{"title":"Bilingualism and autism","authors":"Angela de Bruin, Marianna E. Hayiou‐Thomas","doi":"10.1075/lab.21053.deb","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.21053.deb","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43980398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The empirical evidence for whether narrative macrostructure skills are shared between a bilingual child’s two languages is inconclusive, and it is not known how macrostructure (overall story structure) is influenced by general language proficiency and amount of exposure. The present study investigates these issues in 100 Turkish-Swedish bilingual 4-to-7-year-old children growing up in Sweden. Oral narratives were elicited in both Turkish and Swedish with two picture-based tasks from the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN) in the telling mode. We investigated to what extent the language of elicitation influences bilingual children’s macrostructure (story structure, episodic complexity), and explored effects of age, narrative task, narrative length, expressive vocabulary and language exposure, both separately and combined, on macrostructure in the respective language. Story structure and episodic complexity were found to increase similarly with age in both Turkish and Swedish from 4 to 7 years. Scores did not differ between the two MAIN storytelling tasks. Expressive vocabulary and narrative length influenced story structure scores positively and similarly in both languages. Daily language exposure and length of exposure to Swedish did not show any significant effect. The results can be interpreted in support of a carry-over of narrative macrostructural skills between the two languages.
{"title":"Storytelling in bilingual Turkish-Swedish children","authors":"U. Bohnacker, Josefin Lindgren, Buket Öztekin","doi":"10.1075/lab.20057.boh","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.20057.boh","url":null,"abstract":"The empirical evidence for whether narrative macrostructure skills are shared between a bilingual child’s two languages is inconclusive, and it is not known how macrostructure (overall story structure) is influenced by general language proficiency and amount of exposure. The present study investigates these issues in 100 Turkish-Swedish bilingual 4-to-7-year-old children growing up in Sweden. Oral narratives were elicited in both Turkish and Swedish with two picture-based tasks from the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN) in the telling mode. We investigated to what extent the language of elicitation influences bilingual children’s macrostructure (story structure, episodic complexity), and explored effects of age, narrative task, narrative length, expressive vocabulary and language exposure, both separately and combined, on macrostructure in the respective language. Story structure and episodic complexity were found to increase similarly with age in both Turkish and Swedish from 4 to 7 years. Scores did not differ between the two MAIN storytelling tasks. Expressive vocabulary and narrative length influenced story structure scores positively and similarly in both languages. Daily language exposure and length of exposure to Swedish did not show any significant effect. The results can be interpreted in support of a carry-over of narrative macrostructural skills between the two languages.","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47262547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines grammatical gender (GG) production in young Spanish heritage-speakers (HSs) and the potential effect of the children’s language use and their parents’ input. We compared four and eight-year-old HSs to same-age monolingual children on their gender production. We measured GG production in determiners and adjectives via an elicited production task. HSs’ parents reported children’s time in each language and also completed the elicitation task. Results show that HSs’ scored significantly lower than monolinguals in both grammatical structures in which the unmarked masculine default predominates. However, older HSs had higher accuracy than younger HSs. Input from parents is not correlated with HSs’ performance and neither Spanish use nor language proficiency predicts GG performance on HSs. For theories of language acquisition, it is important to consider that although the linguistic knowledge of the HSs may differ from that of monolinguals, their grammar is protracted rather than incomplete.
{"title":"Grammatical gender in Spanish child heritage speakers","authors":"Lourdes Martinez-Nieto, M. Restrepo","doi":"10.1075/lab.20042.mar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.20042.mar","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study examines grammatical gender (GG) production in young Spanish heritage-speakers (HSs) and the potential\u0000 effect of the children’s language use and their parents’ input. We compared four and eight-year-old HSs to same-age monolingual\u0000 children on their gender production. We measured GG production in determiners and adjectives via an elicited production task. HSs’\u0000 parents reported children’s time in each language and also completed the elicitation task. Results show that HSs’ scored\u0000 significantly lower than monolinguals in both grammatical structures in which the unmarked masculine default predominates.\u0000 However, older HSs had higher accuracy than younger HSs. Input from parents is not correlated with HSs’ performance and neither\u0000 Spanish use nor language proficiency predicts GG performance on HSs. For theories of language acquisition, it is important to\u0000 consider that although the linguistic knowledge of the HSs may differ from that of monolinguals, their grammar is protracted\u0000 rather than incomplete.","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45476912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Studies of macrostructure in bilingual children investigated potential age and language effects, without systematically taking into account bilingualism factors such as language dominance, exposure to narratives, and general language abilities. These issues were addressed in a study of macrostructure production by 69 bilingual Lebanese Arabic-French children aged 4–9. The children were administered the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives in the tell mode and a standardized conceptual vocabulary test. Parental questionnaires were also used to gather information on language exposure and use. Age effects and limited effects of language were found for all measures of macrostructure production (story structure, structural complexity and use of internal state terms). Significant correlations arose between these measures, vocabulary scores, and age, and between structural complexity scores and language dominance. Regression analyses revealed the predictive role of vocabulary in the development of macrostructure. These results are compatible with the idea that macrostructure is not language dependent. They also suggest that minimal language skills are needed for expressing macrostructure. The limited impact of bilingualism factors could stem from the fact that French and Lebanese Arabic are majority languages in Lebanon, meaning that the children had received continuous exposure to both languages, including within the school system.
