Journal of Hydrology-Regional Studies最新文献

{"title":"Spatiotemporal evolution of permafrost deformation and active layer thickness in the eastern Qilian Mountains based on an enhanced multi-temporal InSAR","authors":"Hongyu Zhou ,&nbsp;Guanjun Wei ,&nbsp;Yuncong Zhu ,&nbsp;Xiying Dou","doi":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Study region</h3><div>The eastern Qilian Mountains, located on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, span elevations from ∼2600 to 5300 m around the Menyuan area. It is characterized by cold, alpine climatic conditions and hosts both permafrost and seasonally frozen ground, which are highly sensitive to climate change and have important hydrological and ecological implications.</div></div><div><h3>Study focus</h3><div>This study develops an enhanced multi-temporal InSAR framework to monitor frozen ground dynamics in the eastern Qilian Mountains using Sentinel-1 data from 2014 to 2024, with a particular focus on the permafrost–seasonally frozen ground transition zone around Menyuan. It addresses key challenges in permafrost monitoring by implementing a co-seismic deformation separation model, a Common Scene Stack (CSS)-based atmospheric correction method, and a time-series decomposition model with linearly varying annual amplitude to capture evolving freeze-thaw behavior under climate change.</div></div><div><h3>New hydrological insights for the region</h3><div>The results reveal clear hydrological and thermal contrasts between permafrost and seasonally frozen ground. Seasonally frozen ground exhibits higher seasonal deformation amplitudes, more rapid interannual changes, and shorter thermal response lags compared to permafrost, reflecting its more dynamic hydrothermal regime. The estimated freeze-thaw layer thickness ranges from 0 to 5.3 m, with thinning trends in seasonally frozen ground at lower elevations and slight thickening of active layers in high-elevation permafrost. These findings highlight ongoing frozen ground degradation and provide new insights into subsurface water-energy interactions and long-term cryospheric responses to climate warming in alpine environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology-Regional Studies","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 103151"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multidimensional assessment framework for water resources allocation","authors":"Chen Niu,&nbsp;Jianxia Chang,&nbsp;Yimin Wang,&nbsp;Aijun Guo,&nbsp;Xuebin Wang,&nbsp;Xuejiao Meng,&nbsp;Zhehao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Study region</h3><div>The Yellow River Basin (YRB) in China.</div></div><div><h3>Study focus</h3><div>Efficient, equilibrial, and sustainable water allocation is essential for socio-economic development and ecological stability, especially in water-scarce regions. This study proposes a multidimensional assessment framework integrating development efficiency, spatial equilibrium, and temporal sustainability. Efficiency and equilibrium indicators, based on population, GDP, irrigable farmland, and urbanization, reflect regional development levels and disparities. The sustainability indicator, coupling water supply utility with the theory of sustainable orientation, assesses long-term stability across six dimensions: existence, effectiveness, freedom, adaptability, security, and coexistence.</div></div><div><h3>New hydrological insights for the region</h3><div>The evaluation results of water allocation schemes under different scenarios in the YRB demonstrate that the framework can identify and reflect the impacts of changing conditions on water allocation, showing strong stability and sensitivity. The development efficiency, spatial equilibrium, and temporal sustainability exhibit dynamic relationships, without absolute trade-offs or synergies. Increasing water availability can effectively improve development efficiency and temporal sustainability, albeit with a slight reduction in spatial equilibrium. In contrast, blindly raising in-stream ecological water use under scarcity can significantly reduce development efficiency. Adjusting industrial (water use) structure and improving water use efficiency are key to achieving efficient, equilibrial, and sustainable basin development. The framework holds broad potential for application in water-scarce basins worldwide, supporting more balanced and resilient water resource management across diverse socio-economic and ecological contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology-Regional Studies","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 103170"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From risk to resilience: Quantifying water security through reliability and robustness analysis with simulation–optimization framework","authors":"Chia-Wen Wu ,&nbsp;Frederick N.-F. Chou ,&nbsp;Dawn Brady","doi":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103144","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103144","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Study Region</h3><div>Taiwan’s six major municipalities face pronounced wet–dry seasonal contrasts and rely heavily on monsoon-driven inflows to sustain year-round supply. Despite high annual precipitation, the uneven temporal distribution, concentration of storage in a few key reservoirs, and the strong role of agricultural withdrawals create recurrent drought risks. These conditions make the region an effective setting for operationalizing water-security assessment.