Journal of Anthropological Sciences最新文献

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AI and the human condition: between evolutionary continuity and ontological rupture. 人工智能与人类状况：在进化连续性与本体论断裂之间。

IF 1.8 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Anthropological Sciences

Pub Date : 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.4436/jass.10312

Fabio Di Vincenzo

引用次数: 0

The mosaic of lactase persistence in Africa: from geneculture coevolution to continental demography. 非洲乳糖酶持久性的马赛克：从基因文化共同进化到大陆人口统计学。

IF 1.8 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Anthropological Sciences

Pub Date : 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.4436/jass.10306

Alessia Ranciaro

Lactase persistence (LP), the genetically determined capacity to digest lactose beyond infancy, stands as a prime example of rapid, recent human adaptation and gene-culture coevolution. Across Africa, the distribution of genetic variants associated with LP reveals intricate patterns reflecting a complex interplay between the cultural innovation of dairying, intense positive selection, adaptation to varied environments, and diverse, continent-spanning migratory events. This review synthesizes current knowledge from genetics (including ancient DNA), anthropology, and archaeology (including lipid residue analysis of pottery and paleo proteomics of ancient dental calculus) to explore how LP variants function as powerful bioarcheological tracers of African demographic history, dietary shifts, and cultural transitions within the African continent. By integrating evidence from these multiple disciplines, I aim to illustrate how the evolution and dispersal of LP alleles mirror significant demographic events and cultural innovations throughout Africa's prehistory, highlighting one of the strongest examples of recent human adaptation.

乳糖耐受性（LP）是由基因决定的婴儿期以后消化乳糖的能力，是人类近期快速适应和基因-文化共同进化的一个主要例子。在整个非洲，与LP相关的遗传变异的分布揭示了复杂的模式，反映了乳制品文化创新、强烈的积极选择、对不同环境的适应以及多样化的跨大陆迁徙事件之间复杂的相互作用。这篇综述综合了遗传学（包括古代DNA）、人类学和考古学（包括陶器的脂质残留物分析和古代牙石的古蛋白质组学）的现有知识，探索LP变异如何作为非洲人口历史、饮食转变和非洲大陆文化转型的强大生物考古示踪剂。通过整合这些多学科的证据，我旨在说明LP等位基因的进化和传播如何反映了整个非洲史前时期的重大人口事件和文化创新，突出了最近人类适应的最强例子之一。

引用次数: 0

Geometric morphometric data in cladistics: comparison with phylogenies inferred from morphological data. 枝系学中的几何形态数据：与从形态数据推断的系统发育的比较。

IF 1.8 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Anthropological Sciences

Pub Date : 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.4436/jass.10307

Margaux Simon-Maciejewski,Giorgio Manzi,Valéry Zeitoun,Aurélien Mounier

The development of protocols integrating 3D geometric morphometric data into cladistic analyses offers powerful tools to reassess previously established phylogenies. We examine evolutionary relationships within the genus Homo by comparing results from recently developed cladistic protocols using 3D data with an approach based on morphological characters. We applied both to 78 hominid calvaria - comprising 9 great apes, 45 Homo sapiens, and 24 fossil specimens (2 australopithecines and 22 Homo) - grouped into 23 operational taxonomic units. The sample is described using 347 landmarks and 59 discrete characters, from which three datasets were generated. The first uses Procrustes-aligned 3D landmark coordinates. The second uses principal component coordinates from a Principal Component Analysis run on the aligned landmarks. The third dataset includes coded morphological features. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using TNT software following a three-step protocol. Firstly, a phylogenetic search using the heuristic algorithm under equal weight was performed. Secondly, the consistency and rescaled consistency indices for each character were extracted. Finally, a second phylogenetic search using the heuristic algorithm after reweighting of the characters was performed. The cladistic analyses of 3D data and discrete morphological traits yield different yet mostly congruent results, highlighting the strengths and limitations of each approach, and bringing new insight on long standing discussions in palaeoanthropology.

