Biology-Basel最新文献

In addition to pure-tone audiometry tests and electrophysiological tests, a comprehensive hearing evaluation includes assessing a subject's ability to understand speech in quiet and in noise. In fact, speech audiometry tests are commonly used in clinical practice; however, they are time-consuming as they require manual scoring by a hearing professional. To address this issue, we developed an automated speech recognition (ASR) system for scoring subject responses at the phonetic level. The ASR was built using a deep neural network and trained with pre-recorded French speech materials: Lafon's cochlear lists and Dodelé logatoms. Next, we tested the performance and reliability of the ASR in clinical settings with both normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners. Our findings indicate that the ASR's performance is statistically similar to manual scoring by expert hearing professionals, both in quiet and in noisy conditions. Moreover, the test-retest reliability of the automated scoring closely matches that of manual scoring. Together, our results validate the use of this deep neural network in both clinical and research contexts for conducting speech audiometry tests in quiet and in noise.

The spread of non-native species plays a substantial role in the designation of a species as invasive, yet the determination and measurement of non-native-species spread is challenging, particularly for fishes, which are limited by aquatic connectivity. Spread has been quantified for fishes in a variety of ways and exact methods vary by region and taxonomic group. In this study, we quantified fish spread in peninsular Florida and used life history traits to understand what factors contribute to the rate at which fish species spread. Using a variety of statistical analyses, we found that fast spreaders in peninsular Florida tend to have a larger body size, narrow diet, shorter time to hatch, greater salinity tolerance, and higher fecundity. However, some variables like parental care, egg diameter, and reproductive guild were the same or very similar across all established species that were included in the analyses. Predicting whether an established species will spread quickly or slowly in Florida may be more challenging than predicting whether an introduced fish species will establish, yet there is support across regions for the use of life history traits in the risk assessment process.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized vesicles that are secreted by all cells into the extracellular space. EVs are involved in cell-to-cell communication and can be found in different bodily fluids (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, sputum, and urine), tissues, and in circulation; the composition of EVs reflects the physiological condition of the releasing cell. The ability to use EVs from bodily fluids for minimally invasive detection to monitor diseases makes them an attractive target. EVs carry a snapshot of the releasing cell's internal state, and they can serve as powerful biomarkers for diagnosing diseases. EVs also play a role in the body's immune and pathogen detection responses. Pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, can exploit EVs to enhance their survival and spread and to evade detection by the immune system. Changes in the number or contents of EVs can signal the presence of an infection, offering a potential avenue for developing new diagnostic methods for infectious diseases. Ongoing research in this area aims to address current challenges and the potential of EVs as biomarkers in diagnosing a range of diseases, including infections and infectious diseases. There is limited literature on the development of EVs as diagnostic biomarkers for infectious diseases using existing molecular biology approaches. We aim to address this gap by reviewing recent EV-related investigations in infectious disease studies.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of the supplemental plant-based blend Phyto AquaNity (PAN) on growth, profitability and health status of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) cultured in hapas. Juvenile fish of average weight 73 g were stocked in 2-m³ hapas in triplicates at a density of 20 fish m^-3 (40 fish hapa^-1). Four extruded diets were formulated following isonitrogenous (30% CP), isoenergetic (17 MJ kg^-1) standards, with incorporation levels of 0, 0.25, 0.50, or 1.00 g of PAN kg^-1 diet. Fish were fed the experimental diets at a daily rate of 2-3% of their body weight (BW) over 80 days. From this study, results showed that growth performance and tissue composition were not significantly impacted by these treatments. Feed intake exhibited a significant reduction while feed efficiency was improved in the groups fed 0.5 g kg^-1. Diets supplemented with PAN were also more profitable than the control diet, with 0.5 g kg^-1 indicating the highest return (9.24% increase). Digestive enzyme activity and hepatic enzyme activity were significantly improved with an increase in the level of PAN up to 0.50 g kg^-1. In addition, immune parameters (lysozyme activity, alternative complement and phagocytic cells) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) were significantly enhanced with increasing PAN level up to 0.5 g kg^-1 (p < 0.05). Gene expression of cytokines was also upregulated in fish fed with PAN at levels of up to 0.5 g kg^-1 (p < 0.05). Moreover, the results showed that higher levels of PAN promoted the growth of beneficial bacteria while reducing the load of pathogenic bacteria. Additionally, intestinal fold length and goblet cell count were significantly increased in the group fed PAN up to 0.5 g kg^-1. A quadratic regression analyses performed on feed efficiency, profitability, hepatic enzyme activity and gut microbial load revealed that 0.60-0.65 g kg^-1 of feed were the optimal dosages. Regarding immunological and antioxidant responses, the optimal dosages ranged between 0.75 and 0.85 g kg^-1. Overall, about 0.60-0.85 g PAN kg^-1 feed is suggested for optimum performance, profitability, gut health and overall health status of Nile tilapia, depending on the target objective for which this product is added.

The Wnt/β-catenin pathway takes part in important cellular processes in tumor cells, such as gene expression, adhesion, and survival. The canonical pathway is activated in several tumors, and β-catenin is its major effector. The union of Wnt to the co-receptor complex causes the inhibition of GSK3β activity, thus preventing the phosphorylation and degradation of β-catenin, which accumulates in the cytoplasm, to subsequently be transported to the nucleus to associate with transcription factors. The relationship between Wnt/β-catenin and DNA damage/repair mechanisms has been a focus for the last few years. Studying the Wnt/β-catenin network interactions with DNA damage/repair proteins has become a successful research field. This review provides an overview of the participation of Wnt/β-catenin in DNA damage/repair mechanisms and their future implications as targets for cancer therapy.

