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Heritage speaker pragmatics 传统演讲者语用学
IF 1.1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-12-12 DOI: 10.1075/lab.22041.avr
Marina Avramenko, N. Meir
The current study investigated request production in Russian as a Heritage language (HL), with a special focus on the role of cross-linguistic influence (CLI) of the majority societal language (here SL-Hebrew) and Age of Onset of Bilingualism (AOB). Ninety-seven adult participants were recruited in four groups: three groups of Russian-Hebrew bilinguals with various AOBs of SL-Hebrew – before the age of 5 (n = 32), between the ages of 5–13 (n = 20), after the age of 13 (n = 19) – and a control group of monolingual Russian speakers (n = 26). The study elicited 20 requests in formal and informal contexts through oral role-plays. The results indicate that heritage speakers acquire the basics of prototypical Russian request strategies across various social contexts. The results also show effects of CLI and AOB in the pragmatic competence of HL-speakers. When faced with linguistic difficulties to express requests, HL speakers resort to the use of compensatory strategies leading to the creation of novel structures. These novel structures are a combination of conventions that are characteristic of the Russian acquired in childhood and transfer from the dominant SL. The study makes an important contribution to the understanding of HL pragmatic development by investigating the effects of CLI and AOB.
本研究调查了作为遗产语言(HL)的俄语中的请求语生成情况,特别关注了主要社会语言(此处为 SL-希伯来语)的跨语言影响(CLI)和双语起始年龄(AOB)的作用。研究人员招募了 97 名成年参与者,分为四组:三组俄语-希伯来语双语者,他们的 SL-Hebrew 双语起始年龄各不相同:5 岁之前(32 人)、5-13 岁之间(20 人)、13 岁之后(19 人);另一组对照组为俄语单语者(26 人)。研究通过口头角色扮演,在正式和非正式语境中激发了 20 项请求。结果表明,讲传统俄语的人在各种社会语境中都能掌握原型俄语请求策略的基础知识。结果还显示了 CLI 和 AOB 对讲汉语者的语用能力的影响。在表达请求时遇到语言困难时,讲汉语的人就会使用补偿策略,从而创造出新颖的结构。这些新结构是童年时期所学俄语所特有的习惯用法和从主要 SL 语言中转移过来的习惯用法的组合。本研究通过对CLI和AOB的影响进行调查,为理解HL语用发展做出了重要贡献。
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引用次数: 0
The acquisition of consonant clusters and word stress by early second language learners of German 早期德语第二语言学习者对辅音群和单词重音的习得
IF 1.1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1075/lab.21026.gri
Angela Grimm, Ulrike Domahs
This study compared word-prosodic abilities of early second language learners (eL2) and monolingual learners of German. We examined the production of word-initial and word-final clusters and the placement of stress and analyzed potential effects of cross-linguistic influence (CLI). Monolingual German-speaking children (n = 38) and eL2-learners of German (n = 26; age of onset to German 24 to 41 months) aged between 53 and 60 months completed a pseudoword repetition task following the metrical and phonotactic constraints of German. We collected background information via parental questionnaires. The eL2-learners acquired 12 different L1s. To explore the effects of CLI, we grouped the heritage languages by the number of consonants permitted in word-initial and word-final position, the segmental make-up of clusters, and stress patterns. The production accuracy of word-initial clusters and word stress was very high, indicating a high degree of maturation and showing no effects of CLI. In contrast, the production accuracy of word-final clusters was lower and effects of CLI were found, presumably related to smaller sonority distances compared to word-initial clusters. The study contributes empirically to the under-investigated area of eL2 word-prosodic development.
