Journal of Veterinary Cardiology最新文献_第5页

Clinical utility of left atrial diameter normalized for body weight in healthy and cardiomyopathic cats 健康猫和心肌病猫体重归一化左心房内径的临床应用。

IF 1.3 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.08.005

V. Patata , T. Vezzosi , C. Fabris , M. Bini , F. Marchesotti , G. Grosso , O. Domenech

Introduction/Objectives

Left atrial dimensions correlate with body weight (BW) in cats. Atrial dimensions can be obtained from both right parasternal long-axis (RPLAx) and right parasternal short-axis images. However, reference ranges for RPLAx-derived left atrial diameter (LAD) obtained from a large sample of healthy cats are needed. This study measured LAD from the RPLAx view and calculated a normalized value to BW (LADn) and left atrial diameter-to-aortic annulus ratio (LAD:Ao). Study aims included developing prediction intervals for LADn, defining reference intervals for LAD:Ao, and investigating useful cutoffs for these variables for detection of congestive heart failure (CHF) in cats with cardiomyopathy.

Animals, Materials and Methods

Healthy cats (n = 303) and cats with different types of cardiomyopathy (198 preclinical; 71 with CHF). From RPLAx images, the LAD was measured from the interatrial septum to the free wall at end-systole and aortic diameter was measured at the annulus to calculate the LAD:Ao. Linear regression analysis was used to investigate the effect of BW on the LAD. Cutoffs of LADn and LAD:Ao that identified cats with CHF were generated.

Results

The LAD correlated to BW (r = 0.52, P<0.001). The formula to calculate LADn was LAD (mm)/BW (kg)^0.19, while median RPLAx LAD:Ao was 2.0 (95% reference interval: 1.55–2.47). Values of LADn >12.7 and LAD:Ao >2.5 had a sensitivity of 92.8% and 88.7% and a specificity of 91.5% and 93.6%, respectively, in detecting CHF.

Study Limitations

Due to the retrospective design of the study and lack of longitudinal follow-up, the inclusion of cats with occult CM in the healthy group cannot be entirely ruled out.

Conclusions

The LAD correlates with BW in cats. In the evaluation of LA dimension, LADn and LAD:Ao might be preferable to unadjusted LAD, especially in smaller and larger breeds of cats.

简介/目的：猫的左心房尺寸与体重（BW）相关。心房尺寸可以从右胸骨旁长轴（RPLAx）和右胸骨旁短轴图像获得。然而，需要从大量健康猫样本中获得rplax衍生的左房内径（LAD）的参考范围。本研究从RPLAx视图测量LAD，并计算BW （LADn）和左心房直径与主动脉环比（LAD:Ao）的归一化值。研究目的包括制定LADn的预测区间，定义LAD:Ao的参考区间，并研究这些变量在检测患有心肌病的猫的充血性心力衰竭（CHF）时的有用截止点。动物、材料和方法：健康猫（n = 303）和不同类型心肌病猫（临床前猫198；CHF猫71）。根据RPLAx图像，测量从心房间隔到收缩期末游离壁的LAD，并在环处测量主动脉直径，计算LAD:Ao。采用线性回归分析研究体重对LAD的影响。生成了识别CHF猫的LADn和LAD:Ao的截止值。结果：LAD与BW相关（r = 0.52, P0.19），中位RPLAx LAD:Ao为2.0（95%参考区间：1.55 ~ 2.47）。LADn >12.7和LAD:Ao >2.5检测CHF的敏感性分别为92.8%和88.7%，特异性分别为91.5%和93.6%。研究局限性：由于研究的回顾性设计和缺乏纵向随访，不能完全排除将隐匿性CM猫纳入健康组。结论：猫的LAD与体重相关。在LA维度的评价中，LADn和LAD:Ao可能优于未调整的LAD，特别是在小型和大型猫品种中。

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引用次数: 0

Suspected neurogenic myocardial stunning following traumatic brain injury in a dog 犬创伤性脑损伤后疑似神经源性心肌休克

IF 1.3 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.09.004

A. Machado, O. Belachsen

An eight-year-old male Chihuahua was presented for a cardiac evaluation after sustaining head trauma. New mitral regurgitation, left cardiac dilation, and systolic and diastolic dysfunction were present. Normalisation of cardiac dimensions and function was apparent within 12 days. Findings were consistent with myocardial stunning. The authors hypothesise head trauma–induced neurogenic myocardial stunning, a phenomenon observed in humans after traumatic brain injury but not previously reported in dogs.

