Chantal van Dijk, Jasmijn E. Bosch, Sharon Unsworth
{"title":"Language processing in bilingual children","authors":"Chantal van Dijk, Jasmijn E. Bosch, Sharon Unsworth","doi":"10.1075/lab.24018.van","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.24018.van","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140980035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the present study we aimed to obtain with trilinguals the cognate inhibitory effects reported earlier for bilingual speakers who performed L2 lexical decision tasks (LDTs) with non-identical cognates and controls. To that end, Polish–English–Dutch trilinguals performed two LDTs in their L3. In Experiment 1, the stimuli included two types of double non-identical cognates Polish–Dutch (e.g., SMAK–SMAAK), and English–Dutch (e.g., BUTTER–BOTER) as well as matched non-cognate Dutch controls (e.g., JASJE). In Experiment 2, we tested triple non-identical cognates shared across Polish, English and Dutch (e.g., GRUPA–GROUP–GROEP) and Dutch controls (e.g., BROEK). We failed to find the bilingual inhibitory effects. In contrast, significant facilitation for English–Dutch and for Polish–English–Dutch cognates was found, even though no identical cognates were used. However, Polish–Dutch cognates yielded null results. The current findings emphasize the influence of the levels of form similarity on the observed cognate effects and point to the important role of stimulus list composition in cognate processing.
{"title":"Facilitation for non-identical cognates in L3","authors":"Agnieszka Lijewska, Robertus de Louw","doi":"10.1075/lab.21016.lij","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.21016.lij","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the present study we aimed to obtain with trilinguals the cognate inhibitory effects reported earlier for\u0000 bilingual speakers who performed L2 lexical decision tasks (LDTs) with non-identical cognates and controls. To that end,\u0000 Polish–English–Dutch trilinguals performed two LDTs in their L3. In Experiment 1, the stimuli included two types of double\u0000 non-identical cognates Polish–Dutch (e.g., SMAK–SMAAK), and English–Dutch (e.g., BUTTER–BOTER)\u0000 as well as matched non-cognate Dutch controls (e.g., JASJE). In Experiment 2, we tested triple non-identical\u0000 cognates shared across Polish, English and Dutch (e.g., GRUPA–GROUP–GROEP) and Dutch controls (e.g.,\u0000 BROEK). We failed to find the bilingual inhibitory effects. In contrast, significant facilitation for\u0000 English–Dutch and for Polish–English–Dutch cognates was found, even though no identical cognates were used. However, Polish–Dutch\u0000 cognates yielded null results. The current findings emphasize the influence of the levels of form similarity on the observed\u0000 cognate effects and point to the important role of stimulus list composition in cognate processing.","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140984823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Long-distance dependencies such as relative clauses (RCs) are known to be vulnerable in heritage grammars (e.g., Montrul, 2008). Previous studies in RC comprehension have shown that heritage language (HL) children show similar comprehension to monolingual children (Jia & Paradis, 2020), while differential performance has also been found (Kidd et al., 2015). The present study investigates 11–13-year-old monolingual and German-dominant HL children’s real-time parsing strategies in subject relative clause (SRC) and object relative clause (ORC) processing in Greek. We conducted a self-paced listening task in Greek in which we manipulated the type of RC (subject vs. object), and the RC internal word order (canonical vs. scrambled). Our analyses revealed no significant group differences between HL and monolingual children. Both groups of children processed SRCs faster than ORCs on the critical RC verb segment. We also examined if case-marked pre-verbal NPs would facilitate the processing of ORC structures. Although children processed pre-verbal faster than post-verbal NPs, ORC structures with pre-verbal NPs received the lowest scores in the grammaticality judgment task. We discuss these findings on the grounds of Relativized Minimality (Friedmann et al., 2009) and Fodor and Inoue’s (2000) Diagnosis and Repair Model.