</div></div><div><h3>Study Focus</h3><div>Water security has been widely framed from a global or continental perspective, but applying this broad concept to regional-scale drought management requires more operational clarity. This study develops a context-sensitive analytical framework to address this need. Building on Hashimoto’s (1982) concepts, two indicators are formulated—annual reliability based on sector-specific tolerance thresholds and the maximum annual deficit in percent-days. An integrated simulation–optimization model is developed to quantify these indices, explicitly representing policy-driven allocation priorities.</div></div><div><h3><strong>New Hydrological Insights for the Region</strong></h3><div>Results reveal prototypical spatial patterns: frequent but manageable shortages in the north, rare but severe deficits in central Taiwan, and both frequent and severe events in the south. The framework also identifies conditions under which optimal management fails and quantifies the backup water required for drought resilience in reservoir-dependent regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology-Regional Studies","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 103144"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic assessment of drought disaster risk based on maize growth stages in Northeast China","authors":"Zhang Jiani ,&nbsp;Han Yang ,&nbsp;Liu Zhuxin,&nbsp;Lu Ruohan,&nbsp;Huang Xinning","doi":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103135","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103135","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Study region</h3><div>The maize-producing region of Changchun and Siping in Jilin Province, Northeast China.</div></div><div><h3>Study focus</h3><div>This study developed a dynamic, growth-stage-specific drought risk assessment framework for maize. We integrated multi-source remote sensing data to monitor drought via the Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI) during the 2018 extreme drought and constructed a comprehensive risk model incorporating hazard, vulnerability, exposure, and emergency response &amp; recovery capability.</div></div><div><h3>New hydrological insights for the region</h3><div>The drought risk was driven more by socio-agricultural exposure factors (maize planting area, agricultural population) than by the immediate climatic hazard (TVDI), revealing the region's inherent vulnerability due to its intensive farming system. Spatially, risk peaked during the early growth stages and exhibited an east-west gradient. River network density emerged as the most critical factor enhancing emergency response capacity, underscoring the vital role of surface water availability and irrigation infrastructure in modulating drought impacts. This stage-specific, multi-dimensional assessment shifts the perspective from tracking drought events to diagnosing composite risk landscapes, providing a targeted scientific basis for precision drought mitigation and climate-resilient agricultural planning in this vital grain-producing region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology-Regional Studies","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 103135"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A rapid flood inundation integrated surrogate model based on a CNN-LSTM-ATT deep learning framework","authors":"Xingyu Feng ,&nbsp;Kairong Lin ,&nbsp;Luwen Zhuang ,&nbsp;Yuanhao Xu ,&nbsp;Tongfang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Study region:</h3><div>The Pajiang River Basin, China</div></div><div><h3>Study focus:</h3><div>The Pajiang River Basin is characterized by scarce hydrological data and frequent flash flood events, requiring efficient simulation for timely prediction and effective mitigation. To address these challenges, this study develops a rapid flood inundation integrated surrogate model (ISM) that incorporates physical-based hydrological-hydrodynamic models with deep learning algorithms. The ISM includes an improved TOPMODEL (3S-TOPMODEL), the LISFLOOD-FP hydrodynamic model, and a CNN-LSTM-Attention (CNN-LSTM-ATT) deep learning framework.</div></div><div><h3>New hydrological insights for the region:</h3><div>The 3S-TOPMODEL simulates interactions between surface water, soil water, and groundwater. It demonstrates better performance than the traditional TOPMODEL in calibration and validation, particularly for peak flows. The hydrological-hydrodynamic module of the ISM, which couples 3S-TOPMODEL with LISFLOOD-FP, achieves high accuracy in predicting flood depth and extent in the Pajiang River Basin. The CNN-LSTM-ATT algorithm is embedded within the ISM, accelerating flood simulations by reducing computational time from approximately one hour to just 5.4–6.79 s. Compared with baseline models (CNN-LSTM and 3D-CNN), CNN-LSTM-ATT provides higher accuracy, improved spatial generalization, and greater robustness, maintaining superior performance even with limited training data. Overall, the ISM provides both mechanistic hydrological understanding and a high-speed, reliable tool for real-time flood forecasting, supporting effective flood risk management and decision-making in the Pajiang River Basin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology-Regional Studies","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 103166"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discharge-based classifications of spatio-temporal patterns of potentially gaining and losing subcatchments in the Bode River catchment, Central Germany","authors":"Chao Lei ,&nbsp;Stefano Basso ,&nbsp;Matthew J. Cohen ,&nbsp;Andreas Musolff ,&nbsp;Larisa Tarasova ,&nbsp;Christian Schmidt","doi":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Study Region</h3><div>Bode River catchment in Central Germany</div></div><div><h3>Study Focus</h3><div>Streamflow shortages driven by low runoff yield and water losses from streams to groundwater are gaining attention amid rising water demand and climate change, which threaten ecosystems and water security. To identify the former phenomena at the subcatchment scale, we present a transferable conceptual approach that classifies subcatchments as high-yield (potentially gaining hotspots) or low-yield (potentially losing hotspots) based on whether their specific discharge exceeds or falls below the catchment average. The method is tested on 18 gauged subcatchments of the Bode River catchment in Central Germany across long-term, annual, and monthly timescales.