本研究比较了早期第二语言学习者(eL2)和单语言德语学习者的单词韵律能力。我们考察了词首和词尾词组的产生以及重音的位置,并分析了跨语言影响(CLI)的潜在作用。年龄在 53 到 60 个月之间的德语单语儿童(38 人)和德语 eL2 学习者(26 人;开始学习德语的年龄为 24 到 41 个月)按照德语的韵律和语音战术限制完成了一项假词重复任务。我们通过家长问卷收集了背景信息。eL2 学习者获得了 12 种不同的 L1。为了探究 CLI 的影响,我们根据词首和词尾位置允许使用的辅音数量、词组的分段构成和重音模式对遗产语言进行了分组。单词词首音簇和单词重音的发音准确率非常高,表明语言已经高度成熟,而且没有受到 CLI 的影响。相比之下,词尾音簇的发音准确率较低,而且发现了 CLI 的影响,这可能与词首音簇的声调距离较小有关。这项研究为研究不足的 eL2 单词韵律发展领域做出了经验性贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Prediction during spoken language processing in monolingual and multilingual children 单语和多语儿童口语加工过程中的预测
IF 1.1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1075/lab.22099.bos
Jasmijn E. Bosch, F. Foppolo
Listeners use linguistic cues to anticipate upcoming words, but not all do so to the same extent. While we know that monolingual children use prediction during spoken language processing from a young age and that adult L2 speakers may sometimes be slower, very few studies have focused on bilingual or multilingual children. Moreover, previous research suggests that literacy boosts anticipation in spoken language processing, but this has not been tested yet in bi/multilinguals. We investigated linguistic prediction and its relation to reading and vocabulary skills in 38 eight- to twelve-year-old bilingual and multilingual children who speak different heritage languages and Italian as the majority language, in comparison to 32 age-matched monolingual Italian children. Using a visual world eye tracking method, we tested children’s ability to anticipate nouns based on morphosyntactic cues (gender- and number-marked articles) in Italian. The results show efficient prediction in both groups, although monolinguals were faster than bi/multilinguals. While we found a positive relation between predictive language processing and reading in monolingual children, there were no reliable effects in bilingual and multilingual children. Future work is required to better understand the relation between prediction and literacy in this population.
听者使用语言线索来预测即将出现的词语,但并非所有听者都能在同样程度上做到这一点。我们知道,单语儿童从小就会在口语处理过程中使用预测,而成年的第二语言使用者有时可能会慢一些,但很少有研究关注双语或多语儿童。此外,以前的研究表明,识字可以提高口语处理过程中的预测能力,但这一点还没有在双语或多语儿童中进行过测试。我们对 38 名 8 至 12 岁的双语和多语儿童的语言预测及其与阅读和词汇技能的关系进行了调查,这些儿童使用不同的遗产语言和作为主要语言的意大利语,并与 32 名年龄匹配的单语意大利儿童进行了对比。我们采用视觉世界眼动跟踪法,测试了儿童根据意大利语的形态句法线索(标有性别和数字的冠词)预测名词的能力。结果显示,两组儿童的预测能力都很高,但单语儿童比双语/多语儿童更快。虽然我们发现预测性语言处理与单语儿童的阅读之间存在积极关系,但在双语和多语儿童中却没有可靠的影响。今后的工作需要更好地了解预测与这一人群的读写能力之间的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Reviewers for Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism in 2022 and 2023 2022年和2023年双语语言学方法审稿人
IF 1.1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-11-23 DOI: 10.1075/lab.00036.edi
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引用次数: 0
Inter-generational attrition 代际磨损
2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-11-14 DOI: 10.1075/lab.23002.smi
Giuditta Smith, Roberta Spelorzi, Antonella Sorace, Maria Garraffa
Abstract The phenomenon of language change in contact has been explored most significantly in speakers of a language who migrate, while fewer studies explore how language is affected across different generations. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of inter-generational attrition on the production of clitic pronouns and clitic clusters. 86 adult speakers of Italian took part in the study: homeland residents, long-term UK residents, and heritage speakers born and living in the UK from Italian families. Participants were tested on the production of different instances of clitic pronouns including clusters, a novelty of the study, and differences in response distribution were analysed with General Additive Models. Results reveal that the homeland population shows a strong preference for the production of clitics and clitic clusters, long-term residents retain a preference for clitics but not clusters, and heritage speakers disfavour the use of both clitics and clusters across the board, preferring the use of lexical items. This neat pattern of use across generations of migrants suggests a loss of the specificity and preference of clitics through language transmission between different generations of speakers of Italian removed from the homeland and immersed in a non-clitic language.
