While novel and conventional metaphor comprehension has received much attention in the monolingual context, thus far little electrophysiological research has been conducted with a view to examining how bilingual speakers process metaphors in their non-native language (L2) as well as how L2 proficiency level might modulate such processes. The present study aims to investigate the electrophysiological correlates of novel and conventional metaphor comprehension in intermediate and advanced Chinese-English bilingual speakers. The participants performed a semantic decision task to English (L2) novel metaphoric, conventional metaphoric, literal, and anomalous word pairs. The results showed a graded N400 effect from literal utterances, to conventional metaphors, novel metaphors, and finally to anomalous utterances in both groups of participants, indicating that both types of metaphors were more cognitively taxing than literal utterances, irrespectively of L2 proficiency level. Additionally, between-group differences that were irrespective of utterance type were found in the N400 time frame, indicating more extended lexico-semantic access in the intermediate relative to the advanced group. Finally, in both groups of participants, an anterior sustained negativity was found in response to anomalous, novel metaphoric, and conventional metaphoric word pairs, thus suggesting a continuing difficulty of meaning integration.
{"title":"Electrophysiological insights into the role of proficiency in bilingual novel and conventional metaphor processing","authors":"Xin Wang, Katarzyna Jankowiak","doi":"10.1075/LAB.20051.WAN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LAB.20051.WAN","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000While novel and conventional metaphor comprehension has received much attention in the monolingual context, thus far little electrophysiological research has been conducted with a view to examining how bilingual speakers process metaphors in their non-native language (L2) as well as how L2 proficiency level might modulate such processes. The present study aims to investigate the electrophysiological correlates of novel and conventional metaphor comprehension in intermediate and advanced Chinese-English bilingual speakers. The participants performed a semantic decision task to English (L2) novel metaphoric, conventional metaphoric, literal, and anomalous word pairs. The results showed a graded N400 effect from literal utterances, to conventional metaphors, novel metaphors, and finally to anomalous utterances in both groups of participants, indicating that both types of metaphors were more cognitively taxing than literal utterances, irrespectively of L2 proficiency level. Additionally, between-group differences that were irrespective of utterance type were found in the N400 time frame, indicating more extended lexico-semantic access in the intermediate relative to the advanced group. Finally, in both groups of participants, an anterior sustained negativity was found in response to anomalous, novel metaphoric, and conventional metaphoric word pairs, thus suggesting a continuing difficulty of meaning integration.","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41631553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper discusses possible attrition of verb second (V2) word order in Norwegian heritage language by investigating a corpus of spontaneous speech produced by 50 2nd–4th generation heritage speakers in North America. The study confirms previous findings that V2 word order is generally stable in heritage situations, but nevertheless finds approximately 10% V2 violations. The cases of non-V2 word order are argued to be due to lack of activation of the heritage language grammar, making it vulnerable to crosslinguistic influence from the speakers’ dominant language. This crosslinguistic influence does not simply replace V2 by non-V2, but is argued to operate more indirectly, affecting (a) the distribution of contexts for V2 word order, and (b) introducing two new distinctions into the heritage language, one (indirectly) based on a similar distinction in the dominant language (a difference between adverbs and negation with respect to verb movement), the other based on frequency of initial elements triggering V2 in non-subject-initial declaratives. Together, these findings also indicate that crosslinguistic influence affects different contexts of V2 differently, providing support for analyses that treat V2 word order as the result of many smaller rules.
{"title":"Variable V2 in Norwegian heritage language","authors":"Marit Westergaard, Terje Lohndal, Björn Lundquist","doi":"10.1075/LAB.20076.WES","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LAB.20076.WES","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper discusses possible attrition of verb second (V2) word order in Norwegian heritage language by investigating a corpus of spontaneous speech produced by 50 2nd–4th generation heritage speakers in North America. The study confirms previous findings that V2 word order is generally stable in heritage situations, but nevertheless finds approximately 10% V2 violations. The cases of non-V2 word order are argued to be due to lack of activation of the heritage language grammar, making it vulnerable to crosslinguistic influence from the speakers’ dominant language. This crosslinguistic influence does not simply replace V2 by non-V2, but is argued to operate more indirectly, affecting (a) the distribution of contexts for V2 word order, and (b) introducing two new distinctions into the heritage language, one (indirectly) based on a similar distinction in the dominant language (a difference between adverbs and negation with respect to verb movement), the other based on frequency of initial elements triggering V2 in non-subject-initial declaratives. Together, these findings also indicate that crosslinguistic influence affects different contexts of V2 differently, providing support for analyses that treat V2 word order as the result of many smaller rules.","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44498661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sound patterns in heritage languages are often highly variable, potentially with influences from majority languages. Yet, the core phonological system of the heritage language tends to remain stable. This article considers variation in the phonetic and phonological patterns of /r/ in American Norwegian heritage language speakers from neighboring communities in western Wisconsin, in the Upper Midwestern United States. Drawing on acoustic data from speakers born between 1879 and 1957, I examine the distribution of four rhotic allophones, including an English-like approximant, over time. These data reveal an increase of approximants that is structured within the Norwegian phonological system and its processes. Furthermore, analyzing these changes with the proposed modular framework provides clarity for how heritage language sound systems do and do not change under contact and contributes to our understanding of the asymmetric phonetic and phonological heritage language patterns.