将三维几何形态测量数据整合到进化分析中的协议的发展为重新评估先前建立的系统发育提供了强大的工具。我们通过使用基于形态特征的方法的3D数据比较最近开发的分支协议的结果来检查属内的进化关系。我们将这两种方法应用于78种原始人的颅骨，包括9种类人猿、45种智人和24种化石标本（2种南方古猿和22种人属），它们被分为23个操作分类单位。样本使用347个路标和59个离散字符进行描述，从中生成了三个数据集。第一个使用procrustes对齐的3D地标坐标。第二种方法使用在对齐的地标上运行的主成分分析中的主成分坐标。第三个数据集包括编码的形态学特征。采用TNT软件按照三步法构建系统发育树。首先，采用等权启发式算法进行系统发育搜索；其次，提取每个字符的一致性指标和缩放后的一致性指标；最后，使用启发式算法在重新加权字符后进行第二次系统发育搜索。对三维数据和离散形态特征的进化分析产生了不同但大多数一致的结果，突出了每种方法的优势和局限性，并为古人类学界长期存在的讨论带来了新的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Model-based inferring of Neanderthal upper cervical spine motion. 基于模型的尼安德特人上颈椎运动推断。

IF 1.8 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Anthropological Sciences

Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.4436/jass.10304

Carlos Aurelio Palancar,Markus Bastir,Benoit Beyer

The primary aim of this pilot study is not to provide definitive statements on Neanderthal kinematics, but rather to illustrate the potential of Procrustes Motion Analysis (PMA) combined with predictive modelling as a robust tool for addressing questions of functional morphology in the fossil record. We use this novel approach to model and compare the potential upper cervical spine (UCS) flexion-extension kinematics of the La Ferrassie 1 Neanderthal and modern humans. The study material comprised the 3D virtual morphology of the occipital base, atlas (C1), and axis (C2) of La Ferrassie 1 and the corresponding kinematic and morphological data from seven unembalmed modern human cadaveric specimens. We first used the PMA framework to analyze the shape-motion relationship in the modern human sample. This relationship was then used to build a predictive model. We applied this model to the UCS morphology of La Ferrassie 1-inferring its potential motion trajectory rather than measuring direct fossil kinematics-and statistically compared the results to the modern human mean. Contrary to previous hypotheses based solely on morphological inference, our model-based results challenge the assumption of reduced Neanderthal neck mobility. The inferred trajectory of flexion-extension for La Ferrassie 1 were statistically comparable to that of the modern human sample, suggesting no significant difference in this specific movement. This study demonstrates the utility of integrating empirical motion data, geometric morphometrics, and predictive modelling in paleoanthropology, offering a significant advance over traditional morphological inference. By successfully illustrating the application of PMA, this research provides a new framework for investigating hominin kinematics, while simultaneously emphasizing that the kinematics presented for the Neanderthal specimen were predicted and modelled, not directly measured.

这项初步研究的主要目的不是提供关于尼安德特人运动学的明确陈述，而是说明Procrustes运动分析（PMA）与预测建模相结合的潜力，作为解决化石记录中功能形态学问题的强大工具。我们使用这种新颖的方法来模拟和比较La Ferrassie 1尼安德特人和现代人的潜在上颈椎屈伸运动学。研究材料包括La Ferrassie 1的枕基、寰椎（C1）和轴（C2）的三维虚拟形态学，以及来自7具未防腐的现代人类尸体标本的相应运动学和形态学数据。我们首先使用PMA框架来分析现代人类样本中的形状-运动关系。这种关系随后被用来建立一个预测模型。我们将这个模型应用于La Ferrassie 1号的UCS形态，推断其潜在的运动轨迹，而不是测量化石的直接运动学，并将结果与现代人类的平均值进行统计比较。与以往仅基于形态学推断的假设相反，我们基于模型的结果挑战了尼安德特人颈部活动能力降低的假设。La Ferrassie 1的屈伸轨迹在统计上与现代人类样本相当，表明这种特定运动没有显着差异。该研究展示了整合经验运动数据、几何形态计量学和预测建模在古人类学中的实用性，为传统形态推断提供了重大进展。通过成功地说明PMA的应用，该研究为研究人类运动学提供了一个新的框架，同时强调尼安德特人标本的运动学是预测和建模的，而不是直接测量的。

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引用次数: 0

Arene Candide: an ancient modified cranium and the shape of cognition. Arene Candide：一个古老的改良头盖骨和认知的形状。

IF 1.8 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Anthropological Sciences

Pub Date : 2025-11-25 DOI: 10.4436/jass.10301

Fabio Di Vincenzo

引用次数: 0

Structural diversity, functional plasticity: the role of de-generacy in Human Evolution. 结构多样性、功能可塑性：退化在人类进化中的作用。

IF 1.8 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Anthropological Sciences