{"title":"Macrostructure in narratives produced by Lebanese Arabic-French bilingual children","authors":"Rachel Fiani, Guillemette Henry, P. Prévost","doi":"10.1075/LAB.20035.FIA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LAB.20035.FIA","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Studies of macrostructure in bilingual children investigated potential age and language effects, without systematically taking into account bilingualism factors such as language dominance, exposure to narratives, and general language abilities. These issues were addressed in a study of macrostructure production by 69 bilingual Lebanese Arabic-French children aged 4–9. The children were administered the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives in the tell mode and a standardized conceptual vocabulary test. Parental questionnaires were also used to gather information on language exposure and use. Age effects and limited effects of language were found for all measures of macrostructure production (story structure, structural complexity and use of internal state terms). Significant correlations arose between these measures, vocabulary scores, and age, and between structural complexity scores and language dominance. Regression analyses revealed the predictive role of vocabulary in the development of macrostructure. These results are compatible with the idea that macrostructure is not language dependent. They also suggest that minimal language skills are needed for expressing macrostructure. The limited impact of bilingualism factors could stem from the fact that French and Lebanese Arabic are majority languages in Lebanon, meaning that the children had received continuous exposure to both languages, including within the school system.","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48584086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous studies have shown that bilingual children typically score more poorly on nonword repetition (NWR) tasks than monolingual peers, which has been attributed to bilinguals’ lower proficiency in the language that the NWR task is based on. To enable fairer assessments of bilingual children, Cross-Linguistic NWR tasks (CL-NWR tasks) have been developed that are based on the linguistic properties of many languages. The aim of this study is to investigate whether young children’s performance on a CL-NWR is less dependent on existing knowledge of a specific language than performance on a Language-Specific (Dutch-based) NWR (LS-NWR). Bilingual and multilingual two- and three-year-olds (N = 216) completed a CL-NWR and LS-NWR, as well as a Dutch receptive vocabulary task. Parents reported the number of languages children spoke other than Dutch. Results of linear mixed-effect regressions showed that Dutch vocabulary scores related to performance on the CL-NWR task less strongly than to performance on the LS-NWR task. The number of non-Dutch languages spoken did not differentially relate to performance on the two tasks. These findings indicate that CL-NWR tasks – at least as used here – allow for more language-neutral NWR assessments within linguistically diverse samples, already at toddler age.
{"title":"The role of existing language knowledge in bilingual and multilingual toddlers’ repetition of cross-linguistic and language-specific nonwords","authors":"Josje Verhagen, Sible Andringa","doi":"10.1075/lab.20050.ver","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.20050.ver","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Previous studies have shown that bilingual children typically score more poorly on nonword repetition (NWR) tasks than monolingual peers, which has been attributed to bilinguals’ lower proficiency in the language that the NWR task is based on. To enable fairer assessments of bilingual children, Cross-Linguistic NWR tasks (CL-NWR tasks) have been developed that are based on the linguistic properties of many languages. The aim of this study is to investigate whether young children’s performance on a CL-NWR is less dependent on existing knowledge of a specific language than performance on a Language-Specific (Dutch-based) NWR (LS-NWR). Bilingual and multilingual two- and three-year-olds (N = 216) completed a CL-NWR and LS-NWR, as well as a Dutch receptive vocabulary task. Parents reported the number of languages children spoke other than Dutch. Results of linear mixed-effect regressions showed that Dutch vocabulary scores related to performance on the CL-NWR task less strongly than to performance on the LS-NWR task. The number of non-Dutch languages spoken did not differentially relate to performance on the two tasks. These findings indicate that CL-NWR tasks – at least as used here – allow for more language-neutral NWR assessments within linguistically diverse samples, already at toddler age.","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41519651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Ionin, M. Goldshtein, T. Luchkina, Sofya Styrina
This paper reports on an experimental investigation of what second language (L2) learners and heritage speakers of Russian know about the relationship between word order and information structure in Russian. The participants completed a bimodal acceptability judgment task, rating the acceptability of SVO and OVS word orders in narrow-focus contexts, under neutral prosody. Heritage speakers behaved like the control group of baseline speakers, preferring SVO order in answer to object questions, and OVS order in answer to subject questions. In contrast, L2 learners preferred SVO order regardless of the context. While the heritage speaker group was more proficient than the L2 group, proficiency alone cannot account for differences in performance: specifically, with regard to acceptance of OVS order for subject narrow focus, heritage speakers improved with proficiency, but L2 learners did not. It is proposed that heritage speakers have an advantage in this domain due to early age of acquisition (cf. Montrul, 2008). This finding is consistent with prior literature on narrow focus with heritage speakers of other languages, and suggests that this phenomenon is not particularly vulnerable in heritage languages.