{"title":"Bilingual children’s online processing of relative clauses","authors":"K. Katsika, Maria Lialiou, Shanley E. M. Allen","doi":"10.1075/lab.22103.kat","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.22103.kat","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Long-distance dependencies such as relative clauses (RCs) are known to be vulnerable in heritage grammars (e.g.,\u0000 Montrul, 2008). Previous studies in RC comprehension have shown that heritage\u0000 language (HL) children show similar comprehension to monolingual children (Jia & Paradis,\u0000 2020), while differential performance has also been found (Kidd et al.,\u0000 2015). The present study investigates 11–13-year-old monolingual and German-dominant HL children’s real-time parsing\u0000 strategies in subject relative clause (SRC) and object relative clause (ORC) processing in Greek. We conducted a self-paced\u0000 listening task in Greek in which we manipulated the type of RC (subject vs. object), and the RC internal word order (canonical vs.\u0000 scrambled). Our analyses revealed no significant group differences between HL and monolingual children. Both groups of children\u0000 processed SRCs faster than ORCs on the critical RC verb segment. We also examined if case-marked pre-verbal NPs would facilitate\u0000 the processing of ORC structures. Although children processed pre-verbal faster than post-verbal NPs, ORC structures with\u0000 pre-verbal NPs received the lowest scores in the grammaticality judgment task. We discuss these findings on the grounds of\u0000 Relativized Minimality (Friedmann et al., 2009) and Fodor and Inoue’s (2000) Diagnosis and Repair Model.","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140687732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In heritage language (HL) research, prosodic aspects of heritage speakers (HSs) speech have only recently started to receive attention and the results have been mixed. While some studies report cross-linguistic influence (CLI) for HL intonation, others consider it robust. The present study contributes to this debate and examines the intonational patterns of polar questions (PolQs) in the two languages of 30 HSs of Italian with German as majority language. This language combination displays overlapping and distinct intonational patterns in PolQs, making intonation potentially subject to CLI in bilingual language acquisition. The results of an elicited production task indicate that HSs maintain a systemic difference between their two languages. In German, HSs produce PolQs in a monolingual like manner. In Italian of HSs, both monolingual-like performance and CLI from German has been observed. Early Italian use is beneficial for monolingual-like outcomes in the HL.
{"title":"Intonation of polar questions in German-dominant heritage speakers of Italian","authors":"Svenja Krieger, Miriam Geiss","doi":"10.1075/lab.23031.kri","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.23031.kri","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In heritage language (HL) research, prosodic aspects of heritage speakers (HSs) speech have only recently started\u0000 to receive attention and the results have been mixed. While some studies report cross-linguistic influence (CLI) for HL\u0000 intonation, others consider it robust. The present study contributes to this debate and examines the intonational patterns of\u0000 polar questions (PolQs) in the two languages of 30 HSs of Italian with German as majority language. This language combination\u0000 displays overlapping and distinct intonational patterns in PolQs, making intonation potentially subject to CLI in bilingual\u0000 language acquisition. The results of an elicited production task indicate that HSs maintain a systemic difference between their\u0000 two languages. In German, HSs produce PolQs in a monolingual like manner. In Italian of HSs, both monolingual-like performance and\u0000 CLI from German has been observed. Early Italian use is beneficial for monolingual-like outcomes in the HL.","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140698366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research in sentence processing in bilingual children is emergent but incomplete as very few studies examine the processing of structurally complex sentences or bilingual children’s real-time interpretation of sentences. One underexplored linguistic feature which can offer insights in this direction are garden-path sentences, i.e., sentences with temporary syntactic ambiguity. These are difficult to process for monolingual children as incremental processing results in an initial misinterpretation and the need for reanalysis. Studies on bilingual children’s processing of garden-path sentences have used paradigms with limited ecological validity and which are not informative about one’s interpretation while listening. This study bridges this gap by investigating the processing of garden-path sentences in bilingual children with the visual-world eye-tracking paradigm. It further explores the role of referential context in the visual stimuli to aid disambiguation. Monolingual and bilingual children aged 8–11 years completed a task similar to Trueswell et al. (1999). The results showed similar difficulty with revising garden-path sentences as evidenced by comprehension accuracy for both groups but only the monolinguals showed real-time garden-path effects in the gaze data. We interpret these findings as a manifestation of slower sentence processing in bilingual children. Both groups made limited use of the referential context to facilitate processing.