一只八岁的雄性吉娃娃在持续头部创伤后接受心脏评估。出现新的二尖瓣返流，左心扩张，收缩和舒张功能障碍。心脏尺寸和功能在12天内明显恢复正常。结果与心肌震惊一致。作者假设是头部外伤引起的神经源性心肌休克，这是一种在人类创伤性脑损伤后观察到的现象，但以前没有在狗身上报道过。

引用次数: 0

Assessment of heart rate measurements obtained from smartphone electrocardiography as compared to 24-h Holter monitoring in dogs with atrial fibrillation 评估从智能手机心电图获得的心率测量与24小时动态心电图监测心房颤动的狗

IF 1.3 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.08.002

T. Gunasekaran, S. Prabhakar, R.A. Sanders

Introduction/Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of smartphone electrocardiogram (ECG) to estimate heart rate (HR) in dogs with atrial fibrillation (AF) and assess its agreement with the 24-h mean HR obtained from continuous ambulatory electrocardiography (Holter monitoring).

Animals, Materials and Methods

Eleven dogs were fitted with a Holter monitor, while owners recorded 5-min ECGs using smartphone application–based electrodes, both attached and manually placed. Recordings were analyzed for the application’s QRS detection accuracy. Bland-Altman and bias plots compared smartphone-derived HR with Holter-derived HR. Receiver operating characteristic analysis assessed the smartphone ECG’s ability to differentiate between 24-h mean HRs above or below 125 beats per min (bpm).

Results

The smartphone ECG underestimated HR due to undersensing of QRS complexes by a mean of 7.15 bpm (standard deviation = 22.13) for the attached electrode and 2.6 bpm (standard deviation = 6.09) for the manually placed electrode. Bland-Altman analysis showed poor agreement, with a differential bias of −34.69 bpm (95% confidence interval = −73.25, 3.86) and proportional bias of 1.25 bpm (95% confidence interval = 0.988, 1.50). Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified a smartphone HR threshold of 122.5 bpm with 100% sensitivity and 99.96% specificity for distinguishing 24-h mean HRs above or below 125 bpm.

Study Limitations

The limitations of this study were the small sample size of large-breed dogs and limited generalizability to all AF etiologies.

Conclusions

Smartphone ECG underestimated HR in dogs with AF and showed poor agreement with Holter-derived HR. However, it may help identify dogs with 24-h mean HR above or below 125 bpm.

本研究的目的是评估智能手机心电图（ECG）估计心房颤动（AF）犬心率（HR）的能力，并评估其与连续动态心电图（动态心电图监测）获得的24小时平均HR的一致性。动物、材料和方法即使是狗也安装了动态心电图监测器，而主人使用基于智能手机应用程序的电极记录5分钟的心电图，包括连接和手动放置。录音分析应用程序的QRS检测精度。Bland-Altman和bias图比较了智能手机的人力资源和智能手机的人力资源。接受者工作特性分析评估了智能手机ECG区分24小时平均hr高于或低于125次/分钟（bpm）的能力。结果智能手机心电由于对QRS复合物的感知不足而低估了HR，对附着电极的平均低估率为7.15 bpm（标准差= 22.13），对手动放置电极的平均低估率为2.6 bpm（标准差= 6.09）。Bland-Altman分析显示一致性较差，差异偏差为- 34.69 bpm(95%可信区间= - 73.25,3.86)，比例偏差为1.25 bpm（95%可信区间= 0.988,1.50）。接受者工作特征分析发现，智能手机HR阈值为122.5 bpm，区分24小时平均HR高于或低于125 bpm的灵敏度为100%，特异性为99.96%。研究局限性：本研究的局限性是大品种犬的样本量小，对所有房颤病因的普遍性有限。结论智能手机心电图低估了房颤犬的HR，与霍尔特衍生HR的一致性较差。然而，它可能有助于识别24小时平均心率高于或低于125 bpm的狗。

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引用次数: 0

Application of an interactive, stereoscopic three-dimensional viewer to evaluate atrial septal defects in five dogs 应用交互式立体三维观测器评价5只犬房间隔缺损