{"title":"Who did what to whom, and what did we already know?","authors":"T. Ionin, M. Goldshtein, T. Luchkina, Sofya Styrina","doi":"10.1075/lab.20045.ion","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.20045.ion","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper reports on an experimental investigation of what second language (L2) learners and heritage speakers of\u0000 Russian know about the relationship between word order and information structure in Russian. The participants completed a bimodal\u0000 acceptability judgment task, rating the acceptability of SVO and OVS word orders in narrow-focus contexts, under neutral prosody.\u0000 Heritage speakers behaved like the control group of baseline speakers, preferring SVO order in answer to object questions, and OVS\u0000 order in answer to subject questions. In contrast, L2 learners preferred SVO order regardless of the context. While the heritage\u0000 speaker group was more proficient than the L2 group, proficiency alone cannot account for differences in performance:\u0000 specifically, with regard to acceptance of OVS order for subject narrow focus, heritage speakers improved with proficiency, but L2\u0000 learners did not. It is proposed that heritage speakers have an advantage in this domain due to early age of acquisition (cf.\u0000 Montrul, 2008). This finding is consistent with prior literature on narrow focus\u0000 with heritage speakers of other languages, and suggests that this phenomenon is not particularly vulnerable in heritage\u0000 languages.","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47704686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Verbal morphology is a particularly vulnerable domain in the grammars of Spanish heritage speakers (HSs). Among the most frequently studied phenomena is mood selection, identified as a pervasive locus of variability that affects the production of subjunctive more prominently. The present article explores this area of research by examining the effects of mood selection type on HSs’ subjunctive use. In contrast with previous studies, this investigation controls for propositional modality, focusing its analyses on instances of obligatory and variable subjunctive selection within deontic predicates. Results from a production task revealed that, despite the presence of between-group differences driven by participants’ levels of proficiency, type of selection did not significantly modulate their rates of subjunctive use. These findings challenge previous claims about the extent to which this factor affects Spanish HSs’ performance, and highlight the importance of considering propositional modality when examining the acquisition of mood.
{"title":"Re-examining the role of mood selection type in Spanish heritage speakers’ subjunctive production","authors":"Silvia Perez-Cortes","doi":"10.1075/LAB.20111.PER","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LAB.20111.PER","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Verbal morphology is a particularly vulnerable domain in the grammars of Spanish heritage speakers (HSs). Among\u0000 the most frequently studied phenomena is mood selection, identified as a pervasive locus of variability that affects the\u0000 production of subjunctive more prominently. The present article explores this area of research by examining the effects of mood\u0000 selection type on HSs’ subjunctive use. In contrast with previous studies, this investigation controls for propositional modality,\u0000 focusing its analyses on instances of obligatory and variable subjunctive selection within deontic predicates. Results from a\u0000 production task revealed that, despite the presence of between-group differences driven by participants’ levels of proficiency,\u0000 type of selection did not significantly modulate their rates of subjunctive use. These findings challenge previous claims about\u0000 the extent to which this factor affects Spanish HSs’ performance, and highlight the importance of considering propositional\u0000 modality when examining the acquisition of mood.","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46443358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ao Chen, Melis Çetinçelik, M. P. Roncaglia-Denissen, Makiko Sadakata
The current study investigated how the role of pitch in one’s native language and L2 experience influenced musical melodic processing by testing Turkish and Mandarin Chinese advanced and beginning learners of English as an L2. Pitch has a lower functional load and shows a simpler pattern in Turkish than in Chinese as the former only contrasts between presence and the absence of pitch elevation, while the latter makes use of four different pitch contours lexically. Using the Musical Ear Test as the tool, we found that the Chinese listeners outperformed the Turkish listeners, and the advanced L2 learners outperformed the beginning learners. The Turkish listeners were further tested on their discrimination of bisyllabic Chinese lexical tones, and again an L2 advantage was observed. No significant difference was found for working memory between the beginning and advanced L2 learners. These results suggest that richness of tonal inventory of the native language is essential for triggering a music processing advantage, and on top of the tone language advantage, the L2 experience yields a further enhancement. Yet, unlike the tone language advantage that seems to relate to pitch expertise, learning an L2 seems to improve sound discrimination in general, and such improvement exhibits in non-native lexical tone discrimination.