Zooplankton, as an important component of mountain river ecosystems, play a crucial role in the cycling of matter and the flow of energy. However, the depth and systematic research on the formation mechanisms and influencing factors of zooplankton communities in mountain streams are poorly understood. Here, we conducted field sampling and investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of the zooplankton community structure and the major environmental factors in mountain streams to explore the principles underlying their effects on the zooplankton community. The results showed that zooplankton community structure exhibited significant seasonal variations. Rotifera and Cladocera were the dominant groups, with Rotifera dominant in warm weather and Cladocera dominant in February. The analysis revealed that temperature and trace elements are the main factors affecting zooplankton diversity. Our model explained 46.50% of the variation in zooplankton through temperature, water properties, nutrients, and trace elements. The results highlighted that temperature acted directly on the zooplankton community and also exhibited indirect and negative effects on zooplankton diversities through altering trace elements. Trace element variables had a significant impact on zooplankton community distribution. Our study systematically quantified these relationships, providing insights into the ecological processes of mountain streams and offering a scientific basis for the ecological protection of mountain streams.

Figs are an edible and medicinal plant rich in polyphenols and flavonoids with unique pharmacological effects. However, the mechanism of flavonoid synthesis in figs is not clear. In this study, fig fruits of six varieties were collected for RNA sequencing and UPLC-MS data collection. The results showed that a total of 39 differential metabolites were identified by targeted metabolomics, and their contents were determined by UPLC-MS. The clustered heat map analysis showed that most of the differential metabolites were highly accumulated in BRD and FY. A total of 62 flavonoid biosynthesis pathway genes were identified by transcriptome analysis, and FcCHS, FcCHI, FcFLS, FcCYP, and FcDFR were the key genes identified for the accumulation of flavonoids and flavonols in the dark-colored varieties. In addition, a total of 1671 transcription factor genes, mainly MYBs, bHLHs, and AP2/ERFs, were identified. This study will enrich the transcriptomic data of figs and provide some help in resolving the synthesis mechanism of fig flavonoids.

Batch-to-batch reproducibility and robust quality assessment are crucial for producing cell-free biologics, such as conditioned medium (CM) derived from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). This study investigated the effects of freezing CM at -80 °C prior to concentration, a step that could occur in large scale pipelines, compared to freshly processed CM. Quality assessment included total protein quantification; extracellular vesicle evaluation using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and cytofluorimetry; and biochemical analysis using Raman spectroscopy. The freezing process resulted in a 34% reduction in total protein content, as confirmed for selected bioactive mediators, and significant depletion of specific particle types, particularly larger ones. Interestingly, the total particle concentration and polydispersity remained stable. Alterations in Raman spectra highlighted changes in protein, lipid, and nucleic acid content. These findings demonstrate that even routine steps like freezing can alter CM composition, likely due to temperature-induced structural changes in biological molecules. Careful consideration of pre- and intra-processing handling temperatures is critical for preserving the integrity of CM and ensuring consistent quality. This study emphasizes the importance of refining manufacturing protocols in the production of cell-free biologics.

In order to examine the seasonal variations in the morphological characteristics and diet of Mactra veneriformis in the Northern Yellow River Delta's intertidal zone and provide a scientific basis for its resource conservation and population restoration, tested clams were collected in four consecutive seasons from summer of 2022 to spring of 2023. Morphological traits were measured, and the DNA of the stomach contents was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing. The tidal differences and seasonal variations in the northern habitat of the Yellow River Estuary significantly affect the morphological characteristics and growth of M. veneriformis. Among the four seasons, significant differences in the morphological characteristics of M. veneriformis were observed between the middle-tide and low-tide zones (p < 0.05). In both middle-tide and low-tide zones, the morphological characteristics and body wet weight of M. veneriformis in winter were significantly higher than those in other seasons (p < 0.05). Moreover, the morphological characteristics of M. veneriformis were extremely significantly influenced by the interaction between tide and season (two-way interaction, p < 0.001). In all seasons, M. veneriformis in the middle- and low-tide zones exhibited positive allometric growth. While there was no significant difference in the stomach content between the spring and summer samples in the same tidal zone (p > 0.05), there was a significant difference between the middle- and low-tide samples in winter (p < 0.05). This suggests that seasonal variations, rather than tidal differences, had a larger impact on the diet of M. veneriformis in the northern Yellow River estuary and that feeding differences may be related to changes in environmental factors, such as temperature. The findings of this study provide initial insights into the feeding ecology of M. veneriformis and offer a scientific foundation for the conservation and management of its resources.

Albizia odoratissima (L. f.) Benth. is a highly valuable tree species, both economically and ecologically. It has great potential for development. To conserve, develop, and use its genetic resources sustainably, it is crucial to evaluate the potential habitat of A. odoratissima and identify the key environmental factors that affect its distribution. In this study, the Biomod2 model was used to predict the potential distribution of A. odoratissima in China, using 65 occurrence points and 11 environmental variables for both current and future climate scenarios. The distribution of A. odoratissima is mainly influenced by three temperature-related factors: bio4, bio8, and bio11. Our prediction shows that the suitable habitats for A. odoratissima are mostly located in several southern provinces of China, totaling 136.98 × 10⁴ km². Under different climate scenarios, the suitable habitat area is expected to shift northward in the future, although the highly suitable areas will remain relatively stable. These findings have important implications for the conservation, development, and sustainable utilization of A. odoratissima resources.