IF 1.3 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.09.006

C.H. Stoner , S. Wesselowski , S.G. Gordon , A.B. Saunders

Definitive closure of atrial septal defects (ASDs) has been reported in dogs utilizing a variety of methods, including device occlusion. We report five dogs with ASD in which multidimensional imaging with computed tomography angiography (CTA) and three-dimensional reconstruction was utilized to assess suitability for device occlusion. Three dogs were initially evaluated for an asymptomatic murmur noted during routine preventative care visits, and two had presenting complaints of mild exercise intolerance. Concurrent congenital heart disease was diagnosed in four of the dogs including pulmonary valve stenosis (n = 2), mitral and tricuspid valve dysplasia (n = 2), and restrictive perimembranous ventricular septal defect (n = 1). Following comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography, ECG-gated CTA was acquired under conscious sedation to characterize ASD anatomy including rim tissue and surrounding structures to determine candidacy for device occlusion. A reconstructed model was viewed with three-dimensional glasses in a mixed reality environment displayed as a stereoscopic object able to be rotated in 360° on a desktop monitor. Inadequate rim tissue was demonstrated in four dogs. Device occlusion was recommended in one dog and successfully performed with a hybrid procedure. Subsequently, balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty was performed. The dog was clinically doing well at 9.1 years of age. The remaining four dogs were clinically doing well (three) or had mild exercise intolerance reported (one) at 4.0–11.5 years of age. This case series demonstrates the utility of stereoscopic models and an interactive mixed reality viewer to assess procedural candidacy for device occlusion in dogs with ASD.

房间隔缺损（ASDs）的最终关闭已报道在狗使用各种方法，包括装置闭塞。我们报告了5只患有ASD的狗，利用计算机断层血管造影（CTA）和三维重建的多维成像来评估设备闭塞的适用性。三只狗最初被评估为在常规预防性护理访问中发现的无症状杂音，两只狗表现出轻度运动不耐受的抱怨。其中4只犬并发先天性心脏病，包括肺动脉瓣狭窄（n = 2）、二尖瓣和三尖瓣发育不良（n = 2）和限制性膜周室间隔缺损（n = 1）。经过全面的经胸超声心动图，在清醒镇静下获得心电图门控CTA，以表征ASD的解剖结构，包括边缘组织和周围结构，以确定设备闭塞的候选性。重建模型在混合现实环境中使用三维眼镜观看，在桌面显示器上显示为可以360°旋转的立体物体。4只狗的边缘组织不足。器械闭塞被推荐在一只狗和成功地执行混合程序。随后行球囊肺动脉瓣成形术。这只狗在9.1岁时临床表现良好。其余4只狗在4.0-11.5岁时临床表现良好（3只）或报告有轻度运动不耐受（1只）。本病例系列展示了立体模型和交互式混合现实观察器的实用性，以评估ASD犬设备闭塞的程序性候选性。

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引用次数: 0

Cerebral small vessel disease in a six-month-old Rottweiler with severe subaortic stenosis 6个月大的罗威纳犬伴有严重主动脉下狭窄的脑血管疾病。

IF 1.3 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.08.008

M. Croce , F. Marchesotti , O. Domenech , M. Bini , M. Tursi

A six-month-old, 23.5 kg female Rottweiler with severe subaortic stenosis (SAS) was referred for cardiological management due to exercise intolerance. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed severe SAS with a pressure gradient of 130 mmHg. A combined cutting balloon and high-pressure balloon dilation was performed. Postoperatively, the dog developed neurological signs, including depression, absent menace reaction, and reduced facial sensation. Despite further treatment, the clinical signs worsened with blindness and inability to maintain spontaneous breathing before becoming comatose, after which the owner elected for euthanasia.

Necropsy confirmed severe SAS and revealed chronic cerebrocortical necrosis in the brain, with multiple intraparenchymal hemorrhages, vessel congestion, and gliosis. These findings indicated chronic ischemic damage such as that highlighted in cerebral small vessel disease described in humans. This case suggests a potential link between severe SAS and cerebral small vessel disease, similar to findings reported in human patients with severe aortic stenosis. Further research is necessary to explore the connection between SAS in dogs and cerebral perfusion alterations and to determine whether the intervention triggered the symptoms or if they arose independently.