{"title":"Sentence processing in bilingual children","authors":"George Pontikas, Ian Cunnings, Theodoros Marinis","doi":"10.1075/lab.22104.pon","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.22104.pon","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Research in sentence processing in bilingual children is emergent but incomplete as very few studies examine the\u0000 processing of structurally complex sentences or bilingual children’s real-time interpretation of sentences. One underexplored\u0000 linguistic feature which can offer insights in this direction are garden-path sentences, i.e., sentences with temporary syntactic\u0000 ambiguity. These are difficult to process for monolingual children as incremental processing results in an initial\u0000 misinterpretation and the need for reanalysis. Studies on bilingual children’s processing of garden-path sentences have used\u0000 paradigms with limited ecological validity and which are not informative about one’s interpretation while listening. This study\u0000 bridges this gap by investigating the processing of garden-path sentences in bilingual children with the visual-world eye-tracking\u0000 paradigm. It further explores the role of referential context in the visual stimuli to aid disambiguation. Monolingual and\u0000 bilingual children aged 8–11 years completed a task similar to Trueswell et al. (1999).\u0000 The results showed similar difficulty with revising garden-path sentences as evidenced by comprehension accuracy for both groups\u0000 but only the monolinguals showed real-time garden-path effects in the gaze data. We interpret these findings as a manifestation of\u0000 slower sentence processing in bilingual children. Both groups made limited use of the referential context to facilitate\u0000 processing.","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140728543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Unified Competition Model (MacWhinney, 2012) accounts for cross-linguistic differences in thematic role mapping. We investigated production and predictive use of accusative case morphology in Russian-Hebrew bilingual children. We also investigated the role of production in predictive processing testing the Prediction-by-Production Account (Pickering & Garrod, 2018) vs. the Missing Surface Inflection Hypothesis (Prévost & White, 2000). Three groups of children aged 4–8 participated: Russian-Hebrew-speaking bilinguals, Russian-speaking and Hebrew-speaking monolingual controls. All children participated in the accusative case production and Visual-World eye-tracking comprehension experiments. Bilinguals were tested in both of their languages. The results of the study confirmed the predictions of the Unified Competition Model showing typological differences in the strength of the case-marking cue and its predictive use in sentence processing in Russian- and Hebrew-speaking controls. While Russian-speaking monolinguals relied on case marking to predict the upcoming agent/patient, the performance of Hebrew-speaking monolingual children varied. The findings for bilinguals showed that despite their lower production accuracy in both languages, they were either indistinguishable from monolinguals or showed an advantage in the predictive use of case morphology. The findings support the Missing Surface Inflection Hypothesis, which predicts a dissociation between production and comprehension.
{"title":"Prediction in bilingual sentence processing","authors":"N. Meir, O. Parshina, Irina A. Sekerina","doi":"10.1075/lab.22102.mei","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.22102.mei","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Unified Competition Model (MacWhinney, 2012)\u0000 accounts for cross-linguistic differences in thematic role mapping. We investigated production and predictive use of accusative\u0000 case morphology in Russian-Hebrew bilingual children. We also investigated the role of production in predictive processing testing\u0000 the Prediction-by-Production Account (Pickering & Garrod, 2018)\u0000 vs. the Missing Surface Inflection Hypothesis (Prévost & White,\u0000 2000). Three groups of children aged 4–8 participated: Russian-Hebrew-speaking bilinguals, Russian-speaking and\u0000 Hebrew-speaking monolingual controls. All children participated in the accusative case production and Visual-World eye-tracking\u0000 comprehension experiments. Bilinguals were tested in both of their languages. The results of the study confirmed the predictions\u0000 of the Unified Competition Model showing typological differences in the strength of the case-marking cue and its\u0000 predictive use in sentence processing in Russian- and Hebrew-speaking controls. While Russian-speaking monolinguals relied on case\u0000 marking to predict the upcoming agent/patient, the performance of Hebrew-speaking monolingual children varied. The findings for\u0000 bilinguals showed that despite their lower production accuracy in both languages, they were either indistinguishable from\u0000 monolinguals or showed an advantage in the predictive use of case morphology. The findings support the Missing Surface\u0000 Inflection Hypothesis, which predicts a dissociation between production and comprehension.","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140216740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research on heritage language acquisition at the school age has shown protracted development and early stabilisation in morphosyntax and the lexicon. Our study examined the properties of resultative verb compound (RVC), a structure at the crossroads of the lexicon and morphosyntax, in second-generation child heritage speakers in the UK who had continuous input in Mandarin Chinese since birth. We analysed three subclasses of RVCs produced by the heritage children (n = 27, age 4–14) and their parents (n = 18) in an oral narration task and compared them with those by children in Beijing (n = 48, age 4–9) from existing databases. Our results show that the heritage children produced RVCs quite frequently and felicitously yet highly repetitively and conservatively, with a remarkably large proportion of their RVCs consisting of a strongly lexicalised subclass with direct lexical equivalents in English. Correlational analyses show that the heritage children’s RVCs improve with age, rather than provision of RVC in the parental input, indicating the role of cumulative input in RVC acquisition. Overall, the development of RVC in heritage Mandarin is delayed rather than stabilised or attrited, supporting the lexical account for grammatical vulnerabilities in proficient heritage speakers.