</div></div><div><h3>New Hydrological Insights for the Region</h3><div>Lowland agricultural subcatchments are predominantly low-yield at the long-term scale, whereas mountainous forested/seminatural subcatchments are mainly high-yield. Comparison with a well-established water balance approach confirms the method’s ability to identify potentially gaining and losing hotspots while reducing uncertainty, as it relies solely on observed discharge rather than precipitation and evapotranspiration data, which are often uncertain. Seasonal analysis reveals dynamic transitions between yield states that the water balance method cannot capture: high-yield subcatchments tend to shift to low-yield in summer, while low-yield subcatchments show higher relative discharge during the same period. Annual analyses also indicate that high-yield mountainous subcatchments are more resilient to prolonged dry conditions. This study provides a proof-of-concept for a simple and transferable approach, which relies on discharge observations only to obtain spatially and temporally differentiated insights into water yield and potentially gaining and losing conditions across gauged catchments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology-Regional Studies","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 103161"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated multi-objective model predictive control framework for cascaded open-channel systems with multi-source lateral inflows","authors":"Xiaohua Li ,&nbsp;Guanghua Guan ,&nbsp;Yufeng Luo ,&nbsp;Raziyeh Farmani","doi":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Study region</h3><div>Terminal ten cascaded pools of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (MR-SNWD), China, with lateral inflows from along-route reservoirs.</div></div><div><h3>Study focus</h3><div>Reliable water delivery in terminal canal reaches is challenged by demand fluctuations and lateral inflows acting under wave-propagation delays. To address timing and allocation mismatches, we propose a control-oriented Multi-source Lateral Inflow Integrator–Delay (MLI-ID) model that treats the main inflow and each lateral inflow as independent delayed inputs. Building on MLI-ID, a Lateral Inflow Feedforward Guided MPC (LIFG-MPC) framework embeds multi-objective lateral inflow allocation—operation performance, demand satisfaction, and source allocation—into rolling-horizon control, supported by a radar chart–based integration index for real-time compromise selection.</div></div><div><h3>New hydrological insights for the regions</h3><div>Coordinated regulation of multi-source lateral inflows markedly improves water-level regulation and increases supply reliability across varying demand scenarios in the terminal reach. The results reveal a capacity–delay controlled mechanism: along-route reservoirs function as fast-response buffers that can absorb incremental demand within their combined supply capacity, whereas exceedance of this capacity shifts the system’s dependence toward upstream releases whose longer propagation delays restrict timely compensation and define a practical reliability boundary for regional water delivery. These findings underscore that explicitly accounting for multi-source inflow delays and allocation–control coupling is essential for stable operation of cascaded open-channel systems in the MR-SNWD and similar regulated transfer canals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology-Regional Studies","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 103164"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vegetation-driven evapotranspiration enhancements modulate the climate in the Nile River basin","authors":"Samuale Tesfaye ,&nbsp;Gebeyehu Taye ,&nbsp;Dirk Hölscher","doi":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Study region</h3><div>Nile River basin (NRB), Northeastern Africa.</div></div><div><h3>Study focus</h3><div>Despite substantial recent vegetation changes in the NRB, their influence on local temperature and precipitation remains uncertain, limiting effective climate adaptation, land management, and water-resource planning in this region. This study examines how vegetation dynamics affect regional climate and the biogeophysical mechanisms driving vegetation–climate feedbacks from 1982 to 2020 using the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2), combined with long-term remote sensing data and a regression model capturing bidirectional interactions between leaf area index (LAI) and climate variables.</div></div><div><h3>New hydrological insights for the region</h3><div>About 54 % of the basin’s vegetated areas show significant increases in LAI. In most regions, enhanced vegetation density exerts a cooling effect through increased evapotranspiration, reducing temperature across 43 % of vegetated land, particularly in forest- and shrub-dominated areas. However, in high-elevation regions of Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda, vegetation induced surface warming effect by reducing albedo and enhancing solar energy absorption. Overall, vegetation change contributes to a net basin cooling of 0.02 ± 0.006 °C per decade, offsetting 9.5 ± 2.9 % of NRB warming over 39 years. Impacts on precipitation are weak and spatially inconsistent, with only semi-arid regions showing slight positive feedback. Seasonal variability is strong, evapotranspiration-driven cooling and positive precipitation responses dominate June–September and October–January, whereas radiative warming and negative precipitation responses prevail from February–May. Non-radiative processes are the primary drivers of climate responses to vegetation change. