Cecilia García-Campos, María Martinén-Torres, Mario Modesto-Mata, Laura Martín-Francés, Marina Martínez de Pinillos, José María Bermúdez de Castro
One of the main concerns of paleoanthropologists is to make a correct interpretation of the variability observed in the fossil record. However, the current knowledge about sexual dimorphism in the human lineage comes mainly from the study of modern human, Neanderthal and pre-Neanderthal populations, whereas information available about the intrapopulation variability of the groups that preceded these taxa is still ambiguous. In this preliminary study, Homo antecessor dental sample was assessed with the aim of trying to evaluate the degree of variability of their permanent canines` dental tissue proportions. Microtomographic techniques were here employed in order to measure and compare the crown volumes and surface areas of their enamel caps and dentine-pulp complexes. Then, the Pearson`s Coefficient of Variation and the Euclidean Distance were assessed to evaluate of intrapopulation variability of Gran Dolina TD6.2 dental sample. The values obtained were also compared with those of the dental samples from Sima de los Huesos site (Spain), the Neanderthal site of Krapina (Croatia), as well as from a broad forensic collection of known sex. Our results showed a marked intrapopulation variability in the dental tissues measurements of the canines of the individuals H1 and H3 from this site. This variability may be interpreted as an indicator of sexual dimorphism. If this is the case, H1 may be considered as a male individual, whereas H3 would be a female. Future discoveries of new fossils in the level TD6.2 of Gran Dolina site might help to confirm or refute this hypothesis.
古人类学家关注的主要问题之一是如何正确解释化石记录中观察到的变异性。然而,目前关于人类性二型的知识主要来自于对现代人、尼安德特人和尼安德特人之前的人群的研究,而关于这些类群之前的人群的种内变异性的信息仍然模糊不清。在这项初步研究中,对前人的牙齿样本进行了评估,目的是试图评估其永久性犬齿组织比例的变异程度。研究采用了显微层析成像技术,以测量和比较其珐琅质帽和牙本质浆复合体的冠体积和表面积。然后,评估了皮尔逊变异系数和欧氏距离,以评价 Gran Dolina TD6.2 牙齿样本的群体内变异性。我们还将所得数值与西马德洛斯胡索斯(Sima de los Huesos)遗址(西班牙)、克拉皮纳尼安德特人遗址(克罗地亚)以及已知性别的广泛法医采集的牙齿样本进行了比较。我们的研究结果表明,该遗址中 H1 和 H3 个体的犬齿组织测量结果存在明显的种群内差异。这种差异可被解释为性双态性的指标。如果是这样的话,H1 可以被认为是雄性个体,而 H3 则是雌性个体。今后在大多利纳遗址 TD6.2 层发现的新化石可能有助于证实或反驳这一假设。
{"title":"Indicators of sexual dimorphism in Homo antecessor permanent canines.","authors":"Cecilia García-Campos, María Martinén-Torres, Mario Modesto-Mata, Laura Martín-Francés, Marina Martínez de Pinillos, José María Bermúdez de Castro","doi":"10.4436/JASS.99001","DOIUrl":"10.4436/JASS.99001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One of the main concerns of paleoanthropologists is to make a correct interpretation of the variability observed in the fossil record. However, the current knowledge about sexual dimorphism in the human lineage comes mainly from the study of modern human, Neanderthal and pre-Neanderthal populations, whereas information available about the intrapopulation variability of the groups that preceded these taxa is still ambiguous. In this preliminary study, Homo antecessor dental sample was assessed with the aim of trying to evaluate the degree of variability of their permanent canines` dental tissue proportions. Microtomographic techniques were here employed in order to measure and compare the crown volumes and surface areas of their enamel caps and dentine-pulp complexes. Then, the Pearson`s Coefficient of Variation and the Euclidean Distance were assessed to evaluate of intrapopulation variability of Gran Dolina TD6.2 dental sample. The values obtained were also compared with those of the dental samples from Sima de los Huesos site (Spain), the Neanderthal site of Krapina (Croatia), as well as from a broad forensic collection of known sex. Our results showed a marked intrapopulation variability in the dental tissues measurements of the canines of the individuals H1 and H3 from this site. This variability may be interpreted as an indicator of sexual dimorphism. If this is the case, H1 may be considered as a male