Pub Date : 2025-11-25 DOI: 10.4436/jass.10302

Paul Howard Mason

This review article explores the concept of de-generacy as a fundamental yet underutilised principle in evolutionary anthropology. De-generacy, defined as structurally distinct elements performing overlapping functions, is widely recognised in genetics, neurobiology, and immunology but remains overlooked in cultural evolution. Distinguishing de-generacy from redundancy-where identical structures fulfill the same role-is crucial for understanding adaptability, resilience, and innovation in both biological and cultural systems. Despite its explanatory potential, de-generacy has been largely absent from anthropological discourse due to historical baggage and terminological confusion. The misuse of "degeneracy" in colonial and eugenic narratives has hindered its application, even as contemporary evolutionary theory-particularly the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis-highlights structural variation as a driver of adaptive complexity. Consequently, an opportunity to refine methodologies in anthropological research, particularly in modelling cultural transmission, has been overlooked. De-generacy is a distributed property of complex adaptive systems that, in many circles of science, has been hidden in plain sight, overlooked because of a reductionist bias, and ignored because the term itself is misleading. This article clarifies the distinction between de-generacy and redundancy and demonstrates its significance in biological anthropology. Empirical examples illustrate degeneracy across multiple domains, including linguistic variation, kinship terminologies, and ritual practices. A comparative case study of Indonesian Silek and Brazilian Capoeira provides a snapshot of how structurally distinct yet functionally similar cultural formations emerge across diverse contexts. These examples reinforce de-generacy as a key explanatory principle in cultural resilience and transformation. By integrating degeneracy into evolutionary anthropology, this article advances a more nuanced understanding of cultural transmission and transformation. Recognising structurally diverse yet functionally coherent practices enhances models of cultural evolution, moving beyond strictly adaptationist explanations. Ultimately, degeneracy provides a robust conceptual tool for analysing variation, complexity, and persistence in human evolutionary systems, warranting greater attention in interdisciplinary research.

这篇综述文章探讨了退化的概念，这是进化人类学中一个基本的但尚未充分利用的原则。退化被定义为具有重叠功能的结构上不同的元素，在遗传学、神经生物学和免疫学中得到广泛认可，但在文化进化中仍被忽视。区分退化和冗余——相同的结构履行相同的角色——对于理解生物和文化系统的适应性、弹性和创新至关重要。尽管它具有解释潜力，但由于历史包袱和术语混乱，退化在人类学话语中基本上是缺席的。在殖民和优生叙事中滥用“退化”阻碍了它的应用，即使当代进化理论——尤其是扩展进化综合理论——强调结构变异是适应性复杂性的驱动因素。因此，在人类学研究中改进方法的机会，特别是在文化传播建模方面，被忽视了。退化是复杂自适应系统的一种分布式特性，在许多科学圈子里，它一直被隐藏在显而易见的地方，因为还原论的偏见而被忽视，因为这个术语本身具有误导性而被忽视。本文阐明了退化与冗余的区别，并论证了其在生物人类学中的意义。经验例子说明了跨多个领域的退化，包括语言变异、亲属术语和仪式实践。印度尼西亚丝绸和巴西卡波耶拉的比较案例研究提供了一个快照，如何在不同的背景下出现结构上不同但功能上相似的文化形态。这些例子强化了退化作为文化弹性和转型的关键解释原则。通过将退化论整合到进化人类学中，本文对文化传播和转化有了更细致的理解。认识到结构多样但功能连贯的实践增强了文化进化模型，超越了严格的适应主义解释。最终，简并性为分析人类进化系统中的变异、复杂性和持久性提供了一个强大的概念工具，值得跨学科研究的更多关注。

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引用次数: 0

New signs of skeletal trauma in the Upper Paleolithic "Principe" from Arene Candide Cave (Liguria, Italy) bear novel insights into the circumstances of his death. 旧石器时代晚期的“普林西比”骨骼创伤的新迹象来自Arene Candide洞穴（利古里亚，意大利），为他的死亡情况提供了新的见解。

IF 1.8 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Anthropological Sciences

Pub Date : 2025-11-25 DOI: 10.4436/jass.10303

Vitale Stefano Sparacello,Irene Dori,Nico Radi,Patrizia Garibaldi,Irene Molinari,Julien Riel-Salvatore,Claudine Gravel-Miguel,Marta Zunino,Fabio Negrino,Elisabetta Starnini