{"title":"Variation and stability of American Norwegian /r/ in contact","authors":"David Natvig","doi":"10.1075/LAB.20085.NAT","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LAB.20085.NAT","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Sound patterns in heritage languages are often highly variable, potentially with influences from majority\u0000 languages. Yet, the core phonological system of the heritage language tends to remain stable. This article considers variation in\u0000 the phonetic and phonological patterns of /r/ in American Norwegian heritage language speakers from neighboring communities in\u0000 western Wisconsin, in the Upper Midwestern United States. Drawing on acoustic data from speakers born between 1879 and 1957, I\u0000 examine the distribution of four rhotic allophones, including an English-like approximant, over time. These data reveal an\u0000 increase of approximants that is structured within the Norwegian phonological system and its processes. Furthermore, analyzing\u0000 these changes with the proposed modular framework provides clarity for how heritage language sound systems do and do not change\u0000 under contact and contributes to our understanding of the asymmetric phonetic and phonological heritage language patterns.","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46651749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents an eye-tracking study using the Visual World Paradigm that tests whether participants are able to access gender information on definite articles and deploy it to facilitate lexical retrieval of subsequent nouns. A comparison of heritage speakers of Spanish with control monolingual speakers of Spanish suggests that the heritage speakers’ performance on this task is qualitatively similar to that of the baseline. This suggests that, despite non-target-like performance in offline tasks targeting gender production and comprehension, heritage speakers of Spanish can use gender in a target-like manner in online tasks. In line with proposals put forth by Grüter et al. (2012) and Montrul et al. (2014), a preliminary comparison with previous work on L2 learners (Lew-Williams & Fernald, 2010; Grüter et al., 2012; Dussias et al., 2013) provides tentative support for the idea that the nature of early language learning is crucial in developing the ability to use grammatical gender to facilitate lexical retrieval (Grüter et al., 2012; Montrul et al., 2014).
本文采用视觉世界范式进行眼动追踪研究，测试参与者是否能够获取定冠词上的性别信息，并利用它来促进后续名词的词汇检索。传统的西班牙语使用者与对照的单语西班牙语使用者的比较表明，传统的使用者在这项任务中的表现在质量上与基线相似。这表明，尽管在以性别产生和理解为目标的离线任务中，西班牙语传统使用者的表现是非目标型的，但他们可以在在线任务中以目标型的方式使用性别。根据gr等人(2012)和Montrul等人(2014)提出的建议，与之前关于第二语言学习者的研究进行了初步比较(lewis - williams & Fernald, 2010;gr等人，2012;Dussias et al.， 2013)为早期语言学习的本质对于发展使用语法性别来促进词汇检索的能力至关重要的观点提供了初步支持(gr ter et al.， 2012;Montrul et al.， 2014)。
{"title":"Facilitative use of grammatical gender in Heritage Spanish","authors":"Zuzanna Fuchs","doi":"10.1075/LAB.20024.FUC","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LAB.20024.FUC","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper presents an eye-tracking study using the Visual World Paradigm that tests whether participants are able to access gender information on definite articles and deploy it to facilitate lexical retrieval of subsequent nouns. A comparison of heritage speakers of Spanish with control monolingual speakers of Spanish suggests that the heritage speakers’ performance on this task is qualitatively similar to that of the baseline. This suggests that, despite non-target-like performance in offline tasks targeting gender production and comprehension, heritage speakers of Spanish can use gender in a target-like manner in online tasks. In line with proposals put forth by Grüter et al. (2012) and Montrul et al. (2014), a preliminary comparison with previous work on L2 learners (Lew-Williams & Fernald, 2010; Grüter et al., 2012; Dussias et al., 2013) provides tentative support for the idea that the nature of early language learning is crucial in developing the ability to use grammatical gender to facilitate lexical retrieval (Grüter et al., 2012; Montrul et al., 2014).","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48609918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How parents talk to young children matters to language and cognitive development. In the early years the quantity, quality, and diversity inherent in language from parents in the home predict differences in vocabulary knowledge, school readiness, and later academic achievement. However, most of what is known about child-directed speech (CDS) comes from studies of monolingual parents, and little is known about features of speech from bilingual parents. Here, we asked whether degree of bilingualism assessed within a single parent might be positively associated with CDS features that are known to facilitate children’s lexical and grammatical structures across languages – parental partial repetitions. During unscripted narrations (n = 91) of a picture book to their toddlers in English, mothers who reported being more bilingually balanced used a higher proportion of self-repetitions (both single words and 2-word combinations) within a brief time-frame. At the same time, more bilingual mothers preserved the same degree of lexical diversity as more monolingual mothers. The results obtained even accounting for differences in socio-economic status. These findings are discussed in terms of adaptive strategies that bilingual parents may consciously or unconsciously adopt in bilingual language development