{"title":"Protracted development in the heritage lexicon","authors":"Mengyao Shang, Lucy Zhao, Virginia Yip, Ziyin Mai","doi":"10.1075/lab.23001.sha","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.23001.sha","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Research on heritage language acquisition at the school age has shown protracted development and early stabilisation in morphosyntax and the lexicon. Our study examined the properties of resultative verb compound (RVC), a structure at the crossroads of the lexicon and morphosyntax, in second-generation child heritage speakers in the UK who had continuous input in Mandarin Chinese since birth. We analysed three subclasses of RVCs produced by the heritage children (n = 27, age 4–14) and their parents (n = 18) in an oral narration task and compared them with those by children in Beijing (n = 48, age 4–9) from existing databases. Our results show that the heritage children produced RVCs quite frequently and felicitously yet highly repetitively and conservatively, with a remarkably large proportion of their RVCs consisting of a strongly lexicalised subclass with direct lexical equivalents in English. Correlational analyses show that the heritage children’s RVCs improve with age, rather than provision of RVC in the parental input, indicating the role of cumulative input in RVC acquisition. Overall, the development of RVC in heritage Mandarin is delayed rather than stabilised or attrited, supporting the lexical account for grammatical vulnerabilities in proficient heritage speakers.","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140238770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, we investigate the contact effects of stability, convergence, and divergence regarding the use of the same linguistic construction in the same contact situation. To do that, we collected experimental production and judgment data by native German speakers living in the Netherlands regarding their usage of the complementizer um ‘to’ in German and compared those data to those of a control group of German speakers not in contact with Dutch. The results show that most speakers show evidence for some contact-induced language change in their German. At the same time, speakers seem to experience different contact effects, demonstrating that it is not the structural properties of the construction that result in one effect over the other, but rather factors that pertain to the individual speakers. In particular, we argue that speakers can either focus on the similarities or on the differences between their languages, to some extent driven by their attitudes towards their languages and language change, and then over-generalize these similarities or differences to new contexts. Overall, this result clearly underlines the importance of focusing on individual speakers as the initiators of language change, which is in line with a usage-based approach.
{"title":"Individual variation in contact effects – stability, convergence, and divergence","authors":"M. Barking, Maria Mos, Ad Backus","doi":"10.1075/lab.22067.bar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.22067.bar","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this study, we investigate the contact effects of stability, convergence, and divergence regarding the use of\u0000 the same linguistic construction in the same contact situation. To do that, we collected experimental production and judgment data\u0000 by native German speakers living in the Netherlands regarding their usage of the complementizer um ‘to’ in German\u0000 and compared those data to those of a control group of German speakers not in contact with Dutch. The results show that most\u0000 speakers show evidence for some contact-induced language change in their German. At the same time, speakers seem to experience\u0000 different contact effects, demonstrating that it is not the structural properties of the construction that result in one effect\u0000 over the other, but rather factors that pertain to the individual speakers. In particular, we argue that speakers can either focus\u0000 on the similarities or on the differences between their languages, to some extent driven by their attitudes towards their\u0000 languages and language change, and then over-generalize these similarities or differences to new contexts. Overall, this result\u0000 clearly underlines the importance of focusing on individual speakers as the initiators of language change, which is in line with a\u0000 usage-based approach.","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140088666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A theory of Ln grammars","authors":"Ayşe Gürel","doi":"10.1075/lab.23060.gur","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.23060.gur","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139683790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Formal approaches to bi- and multilingual grammars rely on two important claims: (i) the grammatical architecture should be able to deal with mono- and bi-/multilingual data without any specific constraints for the latter, (ii) features play a pivotal role in accounting for patterns across and within grammars. In the present paper, it is argued that an exoskeletal approach to grammar, which clearly distinguishes between the underlying syntactic features and their morphophonological realizations (exponents), offers an ideal tool to analyze data from bi- and multilingual speakers. Specifically, it is shown that this framework can subsume the specific mechanism of Feature Reassembly developed by Donna Lardiere since the late 1990’s. Three case studies involving different languages and language combinations are offered in support of this claim, demonstrating how an exoskeletal approach can be employed without any additional constraints or mechanisms.
{"title":"The importance of features and exponents","authors":"Terje Lohndal, Michael T. Putnam","doi":"10.1075/lab.23023.loh","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.23023.loh","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Formal approaches to bi- and multilingual grammars rely on two important claims: (i) the grammatical architecture\u0000 should be able to deal with mono- and bi-/multilingual data without any specific constraints for the latter, (ii) features play a\u0000 pivotal role in accounting for patterns across and within grammars. In the present paper, it is argued that an exoskeletal\u0000 approach to grammar, which clearly distinguishes between the underlying syntactic features and their morphophonological\u0000 realizations (exponents), offers an ideal tool to analyze data from bi- and multilingual speakers. Specifically, it is shown that\u0000 this framework can subsume the specific mechanism of Feature Reassembly developed by Donna Lardiere since the\u0000 late 1990’s. Three case studies involving different languages and language combinations are offered in support of this claim,\u0000 demonstrating how an exoskeletal approach can be employed without any additional constraints or mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":48664,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139684924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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