, sustainable storage, and food waste reduction. However, the majority of related studies have focused on only one single environmentally sustainable dietary choice, and comprehensive considerations of the environmental impacts, psychological factors, and practices related to different dietary choices are still limited. Thus, we take a broad perspective on this issue and aim to provide a theoretical foundation for policy makers and consumers to make environmentally friendly choices. This review aims to answer the following three questions: (1) Which dietary choices result in lower environmental burdens than conventional diets? (2) How do psychosocial factors influence environmentally sustainable dietary choices? (3) What interventions are effective in changing consumers' dietary choices? The results showed that there is a gap between the actual and perceived environmental impacts of dietary choices, including organic food, local seasonal food and food packages. Although transitioning from a meat-based diet to a plant-based one, reducing food waste, and adopting efficient cooking methods can bring considerable environmental benefits, barriers such as inconvenience, price, and neophobia significantly hinder behavior changes. Besides, the influence of environmental concern on most environmentally sustainable diets is weak, whereas health concern plays a significant role. In practice, a long-term change in dietary structure could be achieved by addressing cultural barriers and social norms, through the cooperation of governments, retailers, food producers, and consumers.

环境可持续饮食在减少消费者对环境的影响方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。近年来讨论的突出的环境可持续饮食选择包括有机食品、当地时令食品、蛋白质替代品、植物性饮食、可持续包装、可持续烹饪、可持续储存和减少食物浪费。然而，大多数相关研究只关注单一的环境可持续膳食选择，对不同膳食选择的环境影响、心理因素和相关做法的综合考虑仍然有限。因此，我们从广阔的视角来看待这一问题，旨在为政策制定者和消费者做出环境友好型选择提供理论基础。本综述旨在回答以下三个问题：(1) 与传统饮食相比，哪些饮食选择会降低环境负担？ (2) 社会心理因素如何影响环境可持续饮食选择？(3) 哪些干预措施能有效改变消费者的饮食选择？研究结果表明，膳食选择（包括有机食品、当地时令食品和食品包装）对环境的实际影响和感知影响之间存在差距。虽然从肉类饮食过渡到植物饮食、减少食物浪费和采用高效烹饪方法能带来可观的环境效益，但不便、价格和恐新症等障碍极大地阻碍了行为改变。此外，环境因素对大多数环境可持续饮食的影响较弱，而健康因素则起着重要作用。实际上，通过政府、零售商、食品生产商和消费者的合作，解决文化障碍和社会规范问题，可以实现膳食结构的长期改变。

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引用次数: 0