individual, whereas H3 would be a female. Future discoveries of new fossils in the level TD6.2 of Gran Dolina site might help to confirm or refute this hypothesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25466427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Florisbad fossil cranium was found in South Africa in 1932. Different authors proposed a taxonomic affinity with early Homo sapiens, Neandertals or late Homo heidelbergensis. Here, we review its neurocranial morphology, to supply an updated perspective on its paleoneurological features. The curvature of the frontal squama is definitely within modern human variation, although the anterior cranial fossa is very broad, comparable to that of the Neandertals. In contrast, the parietal lobe and the vascular networks are more similar to the morphology observed in more archaic human species, such as Homo heidelbergensis. The endocranial anatomy of the Florisbad skull displays a mosaic of derived and plesiomorphic features, which makes this fossil compatible with distinct phylogenetic scenarios. None of these traits are, however, strictly diagnostic in terms of taxonomy. This specimen is central to the question on the possible anagenetic evolution from Homo heidelbergensis sensu lato to modern humans.
弗洛里斯巴德头盖骨化石于1932年在南非被发现。不同的作者提出了与早期智人、尼安德特人或晚期海德堡人的分类亲缘关系。在这里,我们回顾其神经颅形态,以提供其古生物学特征的最新观点。额部鳞片的弧度绝对属于现代人的变异,尽管前颅窝非常宽,与尼安德特人相当。相比之下,顶叶和血管网络更类似于在更古老的人类物种(如海德堡人)中观察到的形态。弗洛里斯巴德头骨的颅内解剖结构显示了衍生和半胚性特征的马赛克,这使得该化石与不同的系统发育情景兼容。然而,就分类学而言,这些特征都不是严格的诊断性特征。这个标本对于从海德堡人(Homo heidelbergensis sensu lato)到现代人类可能的遗传进化问题至关重要。
{"title":"The skull from Florisbad: a paleoneurological report.","authors":"Emiliano Bruner, Marlize Lombard","doi":"10.4436/JASS.98014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.98014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Florisbad fossil cranium was found in South Africa in 1932. Different authors proposed a taxonomic affinity with early Homo sapiens, Neandertals or late Homo heidelbergensis. Here, we review its neurocranial morphology, to supply an updated perspective on its paleoneurological features. The curvature of the frontal squama is definitely within modern human variation, although the anterior cranial fossa is very broad, comparable to that of the Neandertals. In contrast, the parietal lobe and the vascular networks are more similar to the morphology observed in more archaic human species, such as Homo heidelbergensis. The endocranial anatomy of the Florisbad skull displays a mosaic of derived and plesiomorphic features, which makes this fossil compatible with distinct phylogenetic scenarios. None of these traits are, however, strictly diagnostic in terms of taxonomy. This specimen is central to the question on the possible anagenetic evolution from Homo heidelbergensis sensu lato to modern humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38552779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This report aims to give notice of and provide a more detailed dataset and detailed remarks on what can be considered a one-of-a-kind hominin fossil walking pattern: Trackway B of the Foresta ichnological site (Tora e Piccilli, Caserta, Central Italy). Although the site is known since 2003, only recently has the study been performed by means of the newest photogrammetric and experimental techniques of collection, analysis and interpretation of ichnological data. The results obtained enable us to depict an astonishing movie printed in rock, describing some body features and common moments of the everyday movements of a hominin who lived about 350 ka. In particular, some up-to-now absolutely unique fossil prints of body parts of a Pleistocene hominin (calf, ankle, and gluteus), which have simply been mentioned in the ichnological fossil record, are here quantitatively described for the first time. The data coming from this research will provide scientists with new valuable elements thus far undetected anywhere else in the world.