语言在接触中变化的现象在迁移的语言使用者中得到了最显著的研究,而关于语言在不同世代之间如何受到影响的研究较少。在本研究中,我们旨在探讨代际磨耗在人称代词和人称集群产生中的作用。86名说意大利语的成年人参加了这项研究:本国居民、长期居住在英国的居民,以及出生和生活在英国的意大利家庭。研究人员测试了参与者对包括集群在内的不同clitic代词的产生情况,这是一项新颖的研究,并使用一般加性模型分析了反应分布的差异。结果表明,母语人群对词性词和词性词簇的产生有强烈的偏好,长期居民对词性词簇的产生有偏好,而对词性词簇的产生没有偏好,而母语人群对词性词和词性词簇的使用普遍不喜欢,他们更喜欢使用词汇项。这种跨越几代移民的整齐的使用模式表明,通过离开祖国并沉浸在非clitic语言中的不同代的意大利语使用者之间的语言传播,clitic的特殊性和偏好有所丧失。
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引用次数: 0
How cross–linguistic influence affects the use of duration in the production and perception of corrective and non–corrective focus types 跨语言影响如何影响持续时间在产生和感知纠正性和非纠正性焦点类型中的使用
2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-20 DOI: 10.1075/lab.22106.jab
Farhat Jabeen, Bettina Braun
Abstract Speakers use corrective focus as an explicit way to correct misunderstandings in communication. We investigate whether immersive contact with a rhythmically different language affects the production and perception of duration as a cue to corrective and non–corrective focus. We tested twenty-eight native speakers and sixty-four native listeners of Urdu, half of whom lived in Germany and used German as a second language, and half lived in Pakistan. German is a stress–timed language with head–prominence marking and makes intensive use of duration to mark corrective focus, while Urdu is a syllable–timed language with edge–prominence marking, which uses duration differently from German to mark focus types. Results showed that the majority language, German, affected focus processing in Urdu differently across modalities: In production, focus marking was not affected by country of residence, while in perception, Urdu speakers living in Germany were more sensitive to duration in the corrective focus context than Urdu speakers in Pakistan. We analyze this as cross–linguistic influence and argue that contact with a stress–timed, head–prominence majority language (here: German) affects the cue weighting in the native language Urdu in perception but not (yet) in production.
摘要说话者将纠正焦点作为纠正交际中误解的一种明确方式。我们研究沉浸式接触节奏不同的语言是否会影响持续时间的产生和感知,作为纠正性和非纠正性焦点的线索。我们测试了28个以乌尔都语为母语的人和64个以乌尔都语为母语的听众,其中一半人住在德国,把德语作为第二语言,另一半住在巴基斯坦。德语是重音计时语言,使用头部突出标记,大量使用时长标记纠正焦点;乌尔都语是音节计时语言,使用边缘突出标记,使用时长标记焦点类型与德语不同。结果表明,多数语言德语对乌尔都语焦点加工的影响不同:在生产方面,焦点标记不受居住国的影响,而在感知方面,生活在德国的乌尔都语使用者比生活在巴基斯坦的乌尔都语使用者对纠正焦点语境中的持续时间更敏感。我们将其分析为跨语言影响,并认为与重音时间、头部突出的多数语言(这里:德语)接触会影响母语乌尔都语在感知上的提示权重,但在生产上(尚未)影响提示权重。
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引用次数: 0
Cognate facilitation in single- and dual-language contexts in bilingual children’s word processing 双语儿童文字处理的同源促进作用
2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-20 DOI: 10.1075/lab.23009.kou
Elly Koutamanis, Gerrit Jan Kootstra, Ton Dijkstra, Sharon Unsworth
Abstract We examined the extent to which cognate facilitation effects occurred in simultaneous bilingual children’s production and comprehension and how these were modulated by language dominance and language context. Bilingual Dutch-German children, ranging from Dutch-dominant to German-dominant, performed picture naming and auditory lexical decision tasks in single-language and dual-language contexts. Language context was manipulated with respect to the language of communication (with the experimenter and in instructional videos) and by means of proficiency tasks. Cognate facilitation effects emerged in both production and comprehension and interacted with both dominance and context. In a single-language context, stronger cognate facilitation effects were found for picture naming in children’s less dominant language, in line with previous studies on individual differences in lexical activation. In the dual-language context, this pattern was reversed, suggesting inhibition of the dominant language at the decision level. Similar effects were observed in lexical decision. These findings provide evidence for an integrated bilingual lexicon in simultaneous bilingual children and shed more light on the complex interplay between lexicon-internal and lexicon-external factors modulating the extent of lexical cross-linguistic influence more generally.