{"title":"Native language, L2 experience, and pitch processing in music","authors":"Ao Chen, Melis Çetinçelik, M. P. Roncaglia-Denissen, Makiko Sadakata","doi":"10.1075/LAB.20030.CHE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LAB.20030.CHE","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The current study investigated how the role of pitch in one’s native language and L2 experience influenced musical\u0000 melodic processing by testing Turkish and Mandarin Chinese advanced and beginning learners of English as an L2. Pitch has a lower\u0000 functional load and shows a simpler pattern in Turkish than in Chinese as the former only contrasts between presence and the\u0000 absence of pitch elevation, while the latter makes use of four different pitch contours lexically. Using the Musical Ear Test as\u0000 the tool, we found that the Chinese listeners outperformed the Turkish listeners, and the advanced L2 learners outperformed the\u0000 beginning learners. The Turkish listeners were further tested on their discrimination of bisyllabic Chinese lexical tones, and\u0000 again an L2 advantage was observed. No significant difference was found for working memory between the beginning and advanced L2\u0000 learners. These results suggest that richness of tonal inventory of the native language is essential for triggering a music\u0000 processing advantage, and on top of the tone language advantage, the L2 experience yields a further enhancement. Yet, unlike the\u0000 tone language advantage that seems to relate to pitch expertise, learning an L2 seems to improve sound discrimination in general,\u0000 and such improvement exhibits in non-native lexical tone discrimination.","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47994179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Turkish 3rd person plural subjects normally appear with verbs that are unmarked for number. Following earlier findings which indicate that Turkish heritage speakers (HS) accept overt plural marking more readily compared to monolingually raised Turkish speakers, the present study investigates to what extent bilingual speakers are sensitive to grammatical, surface-level and semantic constraints on Turkish plural agreement marking. A scalar acceptability judgement task was carried out with non-bilingual Turkish speakers residing in Turkey and Turkish-German bilinguals residing in Germany. Our experimental design involved manipulating both subject animacy and subject position. Participants’ judgement patterns confirmed Turkish speakers’ general preference for unmarked verb forms, which was modulated both by subject animacy and by subject position. Significant differences were observed between lower proficiency HS on the one hand, and monolinguals and advanced proficiency HS on the other, suggesting that the relatively subtle interplay between different types of constraint on number agreement marking is affected by heritage language conditions. We found no evidence for simplification or optionality reduction in the lower proficiency HS’ judgements, however. We innovate on previous research by using Gradient Symbolic Computation modelling to capture between-group differences in the relative weightings of the constraints under investigation.
{"title":"Constraints on subject-verb agreement marking in Turkish-German bilingual speakers","authors":"Serkan Uygun, C. Felser","doi":"10.1075/LAB.19081.UYG","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LAB.19081.UYG","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Turkish 3rd person plural subjects normally appear with verbs that are unmarked for number. Following earlier\u0000 findings which indicate that Turkish heritage speakers (HS) accept overt plural marking more readily compared to monolingually\u0000 raised Turkish speakers, the present study investigates to what extent bilingual speakers are sensitive to grammatical,\u0000 surface-level and semantic constraints on Turkish plural agreement marking. A scalar acceptability judgement task was carried out\u0000 with non-bilingual Turkish speakers residing in Turkey and Turkish-German bilinguals residing in Germany. Our experimental design\u0000 involved manipulating both subject animacy and subject position. Participants’ judgement patterns confirmed Turkish speakers’\u0000 general preference for unmarked verb forms, which was modulated both by subject animacy and by subject position. Significant\u0000 differences were observed between lower proficiency HS on the one hand, and monolinguals and advanced proficiency HS on the other,\u0000 suggesting that the relatively subtle interplay between different types of constraint on number agreement marking is affected by\u0000 heritage language conditions. We found no evidence for simplification or optionality reduction in the lower proficiency HS’\u0000 judgements, however. We innovate on previous research by using Gradient Symbolic Computation modelling to capture between-group\u0000 differences in the relative weightings of the constraints under investigation.","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42395873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bi-/Multilingualism and the Declining Brain","authors":"","doi":"10.1075/lab.11.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.11.4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45777670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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