本报告旨在提供一个更详细的数据集和详细的评论,关于什么可以被认为是独一无二的古人类化石行走模式:森林技术遗址(意大利中部卡塞塔的Tora e Piccilli)的轨道B。虽然该遗址自2003年以来就为人所知,但直到最近才通过最新的摄影测量和收集、分析和解释技术数据的实验技术进行研究。获得的结果使我们能够描绘出一幅印在岩石上的惊人电影,描述了生活在大约350年前的古人类的一些身体特征和日常活动的常见时刻。特别是,一些迄今为止绝对独特的更新世人类身体部位的化石印记(小腿、脚踝和臀肌),这些只是在技术化石记录中被提及,在这里首次进行了定量描述。来自这项研究的数据将为科学家们提供迄今为止在世界其他地方未被发现的新的有价值的元素。
{"title":"A snapshot on some everyday actions of a Middle Pleistocene hominin: the Trackway B at the Devil's Trails palaeontological site (Tora e Piccilli, Caserta, Central Italy).","authors":"Adolfo Panarello","doi":"10.4436/JASS.98013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.98013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This report aims to give notice of and provide a more detailed dataset and detailed remarks on what can be considered a one-of-a-kind hominin fossil walking pattern: Trackway B of the Foresta ichnological site (Tora e Piccilli, Caserta, Central Italy). Although the site is known since 2003, only recently has the study been performed by means of the newest photogrammetric and experimental techniques of collection, analysis and interpretation of ichnological data. The results obtained enable us to depict an astonishing movie printed in rock, describing some body features and common moments of the everyday movements of a hominin who lived about 350 ka. In particular, some up-to-now absolutely unique fossil prints of body parts of a Pleistocene hominin (calf, ankle, and gluteus), which have simply been mentioned in the ichnological fossil record, are here quantitatively described for the first time. The data coming from this research will provide scientists with new valuable elements thus far undetected anywhere else in the world.</p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37877623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
José María Bermúdez de Castro, María Martinón-Torres
{"title":"A reply to Ribot et al.","authors":"José María Bermúdez de Castro, María Martinón-Torres","doi":"10.4436/JASS.98015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.98015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38552781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Numerous factors, including family planning and modern contraception, disturb the potential associations between the number of children born and genetic factors in modern Western societies. The current progress of medicine and a relatively high level of well-being make it hard to test the association between children's survival rates and genetic factors in Western societies either. The goal of the current study was to reveal the possible associations between the number of children born and the number of children survived till the age of 5 y. by the time of our study with a set of six genetic polymorphisms associated with serotonin, dopamine, androgen oxytocin behavioral effects; and to test for sex-specific effects of these polymorphisms in a traditional rural sample from Arusha and Singida Districts of Northern Tanzania. The data on 965 healthy individuals (520 men and 415 women) from traditional rural communities with high reproduction profiles were collected. All participants provided information on the number of children born and survived, and other demographic information, as well as buccal epithelium samples for DNA analysis. The data were analyzed using GLM ANCOVA and the APSampler nonparametric methodology. The gene association effects on reproduction and infant survival in men and women were demonstrated. We suggest that sex differences revealed in this study are in line with sexual selection pressure on reproduction and parenting in traditional societies.