一只6个月大，23.5公斤的雌性罗威纳犬因运动不耐受而患有严重主动脉下狭窄（SAS）。经胸超声心动图显示严重的SAS，压力梯度为130 mmHg。采用切割球囊和高压球囊联合扩张。术后，狗出现神经系统症状，包括抑郁，没有威胁反应，面部感觉减少。尽管进行了进一步的治疗，但临床症状恶化，失明，无法维持自主呼吸，然后陷入昏迷，之后主人选择了安乐死。尸检证实了严重的SAS，并显示慢性脑皮质坏死，伴有多发性脑实质内出血、血管充血和胶质细胞增生。这些发现表明慢性缺血性损伤，如人类脑血管疾病中所描述的。该病例提示严重SAS与脑血管疾病之间存在潜在联系，类似于在人类严重主动脉瓣狭窄患者中报道的结果。需要进一步的研究来探索狗的SAS与脑灌注改变之间的联系，并确定干预是引发症状还是独立出现的。

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引用次数: 0

Use of the subcostal view for obtaining aortic spectral Doppler-derived outflow velocities in cats 使用肋下视图获得猫主动脉频谱多普勒衍生流出速度。

IF 1.3 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.08.001

E. Korzybska, F. Edgerton, S.-A. Dickson, D. Shaw, Y.M. Pereira, M.I. Oliveira, G. Culshaw, R. Blake

Introduction/Objectives

In dogs and foals, spectral Doppler-derived aortic outflow velocities (AVs) obtained from the subcostal (SC) view provide higher values than the left parasternal apical five-chamber (LAp) view. In cats, use of the SC view for obtaining AV has not been reported. The aim of the study was to compare AV from SC and LAp views, assess the impact of patient and echocardiographic variables on the difference and confirm the feasibility of obtaining the SC view in cats. The authors hypothesised that the SC view would be well tolerated and provide higher AV.

Animals, Materials and Methods

This was a prospective, single-centre, observational study in cats referred for echocardiography. Standard echocardiographic studies were performed that included Lap-derived AV and, where feasible, those from the SC view. Patient compliance, ease of attainment and need for sedation were recorded. Aortic velocities obtained from both views were compared. The influences of patient and echocardiographic variables on the differences in AV were determined.

Results

Ninety-three cats were enrolled in the study. Eight cats were excluded due to incomplete data. The final analysis included 85 cats. Most cats (81%) tolerated the SC view. Subcostal AVs were greater than LAp velocities by 0.18 m/s (confidence interval ± 1.25 m/s; P<0.005). Sedation, heart rate, body condition score, bodyweight, aorto-septal angle and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) did not influence the differences between views.

Study Limitations

The study limitations included involvement of only a single-centre, subjective analysis of patients’ tolerance, non-standardised sedation protocol, probe frequency and size and a small number of cats included with moderate and severe LVOTO, other cardiac conditions, or receiving treatment.

Conclusions

Aortic velocities derived from the SC view were greater than those from the LAp view in cats. The SC view was well tolerated and may offer a more accurate assessment of LVOTO severity in some cats.

简介/目的：在狗和马驹中，肋下（SC）视图获得的频谱多普勒衍生主动脉流出速度（AVs）比左胸骨旁根尖五室（LAp）视图提供更高的值。在猫中，使用SC视图获取AV尚未见报道。本研究的目的是比较SC视图和LAp视图的AV，评估患者和超声心动图变量对差异的影响，并确认在猫中获得SC视图的可行性。作者假设SC视图耐受性良好，并提供更高的av。动物、材料和方法：这是一项前瞻性、单中心、观察性研究，在猫中进行超声心动图检查。进行标准超声心动图研究，包括膝源性房室和可行的SC视图。记录患者的依从性、达到的难易程度和镇静的需要。比较两种视图获得的主动脉流速。确定患者和超声心动图变量对房颤差异的影响。结果：93只猫被纳入研究。由于数据不完整，8只猫被排除在外。最后的分析包括85只猫。大多数猫（81%）容忍SC观点。肋下AVs比LAp速度大0.18 m/s（置信区间±1.25 m/s）； p研究局限性：研究局限包括仅涉及单中心、患者耐受性的主观分析、非标准化镇静方案、探针频率和大小，以及少量中度和重度LVOTO、其他心脏疾病或接受治疗的猫。结论：在猫中，SC视图得出的主动脉速度大于LAp视图。SC视图耐受性良好，可以更准确地评估某些猫的LVOTO严重程度。

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引用次数: 0

Cardiovascular images: long-term electrocardiogram assessment of ventricular modulated parasystole in a 17-month-old dog 心血管图像：一个17个月大的狗的心室调节性副收缩的长期心电图评估

IF 1.3 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.08.007

V. Saponaro , J.-L. Cadoré , M. Dhunputh

A 17-month-old male Staffordshire bull terrier dog was referred in order to assess an asymptomatic arrhythmia. A 5-min electrocardiogram and 24-h Holter monitor recording revealed the following criteria for ventricular parasystole (VP): mathematically related interectopic intervals, varying coupling intervals of ventricular complexes with sinus complexes, and the presence of fusion complexes. The effect of modulation of the VP cycle length by the sinus rhythm was highlighted on the Holter monitor recording. As the dog did not present with clinical signs and the arrhythmia was judged benign, treatment was not prescribed. The veterinary literature about VP is quite poor. A few case reports exist, all without an association with cardiac disease and any evidence of usefulness of an anti-arrhythmic treatment. A long period (more than a short electrocardiogram) is advised in order to definitively diagnose VP and to rule out malignant arrhythmia.