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating vegetation dynamics into climate mitigation, adaptation strategies, and model refinement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology-Regional Studies","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 103152"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Downstream fining and rounding in sand-bed river and its significance: A case study from the Ganjiang River, China","authors":"Fangen Hu ,&nbsp;Xia Xiao ,&nbsp;Yanjun Che ,&nbsp;Qingbin Fan ,&nbsp;Yun Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Study region</h3><div>The Ganjiang River in southern China.</div></div><div><h3>Study focus</h3><div>The ubiquitous pattern and mechanisms of downstream fining and rounding of sediments in gravel-bed rivers is well studied. However, little is known about these processes in sand-bed rivers. In this study, 37 river sand, 25 beach sand, and 17 dune sands samples across a 625 km transect from source to sink were analyzed, by dynamic image technique, and geochemical elements, to investigate the downstream evolution of particle size and shape in different sand fractions in a sand-bed river.</div></div><div><h3>New hydrological insights for the region</h3><div>Our results reveal that medium sand fractions and bulk samples gradually become rounder and finer with downstream distance, whereas fine sand fractions transported in suspension display no significant downstream trend. The medium sand fraction exhibits a much smaller diameter reduction rate, but a roughly equal shape improvement rate compared to the bulk samples. This indicates that abrasion dominates shape evolution and hydraulic sorting plays a key role in downstream fining. In addition, abrupt changes of the sediments in particle shape from source to sink demonstrate the occurrence of aeolian-fluvial interaction processes along the Poyang Lake, which significantly improved particle shape of beach sand. These findings have significant implications for predicting the downstream evolution of sediments, and utilizing particle size and shape to aid in paleoenvironment reconstruction and source area constraints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology-Regional Studies","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 103156"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on regional nonlinear seepage flow combining indoor tests and numerical simulation","authors":"Yanrong Zhao ,&nbsp;Haonan Wang ,&nbsp;Jinguo Wang ,&nbsp;Yikai Yang ,&nbsp;Xiaosong Dong ,&nbsp;Zhiheng Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Study region</h3><div>The Xixiayuan area on the northern bank of the Yellow River in Luoyang, Henan Province, China, is characterized by a typical riverbank dual-structure aquifer system with high permeability. The Yellow River boundary water level is elevated, resulting in strong inward recharge within the region.</div></div><div><h3>Study focus</h3><div>In seepage analysis and modelling, the influence of non-Darcy effects cannot be neglected. However, most seepage problems are still directly simplified as linear flow, which can lead to substantial errors. In this study, a local-scale physical model test is used to investigate nonlinear seepage behaviour at the local scale, and two parameters are proposed to identify flow regime transitions: the nonlinear hydraulic conductivity <em>K</em>_<em>F</em> and the non-Darcy effect parameter <em>δ</em>, which quantifies the degree of nonlinearity. To further assess the impact of nonlinear seepage on regional-scale groundwater level distribution, a nonlinear partial differential governing equation is derived from the Forchheimer equation. A numerical simulation code is then developed to model the nonlinear seepage field at the regional scale; it directly uses parameters obtained from indoor tests without additional adjustment of fluid or medium properties, thereby avoiding secondary parameter tuning. These findings provide a new approach for mechanistic investigation and numerical simulation of similar nonlinear seepage fields.</div></div><div><h3>New hydrological insights for the region</h3><div>Field sampling were used to investigate the nonlinear seepage behaviour of the sand–gravel medium at the local scale. Analysis of the test data and parameter <em>K</em>_<em>F</em> trends shows that, owing to the granular structure of the sand–gravel deposits, seepage within the porous matrix tends to become nonlinear even at relatively low seepage velocities. Building on these results, a regional seepage field was simulated numerically. Using field observations as the benchmark, the independently developed regional-scale nonlinear seepage model reproduces the actual seepage conditions more accurately than a conventional linear model, reducing inflow prediction errors by approximately 40 % and producing maximum hydraulic gradients along the excavation slope that are about 16 % higher. These results have practical implications for hydraulic design in riverbank engineering and for preventing and mitigating seepage-induced failures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology-Regional Studies","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 103157"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}