{"title":"Fertility and infant survival in men and women from rural regions of Northern Tanzania: gene candidates and sex-specific genetic associations.","authors":"Marina Butovskaya, Valentina Burkova, Vasiliy Vasilyev, Evgeniya Sukhodolskaya, Daniya Yurgenson, Dmitriy Shibalev, Dmitriy Karelin, Daria Dronova, Audax Mabulla, Oleg Lazebny","doi":"10.4436/JASS.98018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.98018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Numerous factors, including family planning and modern contraception, disturb the potential associations between the number of children born and genetic factors in modern Western societies. The current progress of medicine and a relatively high level of well-being make it hard to test the association between children's survival rates and genetic factors in Western societies either. The goal of the current study was to reveal the possible associations between the number of children born and the number of children survived till the age of 5 y. by the time of our study with a set of six genetic polymorphisms associated with serotonin, dopamine, androgen oxytocin behavioral effects; and to test for sex-specific effects of these polymorphisms in a traditional rural sample from Arusha and Singida Districts of Northern Tanzania. The data on 965 healthy individuals (520 men and 415 women) from traditional rural communities with high reproduction profiles were collected. All participants provided information on the number of children born and survived, and other demographic information, as well as buccal epithelium samples for DNA analysis. The data were analyzed using GLM ANCOVA and the APSampler nonparametric methodology. The gene association effects on reproduction and infant survival in men and women were demonstrated. We suggest that sex differences revealed in this study are in line with sexual selection pressure on reproduction and parenting in traditional societies.</p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38702760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gabriele A Macho, Cinzia Fornai, Christine Tardieu, Philip Hopley, Martin Haeusler, Michel Toussaint
The discovery of the nearly complete Plio-Pleistocene skeleton StW 573 Australopithecus prometheus from Sterkfontein Member 2, South Africa, has intensified debates as to whether Sterkfontein Member 4 contains a hominin species other than Australopithecus africanus. For example, it has recently been suggested that the partial skeleton StW 431 should be removed from the A. africanus hypodigm and be placed into A. prometheus. Here we re-evaluate this latter proposition, using published information and new comparative data. Although both StW 573 and StW 431 are apparently comparable in their arboreal (i.e., climbing) and bipedal adaptations, they also show significant morphological differences. Surprisingly, StW 431 cannot be unequivocally aligned with either StW 573 or other hominins from Sterkfontein commonly attributed to A. africanus (nor with Paranthropus robustus and Australopithecus sediba). This finding, together with considerations about the recent dating of Plio-Pleistocene hominin-bearing sites in South Africa and palaeoecological/palaeoclimatic conditions, raises questions whether it is justified to subsume hominins from Taung, Makapansgat and Sterkfontein (and Gladysvale) within a single taxon. Given the wealth of fossil material and analytical techniques now available, we call for a re-evaluation of the taxonomy of South African Plio-Pleistocene hominins. Such an endeavour should however go beyond the current (narrow) focus on establishing an A. africanus-A. prometheus dichotomy.
在南非Sterkfontein Member 2发现的几乎完整的上新世至更新世的StW 573南方古猿普罗米修斯骨架,加剧了关于Sterkfontein Member 4是否包含非洲南方古猿以外的人类物种的争论。例如,最近有人建议将非洲南方古猿的部分骨架StW 431从非洲南方古猿中移除,并将其放入普罗米修斯古猿中。在这里,我们重新评估后一个命题,使用已发表的信息和新的比较数据。虽然StW 573和StW 431在树栖(即攀爬)和两足适应方面具有明显的可比性,但它们也表现出显著的形态差异。令人惊讶的是,StW 431不能明确地与StW 573或其他来自Sterkfontein的古人类一致,这些古人类通常被认为是非洲古猿(也不能与傍人粗笨猿和南方古猿源泉种)。这一发现,再加上最近对南非上新世-更新世古人类遗址的年代测定和古生态/古气候条件的考虑,提出了一个问题,即把来自Taung、Makapansgat和Sterkfontein(以及Gladysvale)的古人类归为一个分类群是否合理。鉴于现有的丰富的化石材料和分析技术,我们呼吁对南非上新世-更新世人族的分类进行重新评估。然而,这样的努力应该超越目前(狭隘的)关注于建立一个非洲类群。普罗米修斯的二分法。