一个17个月大的雄性斯塔福德郡斗牛犬被提及，以评估无症状心律失常。5分钟心电图和24小时动态心电图记录显示心室副收缩（VP）的以下标准：数学上相关的异位间隔，心室复合体与窦性复合体的不同耦合间隔，以及融合复合体的存在。窦性心律对VP周期长度的调节作用在霍尔特监测记录中得到了突出显示。由于狗没有表现出临床症状，心律失常被判定为良性，所以没有进行治疗。关于副流行性腮腺炎的兽医文献很少。存在少数病例报告，均与心脏疾病无关，也没有任何证据表明抗心律失常治疗有用。为了明确诊断VP和排除恶性心律失常，建议长时间（多于短时间）心电图。

引用次数: 0

Heart failure associated with minoxidil intoxication in a cat 猫因米诺地尔中毒引起的心力衰竭。

IF 1.3 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.08.006

C. Ferri, O. Dossin, V. Gouni

A 13-month-old female spayed Russian blue cat was presented for acute respiratory distress. Thoracic radiographs revealed signs of left-sided congestive heart failure with pulmonary oedema, and the echocardiogram showed left ventricular myocardial thickening and concurrent left atrial dilation. In the first hours following admission, in addition to the classic management of congestive heart failure, dobutamine was used because of hypotension. The cat was discharged five days after admission with a prescription of furosemide 1.11 mg/kg PO q 12 h and pimobendan 0.15 mg/kg PO q 12 h. An echocardiographic follow-up, one month later, showed normalisation of the left ventricular walls and atrial size, justifying a gradual withdrawal of drugs. Eight months later, the cat experienced recurrence of clinical signs. Thoracic radiographs suggested a relapsing pulmonary oedema. The echocardiogram showed again a hypertrophic phenotype with moderate left atrial dilation. The cat was hospitalised, and the case was treated similarly to the first episode. Cardiac troponin I was increased to 9.89 ng/mL [<0.2 ng/mL]. Infectious disease tests were negative. Two weeks later, echocardiography showed again normalisation of left ventricular walls and atrial diameter. Treatments were gradually stopped, and subsequent echocardiographic checks showed no abnormalities. After the resolution of the second episode, it was noted that both respiratory distress events appeared after contact with a family member who was using minoxidil to treat androgenic alopecia and whose hair the cat had insistently licked. Minoxidil intoxication was retrospectively considered a likely contributor to these episodes of transient myocardial thickening associated with congestive heart failure.

一只13个月大的雌性绝育俄罗斯蓝猫出现急性呼吸窘迫。胸片显示左侧充血性心力衰竭伴肺水肿的征象，超声心动图显示左室心肌增厚并伴有左房扩张。在入院后的最初几个小时，除了典型的充血性心力衰竭治疗外，由于低血压而使用多巴酚丁胺。入院后5天，猫出院，处方速尿1.11 mg/kg PO q 12 h，匹莫苯丹0.15 mg/kg PO q 12 h。1个月后超声心动图随访显示左心室壁和心房大小恢复正常，证明逐渐停药是合理的。8个月后，猫再次出现临床症状。胸片提示肺水肿复发。超声心动图再次显示肥厚表型伴中度左心房扩张。这只猫被送进医院，该病例的治疗与第一次发作类似。心肌肌钙蛋白I升高至9.89 ng/mL [

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引用次数: 0

Slow ventricular response atrial fibrillation and J wave in a hypothermic dog 低体温犬的慢心室反应、心房颤动和J波

IF 1.3 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.08.003

I. Apolloni, S. Crosara, S. Oricco, C. Quintavalla

A 9-year-old, outdoors, Italian hound dog was referred for severe hypothermia that had occurred after vomiting and diarrhea. At presentation, the electrocardiogram showed a slow ventricular response atrial fibrillation with an instantaneous heart rate ranging from 20 to 115 beats/min. The QRS complexes were mildly enlarged and followed by a J wave. The QT interval was prolonged (360 msec). Multiple wide QRS complexes with various bizarre morphologies, either singular or in couples, indicative of ventricular ectopic beats, were also observed. The dog was hospitalized and actively rewarmed; the rhythm spontaneously converted to sinus rhythm with respiratory sinus arrhythmia.