摘要本研究考察了同源促进效应在同时双语儿童的生产和理解中的作用程度,以及这些效应如何受到语言优势和语言语境的调节。从以荷兰语为主导到以德语为主导的双语荷德儿童,在单语和双语环境中执行图片命名和听觉词汇决策任务。语言语境是根据交流语言(与实验者和教学视频)和熟练程度任务来操纵的。同源促进效应在产生和理解过程中均存在,并与支配和语境相互作用。在单一语言环境下,儿童在非优势语言中对图片命名的同源促进作用更强,这与先前关于词汇激活个体差异的研究一致。在双语情境中,这一模式被逆转,表明在决策层面上主导语言受到抑制。在词汇决策方面也观察到类似的效果。这些发现为同时双语儿童的综合双语词汇提供了证据,并进一步揭示了词汇内部因素和词汇外部因素之间复杂的相互作用,这些因素更普遍地调节了词汇跨语言影响的程度。
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引用次数: 0
Does your regional variety help you acquire an additional language? 你所在地区的多样性对你学习一门额外的语言有帮助吗?
2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.1075/lab.22057.per
Sílvia Perpiñán, Silvina Montrul
This study investigates Differential Object Marking (DOM) in Italian speakers from two dialectal areas–North and South Italy–learning Spanish. Southern Italo-Romance varieties exhibit a DOM system through a-marking, like Spanish, whereas the Northern varieties, like Standard Italian, only allow DOM with pronouns. Given the structural differences and similarities among these typologically close languages, we ask whether a stigmatized oral regional variety has the potential to transfer in the acquisition of additional languages. Participants (n = 103) completed an acceptability judgment task (AJT) and an oral production task testing DOM in [±animate, ±definite] DP contexts. The results revealed differences modulated by proficiency in the written AJT that moderately favored the Northern learners and in the oral production task that favored the Southern learners. These findings suggest that low-prestige varieties may not have the full potential to transfer at early stages of acquisition due to their inhibition in formal contexts, but that they can emerge in less formal tasks. We argue that current theoretical models that prioritize linguistic proximity as the primary source of transfer at initial stages of L3 acquisition are unable to capture revealing patterns from understudied sociolinguistic contexts that bring new light to the study of multilingualism.
摘要本研究调查了意大利南北两个方言区意大利语使用者学习西班牙语时的差异对象标记(DOM)。南部的italo -罗曼语变体像西班牙语一样通过-标记展示DOM系统,而北部的italo -罗曼语变体像标准意大利语一样,只允许带有代词的DOM。考虑到这些类型学上相近的语言在结构上的差异和相似之处,我们想知道一个被污名化的口头区域变体是否有可能在其他语言的习得中转移。参与者(n = 103)完成了可接受性判断任务(AJT)和在[±动画,±确定]DP情境下测试DOM的口头生产任务。结果显示,北方学习者在书面AJT上的熟练程度适中,而南方学习者在口头生产任务上的熟练程度较高。这些发现表明,由于在正式环境中受到抑制,低声望的变体在习得的早期阶段可能没有充分的转移潜力,但它们可以在较不正式的任务中出现。我们认为,当前的理论模型优先考虑语言接近性作为三语习得初始阶段迁移的主要来源,无法从研究不足的社会语言学背景中捕捉揭示模式,这些模式为多语研究带来了新的启示。
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引用次数: 1
Verb placement in L3 French and L3 German 法语三级和德语三级的动词位置
2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.1075/lab.22058.bus
Guro Busterud, Anne Dahl, Dave Kush, Kjersti Faldet Listhaug
Abstract This article explores cross-linguistic influence and the relationship between surface structure and underlying syntactic structure in L3 acquisition of verb placement in L1 Norwegian L2 English learners of L3 German or French, respectively. In these languages, verb placement varies systematically. Previous research has found transfer from both L1 and L2 in similar language combinations. Using an acceptability judgment task, we tested verb placement in non-subject-initial and subject-initial sentences. Findings indicate that L3 French learners performed better on non-subject-initial sentences compared to subject-initial sentences, whereas the opposite was the case in L3 German. We argue that our findings can be explained by a generative account of verb movement and are compatible with an analysis where verbs do not move, or do not move far enough, in the L3 learners’ underlying syntactic representation. Following the assumption that verb movement is a costly operation, we argue that the syntactic operation verb movement is constrained by principles of economy in L3 acquisition, and that economy plays a role in determining cross-linguistic influence in multilingual acquisition. Our account is compatible with a uniform analysis of the acquisition of verb movement in L1, L2 and L3, and underlines the qualitative similarities in different acquisition processes.