{"title":"The partial skeleton StW 431 from Sterkfontein - Is it time to rethink the Plio-Pleistocene hominin diversity in South Africa?","authors":"Gabriele A Macho, Cinzia Fornai, Christine Tardieu, Philip Hopley, Martin Haeusler, Michel Toussaint","doi":"10.4436/JASS.98020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.98020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The discovery of the nearly complete Plio-Pleistocene skeleton StW 573 Australopithecus prometheus from Sterkfontein Member 2, South Africa, has intensified debates as to whether Sterkfontein Member 4 contains a hominin species other than Australopithecus africanus. For example, it has recently been suggested that the partial skeleton StW 431 should be removed from the A. africanus hypodigm and be placed into A. prometheus. Here we re-evaluate this latter proposition, using published information and new comparative data. Although both StW 573 and StW 431 are apparently comparable in their arboreal (i.e., climbing) and bipedal adaptations, they also show significant morphological differences. Surprisingly, StW 431 cannot be unequivocally aligned with either StW 573 or other hominins from Sterkfontein commonly attributed to A. africanus (nor with Paranthropus robustus and Australopithecus sediba). This finding, together with considerations about the recent dating of Plio-Pleistocene hominin-bearing sites in South Africa and palaeoecological/palaeoclimatic conditions, raises questions whether it is justified to subsume hominins from Taung, Makapansgat and Sterkfontein (and Gladysvale) within a single taxon. Given the wealth of fossil material and analytical techniques now available, we call for a re-evaluation of the taxonomy of South African Plio-Pleistocene hominins. Such an endeavour should however go beyond the current (narrow) focus on establishing an A. africanus-A. prometheus dichotomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38391896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francesc Ribot Trafí, Mario García Bartual, Eulalia García-Nos, Alfredo José Altamirano Enciso, Alexander J Nevgloski, Qian Wang
{"title":"Another interpretation of Homo antecessor.","authors":"Francesc Ribot Trafí, Mario García Bartual, Eulalia García-Nos, Alfredo José Altamirano Enciso, Alexander J Nevgloski, Qian Wang","doi":"10.4436/JASS.98016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.98016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38552780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Armando Falcucci, Nicholas J Conard, Marco Peresani
The cultural dynamics that led to the appearance of the Aurignacian have intrigued archaeologists since the start of Paleolithic research. However, cultural reconstructions have often focused on a restricted region of Europe, namely the northern Aquitaine Basin. The Mediterranean Basin, though, is also a region worthy of consideration when testing if the Protoaurignacian was followed by the Early Aurignacian adaptive system. Fumane Cave is a pivotal site for tackling this issue because it contains evidence of repeated human occupations during the time span of the European Aurignacian. Here we investigate the diachronic variability of the lithic assemblages from five cultural units at Fumane Cave using a combination of reduction sequence and attribute analyses. This paper also reassesses the presence and stratigraphic reliability of the organic artifacts recovered at Fumane Cave. Our results show that the features of the Protoaurignacian techno-typology are present throughout the stratigraphic sequence, and by extension, to the onset of Heinrich Event 4. Additionally, the appearance of split-based points in the youngest phase is evidence of extensive networks that allowed this technological innovation to spread across different Aurignacian regions.
{"title":"Breaking through the Aquitaine frame: A re-evaluation\u0000on the significance of regional variants during the\u0000Aurignacian as seen from a key record in southern Europe","authors":"Armando Falcucci, Nicholas J Conard, Marco Peresani","doi":"10.4436/JASS.98021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.98021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cultural dynamics that led to the appearance of the Aurignacian have intrigued archaeologists since the start of Paleolithic research. However, cultural reconstructions have often focused on a restricted region of Europe, namely the northern Aquitaine Basin. The Mediterranean Basin, though, is also a region worthy of consideration when testing if the Protoaurignacian was followed by the Early Aurignacian adaptive system. Fumane Cave is a pivotal site for tackling this issue because it contains evidence of repeated human occupations during the time span of the European Aurignacian. Here we investigate the diachronic variability of the lithic assemblages from five cultural units at Fumane Cave using a combination of reduction sequence and attribute analyses. This paper also reassesses the presence and stratigraphic reliability of the organic artifacts recovered at Fumane Cave. Our results show that the features of the Protoaurignacian techno-typology are present throughout the stratigraphic sequence, and by extension, to the onset of Heinrich Event 4. Additionally, the appearance of split-based points in the youngest phase is evidence of extensive networks that allowed this technological innovation to spread across different Aurignacian regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38733108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}