Despite ample evidence that Paleolithic humans hunted large and dangerous carnivores, such as lions, leopards, and bears, skeletal evidence of negative interactions with wild fauna is extremely rare in the Homo sapiens paleobiological record. To date, the only individual for whom an animal attack has been hypothesized based on their pattern of traumatic lesions is the Gravettian adolescent buried at Arene Candide Cave in Liguria (northwestern Italy; 27,900-27,300 cal BP) nicknamed "Il Principe" (The Prince) due to the rich grave goods placed in the burial. Since its excavation in 1942, it was noted that this individual was missing part of the mandible and half of the left clavicle, leading to the hypothesis of an attack by a large animal, likely a bear. However, this claim was never fully investigated. We reanalyzed these lesions and systematically examined the skeleton for additional evidence to reconstruct the manner and circumstances of death. Our analysis confirmed the perimortem nature of the mandibular and shoulder lesions and identified other possible fractures related to the violent event in the cranium, dentition, and possibly the cervical spine. Additional perimortem trauma, including a linear marking on the left parietal and a puncture mark in the fibula, supports the hypothesis of animal mauling. Given the overall traumatic pattern, a bear attack - Ursus arctos or Ursus spelaeus - remains the most plausible explanation. The study also revealed that the Principe had sustained traumatic injuries to his feet - a fracture of the left little toe and osteochondritis dissecans in the right talus - which support the hypothesis that prehistoric foragers experienced limited survival following lower limb injuries. Despite the thoraco-facial trauma and disfiguring wounds, the microscopic analysis suggests that the Principe survived for a few days. The violent event and the long agony may have been reflected in the elaborate burial, following the presumed Gravettian use of formally burying exceptional individuals and exceptional events.

尽管有充分的证据表明，旧石器时代的人类猎杀大型而危险的食肉动物，如狮子、豹子和熊，但在智人的古生物记录中，与野生动物负面互动的骨骼证据极其罕见。迄今为止，唯一一个根据创伤性损伤模式被假设为动物袭击的个体是埋葬在利古利亚（意大利西北部；27,900-27,300 cal BP）的Arene Candide洞穴中的Gravettian青少年，由于埋葬中放置了丰富的坟墓物品，绰号为“Il Principe”（王子）。自1942年挖掘以来，人们注意到这个人失去了一部分下颌骨和一半的左锁骨，这导致了一个大型动物袭击的假设，很可能是熊。然而，这一说法从未得到充分调查。我们重新分析了这些损伤，并系统地检查了骨骼，以寻找更多的证据来重建死亡的方式和环境。我们的分析证实了下颌骨和肩部损伤的死前性质，并确定了其他可能的骨折，这些骨折与颅骨、牙列和颈椎的暴力事件有关。额外的死前创伤，包括左顶骨上的线状痕迹和腓骨上的穿刺痕迹，支持了动物殴打的假设。考虑到整体的创伤模式，熊的袭击——熊爪熊或熊爪熊——仍然是最合理的解释。研究还显示，普林西比的脚受到了创伤——左小脚趾骨折，右距骨出现了夹层性骨软骨炎——这支持了史前觅食者在下肢受伤后生存有限的假设。尽管有胸面部创伤和毁容的伤口，显微镜分析表明普林西比还活了几天。暴力事件和漫长的痛苦可能反映在精心安排的葬礼上，据推测，格拉维特人会正式埋葬特殊的个人和特殊的事件。

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引用次数: 0

Reconstructing micro-evolutionary dynamics shaping local variation in southern African populations using genomics, metagenomics and personal metadata. 利用基因组学、宏基因组学和个人元数据重建塑造南部非洲人口局部变异的微观进化动态。

IF 1.6 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Anthropological Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-12-26 DOI: 10.4436/JASS.10204

Gonzalo Oteo-García, Giacomo Mutti, Matteo Caldon, Ockie Oosthuitzen, Matteo ManfrediniK, Cristian Capelli

Geography is a well-known factor shaping genetic variation in human populations. However, the potential role played by cultural variables remains much understudied. This study investigates the impact of socio-cultural variables on genomic similarity and the saliva microbiome, using data from populations in Lesotho and Namibia. Geographic distance within Lesotho increases genetic differentiation, while shared clan affiliation surprisingly increases it. In Namibia, ethnicity is the predominant factor influencing genetic affinity. Saliva metagenomic data shows a negative correlation between age and alpha diversity, with notable differences in host-interacting taxa and viral load. These findings highlight the role of geography in shaping genetic affinity even at small scales and the complex influences of cultural factors. The saliva microbiome appears primarily affected by unrecorded individual behaviors rather than geographic or cultural variables. At population-level these oral microbiomes reveal insights into some dietary habits, oral health, and also the communal viral load, which appears to have greater incidence in Lesotho possibly related to the long-term effects of the HIV epidemic in the country.