一只9岁的户外意大利猎犬因呕吐和腹泻后发生的严重体温过低而被转诊。在就诊时，心电图显示心室反应缓慢，瞬时心率在20 - 115次/分之间。QRS复合物轻度增大，随后出现J波。QT间期延长（360毫秒）。还观察到多个宽QRS复合物具有各种奇怪的形态，无论是单一的还是成对的，表明心室异位搏。这只狗被送进了医院，并积极地恢复了体温；心律自发转化为窦性心律伴呼吸性窦性心律失常。

引用次数: 0

Veterinary echocardiographers’ preferences for image selection, timing, and caliper placement for left atrial two-dimensional size assessment in dogs: the BENEFIT project 兽医超声心动图医师对狗左心房二维尺寸评估的图像选择、时间和卡尺放置的偏好：BENEFIT项目

IF 1.3 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.07.006

M.Y.-W. Kuo , M. Dirven , J. Häggström , S.G. Gordon , K. Höglund , E. Côté , T.-L. Lu , M. Rishniw , Y.-W. Hung , I. Ljungvall

Introduction/Objectives

This study aimed to investigate veterinary echocardiographers’ preferences for assessing left atrial (LA) size in dogs using linear two-dimensional echocardiography, focusing on image selection, timing, caliper placement, and thresholds used for LA enlargement. A secondary aim was to explore the impact of experience and training on echocardiographers' linear two-dimensional measurements of LA size in dogs.

Animals, Materials and Methods

A global online study was conducted, asking veterinary echocardiographers to measure LA size using static echocardiographic images.

Results

A total of 533 echocardiographers (63% non-specialists and 37% specialists, of which 43% were cardiology board certified) completed the study. Most echocardiographers (86%, n = 459/533) used a right parasternal short-axis (RPSAX) view for LA and aortic (Ao) measurements. Of these, 57% (n = 261/459) favored the same image angulation for performing measurements and 76% (n = 351/459) timed measurements at end-systole/early-diastole. Caliper placement near pulmonary venous inlets impacted their LA dimension measurements the most. Thirty-nine percent (n = 207/533) used right parasternal long-axis (RPLAX) views. The upper limit for LA enlargement varied across all commonly used methods. Training and experience level influenced interobserver variation for LA dimension measurements obtained from a RPLAX four-chamber view, but not from a RPSAX view.

Study Limitations

Static images may not reflect real-time clinical settings or allow precise identification of anatomical structures.

Conclusions

The RPSAX view was most favored for LA size assessment in dogs, but variations existed in image selection, timing, caliper placement, and threshold used for LA enlargement. Training and experience level influenced interobserver variation in LA dimension measurements obtained from a RPLAX four-chamber view.

本研究旨在探讨兽医超声心动图医师使用线性二维超声心动图评估犬左房（LA）大小的偏好，重点关注左房放大的图像选择、时间、卡尺放置和阈值。第二个目的是探索经验和训练对超声心动图师对狗的LA大小的线性二维测量的影响。动物、材料和方法进行了一项全球在线研究，要求兽医超声心动图医师使用静态超声心动图图像测量LA大小。结果共有533名超声心动图医师（非专科医师63%，专科医师37%，其中43%获得心脏病学委员会认证）完成研究。大多数超声心动图医师（86%,n = 459/533）使用右胸骨旁短轴（RPSAX）视图测量LA和主动脉（Ao）。其中，57% （n = 261/459）倾向于采用相同的成像角度进行测量，76% （n = 351/459）倾向于在收缩期末/舒张期早期进行定时测量。卡尺放置在肺静脉入口附近对其LA尺寸测量影响最大。39% （n = 207/533）使用右胸骨旁长轴（RPLAX）视图。在所有常用的方法中，LA放大的上限各不相同。训练和经验水平影响从RPLAX四室视图中获得的LA维度测量的观察者间差异，但从RPSAX视图中没有。研究局限性静态图像可能不能反映实时临床环境或允许精确识别解剖结构。结论RPSAX视图最适合犬的LA大小评估，但在图像选择、时间、卡尺放置和LA放大阈值方面存在差异。训练和经验水平影响从RPLAX四室视图获得的LA维度测量的观察者间差异。

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引用次数: 0