{"title":"Properties of child-directed speech in bilingual parents","authors":"Yezhou Li, Luca Onnis","doi":"10.1075/LAB.20011.LI","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LAB.20011.LI","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 How parents talk to young children matters to language and cognitive development. In the early years the quantity,\u0000 quality, and diversity inherent in language from parents in the home predict differences in vocabulary knowledge, school\u0000 readiness, and later academic achievement. However, most of what is known about child-directed speech (CDS) comes from studies of\u0000 monolingual parents, and little is known about features of speech from bilingual parents. Here, we asked whether degree of\u0000 bilingualism assessed within a single parent might be positively associated with CDS features that are known to facilitate\u0000 children’s lexical and grammatical structures across languages – parental partial repetitions. During unscripted narrations\u0000 (n = 91) of a picture book to their toddlers in English, mothers who reported being more bilingually balanced\u0000 used a higher proportion of self-repetitions (both single words and 2-word combinations) within a brief time-frame. At the same\u0000 time, more bilingual mothers preserved the same degree of lexical diversity as more monolingual mothers. The results obtained even\u0000 accounting for differences in socio-economic status. These findings are discussed in terms of adaptive strategies that bilingual\u0000 parents may consciously or unconsciously adopt in bilingual language development","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":"23 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41245254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amaia Munarriz-Ibarrola, M. Ezeizabarrena, V. D. Arrazola, M. C. Parafita Couto
This paper investigates the strategies involved in gender assignment in Spanish-Basque mixed Determiner Phrases (DPs) with a gendered Spanish determiner (el M /la F) and a Basque ungendered noun. Previous studies on Spanish-Basque mixed DPs have revealed conflicting results regarding the determining factor affecting gender assignment, namely, phonological ending vs. analogical gender. We designed a forced-switch elicitation task in order to elicit mixed DPs with a Spanish determiner and a Basque noun (controlled for both phonological vs. analogical cues). Thirty highly proficient Spanish-Basque bilinguals with different profiles and sociolinguistic backgrounds participated in the study. Three cues were significant in the selection of the Spanish M/F determiner: the analogical gender and two phonological cues, the word ending and the root ending of the Basque noun. Further statistical analyses revealed participants’ L1 as a strong factor in the variability attested: bilinguals with Spanish as (one of) their L1(s) rely predominantly on the analogical criterion, whereas speakers with only Basque as L1 follow mainly the phonological criterion. Overall, this study provides an explanation for the previous conflicting results and highlights the fact that bilinguals may use different strategies depending on their bilingual profile and the morpho-phonological properties of the languages in contact.
{"title":"Gender assignment strategies and L1 effects in the elicited production of mixed Spanish-Basque DPs","authors":"Amaia Munarriz-Ibarrola, M. Ezeizabarrena, V. D. Arrazola, M. C. Parafita Couto","doi":"10.1075/LAB.20016.MUN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LAB.20016.MUN","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper investigates the strategies involved in gender assignment in Spanish-Basque mixed Determiner Phrases\u0000 (DPs) with a gendered Spanish determiner (el\u0000 M /la\u0000 F) and a Basque ungendered noun. Previous studies on Spanish-Basque mixed DPs\u0000 have revealed conflicting results regarding the determining factor affecting gender assignment, namely, phonological ending vs.\u0000 analogical gender. We designed a forced-switch elicitation task in order to elicit mixed DPs with a Spanish determiner and a\u0000 Basque noun (controlled for both phonological vs. analogical cues). Thirty highly proficient Spanish-Basque bilinguals with\u0000 different profiles and sociolinguistic backgrounds participated in the study. Three cues were significant in the selection of the\u0000 Spanish M/F determiner: the analogical gender and two phonological cues, the word ending and the root ending of the Basque noun.\u0000 Further statistical analyses revealed participants’ L1 as a strong factor in the variability attested: bilinguals with Spanish as\u0000 (one of) their L1(s) rely predominantly on the analogical criterion, whereas speakers with only Basque as L1 follow mainly the\u0000 phonological criterion. Overall, this study provides an explanation for the previous conflicting results and highlights the fact\u0000 that bilinguals may use different strategies depending on their bilingual profile and the morpho-phonological properties of the\u0000 languages in contact.","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44650021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What about partial access to UG?","authors":"Carol Jaensch","doi":"10.1075/lab.20068.jae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.20068.jae","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":"11 1","pages":"70-74"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45476494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Making models, making predictions","authors":"B. D. Schwartz, Rex A. Sprouse","doi":"10.1075/LAB.00032.SCH","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LAB.00032.SCH","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":"11 1","pages":"116-129"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43643757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cognitive states in third language acquisition and beyond","authors":"S. M. Pereira Soares, J. Rothman","doi":"10.1075/lab.20080.per","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.20080.per","url":null,"abstract":"This is a accepted manuscript version of an article not yet published in Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism at https://benjamins.com/catalog/lab.","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":"11 1","pages":"89-95"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43115661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"You know more than you say","authors":"Jorge González Alonso, Eloi Puig-Mayenco","doi":"10.1075/lab.20089.gon","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.20089.gon","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":"11 1","pages":"54-59"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47543497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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