众所周知，地理因素影响着人类群体的遗传变异。然而，文化变量的潜在作用仍未得到充分研究。本研究利用莱索托和纳米比亚人群的数据，调查了社会文化变量对基因组相似性和唾液微生物组的影响。莱索托境内的地理距离增加了遗传分化，而共同的氏族归属却出人意料地增加了遗传分化。在纳米比亚，种族是影响遗传亲和性的主要因素。唾液元基因组数据显示，年龄与阿尔法多样性呈负相关，宿主相互作用类群和病毒载量存在显著差异。这些发现凸显了地理因素在形成遗传亲和力方面的作用，即使是在小范围内，以及文化因素的复杂影响。唾液微生物组似乎主要受到未记录的个体行为而非地理或文化变量的影响。在人群层面上，这些口腔微生物组揭示了一些饮食习惯、口腔健康以及社区病毒负荷的情况，莱索托的病毒负荷发生率似乎更高，这可能与该国艾滋病毒流行的长期影响有关。

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引用次数: 0

The importance of hidden stories. 隐藏故事的重要性。

IF 1.6 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Anthropological Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-12-26 DOI: 10.4436/JASS.10205

Giovanni Destro Bisol, Erica Autelli, Marco Capocasa, Marco Caria

引用次数: 0

Genetic variability of Roma population in Serbia: The perspective from autosomal STR markers. 塞尔维亚罗姆人的遗传变异：常染色体 STR 标记的视角。

IF 1.6 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Anthropological Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-12-26 DOI: 10.4436/JASS.10202

Vanja Tanasic, Marija Vukovic, Milica Mihajlovic Srejic, Miljana Kecmanovic, Milica Keckarevic Markovic, Dusan Keckarevic

Genetic variability of Roma population was shaped by the strong influence of genetic drift and gene flow during the migrations from their ancestral homeland in Indian subcontinent towards Europe. In addition, social stigmatization in many European countries, as a consequence of different cultural heritage and social practices, induced further genetic differentiation and sub structuring within the population. Although many populations genetic studies on European Roma were carried out, the genetic structure of the Serbian Roma has not been described yet, since only the modest number of individuals from this territory was analyzed. The main aim of this study was the characterization of genetic variability of the Roma and the assessment of intrapopulation genetic differentiation based on the analysis of 21 autosomal STR loci of 259 self-identified unrelated individuals from Serbia. Intrapopulation analysis revealed divergence of Roma groups illustrating the effect of the historical events after their arrival on Balkan Peninsula and emphasizing significance of the religious affiliation on admixture with autochthonous population. Genetic distance analysis showed the greatest similarity of the studied population with the Middle Eastern populations, while South Asian and European population were more distant. Our results demonstrate that Roma groups in this region of Balkan Peninsula do not represent completely isolated, but rather admixed populations with different proportion of gene flow with other Roma and non-Roma groups.

罗姆人的遗传变异是在他们从印度次大陆的祖先故乡向欧洲迁徙的过程中，受到基因漂移和基因流动的强烈影响而形成的。此外，由于不同的文化传统和社会习俗，许多欧洲国家的社会鄙视进一步导致了罗姆人的遗传分化和亚结构化。虽然对欧洲罗姆人进行了许多群体遗传研究，但对塞尔维亚罗姆人的遗传结构还没有进行过描述，因为只分析了该地区数量不多的罗姆人。本研究的主要目的是分析罗姆人的遗传变异特征，并根据对来自塞尔维亚的 259 名自我认同的无血缘关系个体的 21 个常染色体 STR 位点的分析，评估种群内的遗传分化。种群内分析揭示了罗姆人群体的分化，说明了罗姆人到达巴尔干半岛后历史事件的影响，并强调了宗教信仰对与本土人口混合的重要性。遗传距离分析表明，所研究人群与中东人群的相似度最高，而与南亚和欧洲人群的距离较远。我们的研究结果表明，巴尔干半岛这一地区的罗姆人群体并不代表完全孤立的群体，而是与其他罗姆人和非罗姆人群体有着不同比例基因流动的混合群体。

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