摘要本文探讨了母语挪威语二语德语和法语三语学习者三语动词位置习得过程中的跨语言影响以及表层结构和底层句法结构之间的关系。在这些语言中,动词的位置有系统地变化。先前的研究发现,在相似的语言组合中,母语和第二语言都有迁移。使用可接受性判断任务,我们测试了动词在非主语首句和主语首句中的位置。研究结果表明,三级法语学习者在非主语首句上的表现优于三级德语学习者,而三级德语学习者在非主语首句上的表现则相反。我们认为,我们的发现可以用动词运动的生成解释来解释,并且与一种分析相一致,即动词在L3学习者的潜在句法表征中没有移动,或者移动得不够远。假设动词移动是一种代价高昂的操作,我们认为三语习得中的句法操作动词移动受到经济原则的约束,而经济在多语习得中起着决定跨语言影响的作用。我们的研究与对第一、二、三语动词运动习得的统一分析是一致的,并强调了不同习得过程中的质的相似性。
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引用次数: 1
Shared syntax and cross-linguistic influence in bilingual children 双语儿童的共同句法及跨语言影响
2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.1075/lab.22093.uns
Sharon Unsworth
Abstract This paper investigates the role of structural priming in cross-linguistic influence, a well-established yet poorly understood characteristic of bilingual language development. More specifically, we test the proposal that cross-linguistic influence may be conceptualized as between-language priming, that is, as the result of prior linguistic exposure ( Serratrice, 2016 ) and shared syntactic representations between languages ( Hartsuiker et al., 2004 ). In Experiment 1, we primed bilingual English-Dutch children between languages using possessive structures (e.g., the astronaut’s dog, the dog of the astronaut ). In Experiment 2, we compared the same group of children with bilingual Spanish-Dutch and monolingual Dutch children using within-language priming. Within-language priming was stronger than between-language priming. In both experiments, we examined the relation between priming behaviour and individual differences in language exposure, use and proficiency. Experiment 1 found between-language priming with long-lasting effects modulated by proficiency. The results of Experiment 2 were consistent with inverse priming effects in within-language priming modulated – to a degree – by properties of the bilingual children’s other language. Taken together, these findings are consistent with the proposal that between-language priming is a plausible mechanism underpinning cross-linguistic influence and that bilingual children develop shared syntactic representations for structures which are similar across their two languages.
摘要:本文探讨了结构启动在跨语言影响中的作用,这是双语语言发展的一个公认但却鲜为人知的特征。更具体地说,我们测试了跨语言影响可能被概念化为语言间启动的提议,即作为先前语言暴露(Serratrice, 2016)和语言之间共享句法表征(Hartsuiker et al., 2004)的结果。在实验1中,我们使用所有格结构(例如,宇航员的狗,宇航员的狗)在语言之间启动双语英语-荷兰儿童。在实验2中,我们使用语言内启动对同一组儿童与西班牙-荷兰双语儿童和单语荷兰儿童进行了比较。语言内启动强于语言间启动。在这两个实验中,我们研究了启动行为与语言暴露、使用和熟练程度的个体差异之间的关系。实验1发现语言间启动的持久效应受熟练程度的调节。实验2的结果与语言内启动的逆启动效应一致,该效应在一定程度上受双语儿童其他语言特性的调节。综上所述,这些发现与以下观点一致:语言间启动是支持跨语言影响的合理机制,双语儿童对两种语言中相似的结构形成了共同的句法表征。
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引用次数: 1
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Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism
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