Turning biomass waste into briquettes using densification techniques is one of the most promising steps toward mitigating biomass waste pollution and fuel issues in developing countries. Despite the continuous growth of scientific output over the past few decades, only a limited amount of information is available in the literature on biomass briquette optimization and mathematical modeling, as well as the physiochemical characterization of biomass feedstocks and briquette operating variables. In light of this gap in the current literature, this study summarizes the current state of the art and recent advances in biomass-based briquettes generated from agro-residues as an alternative source of clean energy. The primary research method for this study is literature review and conceptual modeling. First, many densification processes, such as piston press, screw press, roller press, hydraulic press, and quality variables such as ash content, calorific value, moisture content, density, compressive strength, shatter index, etc., are thoroughly discussed and compared. Then characteristics of different biomass wastes are studied, together with process parameters, including temperature, type of binder used, particle size, and influence on densification process choice. The current evaluation concentrated on the mathematical modeling and optimization of the briquetting technology and the usefulness of briquettes in applications for heating, cooking, and energy production. Overall, this manuscript will help new researchers understand the basic methodology, classification, limitations, and future perspective of briquetting technology in the production of solid biofuels.
{"title":"Insight into the Biomass-Based Briquette Generation from Agro-Residues: Challenges, Perspectives, and Innovations","authors":"Arshad Ali, Meena Kumari, Manisha, Sumit Tiwari, Mahesh Kumar, Deepak Chhabra, Ravinder Kumar Sahdev","doi":"10.1007/s12155-023-10712-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-023-10712-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Turning biomass waste into briquettes using densification techniques is one of the most promising steps toward mitigating biomass waste pollution and fuel issues in developing countries. Despite the continuous growth of scientific output over the past few decades, only a limited amount of information is available in the literature on biomass briquette optimization and mathematical modeling, as well as the physiochemical characterization of biomass feedstocks and briquette operating variables. In light of this gap in the current literature, this study summarizes the current state of the art and recent advances in biomass-based briquettes generated from agro-residues as an alternative source of clean energy. The primary research method for this study is literature review and conceptual modeling. First, many densification processes, such as piston press, screw press, roller press, hydraulic press, and quality variables such as ash content, calorific value, moisture content, density, compressive strength, shatter index, etc., are thoroughly discussed and compared. Then characteristics of different biomass wastes are studied, together with process parameters, including temperature, type of binder used, particle size, and influence on densification process choice. The current evaluation concentrated on the mathematical modeling and optimization of the briquetting technology and the usefulness of briquettes in applications for heating, cooking, and energy production. Overall, this manuscript will help new researchers understand the basic methodology, classification, limitations, and future perspective of briquetting technology in the production of solid biofuels.</p>","PeriodicalId":487,"journal":{"name":"BioEnergy Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139551741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-23DOI: 10.1007/s12155-024-10722-x
Theja Joseph, J. G. Ray
The current study examines the phycoremediation potential cum biomass productivity and biomass quality of hitherto uninvestigated five algae in Bold’s Basal Medium (BBM) of varying nitrogen (½ to 4 × N), phosphorus (½ to 4 × P), and both together (½ to 2 × NP) with varying N:P. All five algae displayed unique responses in biomass productivity, lipid yield and productivity, and nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) removal efficiency. Chlorolobion braunii exhibited the highest biomass productivity (107 to 109.23 mg/L/ day) in N-rich media (3 to 4 × N in BBM), and Monoraphidium contortum exhibited the highest biomass productivity (103.66 mg/L/day) in P-rich media (2 to 4 × P in BBM). All the algae exhibited a higher lipid yield and productivity in BBM with a reduced ratio of N:P (0.85 to 1.47) from a lesser addition of N (½ × N or NP in BBM). Monoraphidium contortum exhibited significantly higher lipid yield (44.38%) and productivity (35.94 mg/L/day) than other species. The lipid content of four species demonstrated high-quality biofuel properties. Halochlorella rubescens exhibited the maximum nitrogen removal efficiency of 96% (in BBM), and Monoraphidium contortum exhibited the maximum phosphorus removal efficiency of 94.4% (2 × NP in BBM). Overall, the experiments stand as a model for understanding the influence of variations in N and P concerning N:P on biomass productivity, lipid content, lipid productivity, and N and P removal rate and efficiency of algae for initial standardization of the culture protocols for further industrial trials.
{"title":"Experimental Assessment of Lipid Yield and Phycoremediation Potential of Five Indigenous Microalgae Under Various Nutrient Regimes","authors":"Theja Joseph, J. G. Ray","doi":"10.1007/s12155-024-10722-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-024-10722-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The current study examines the phycoremediation potential cum biomass productivity and biomass quality of hitherto uninvestigated five algae in Bold’s Basal Medium (BBM) of varying nitrogen (½ to 4 × N), phosphorus (½ to 4 × P), and both together (½ to 2 × NP) with varying N:P. All five algae displayed unique responses in biomass productivity, lipid yield and productivity, and nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) removal efficiency. <i>Chlorolobion braunii</i> exhibited the highest biomass productivity (107 to 109.23 mg/L/ day) in N-rich media (3 to 4 × N in BBM), and <i>Monoraphidium contortum</i> exhibited the highest biomass productivity (103.66 mg/L/day) in P-rich media (2 to 4 × P in BBM). All the algae exhibited a higher lipid yield and productivity in BBM with a reduced ratio of N:P (0.85 to 1.47) from a lesser addition of N (½ × N or NP in BBM). <i>Monoraphidium contortum</i> exhibited significantly higher lipid yield (44.38%) and productivity (35.94 mg/L/day) than other species. The lipid content of four species demonstrated high-quality biofuel properties. <i>Halochlorella rubescens</i> exhibited the maximum nitrogen removal efficiency of 96% (in BBM), and <i>Monoraphidium contortum</i> exhibited the maximum phosphorus removal efficiency of 94.4% (2 × NP in BBM). Overall, the experiments stand as a model for understanding the influence of variations in N and P concerning N:P on biomass productivity, lipid content, lipid productivity, and N and P removal rate and efficiency of algae for initial standardization of the culture protocols for further industrial trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":487,"journal":{"name":"BioEnergy Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139551558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-23DOI: 10.1007/s12155-024-10720-z
Abstract
This study investigates the gasification of cellulose, lignin, corn stover (rich in cellulose) and walnut shells (rich in lignin) using CaO as a catalyst. The objective was to understand the effect of the different biomass components on the gasification products and the performance of the CaO catalyst. Notable results indicate distinctive product distribution: cellulose yields higher liquid (58%) and CO (95.36%) products, while lignin produces increased H2 (47.88%), CH4 (34.34%), and CO2 (29.58%). Gasification of biomass feedstocks, corn stover (cellulose-rich) and walnut shell (lignin-rich), aligns with pure cellulose and lignin trends. Catalyst characterization highlights that cellulose exhibits a greater tendency for coke formation, leading to elevated tar compounds and coke deposition on the catalyst surface. The solid residue from cellulose gasification displays a smaller pore volume (5.70 m2/g) and specific surface area, indicating undesirable catalyst rearrangement. XRD analysis indicates a higher carbonation rate of CaO in lignin-rich gasification, leading to increased CaCO3 formation. Further results show a higher CO2 concentration (3.35 mol/kg) and lower CO production (0.54 mol/kg) in corn stover gasification, contrasting with walnut shell (CO2: 14.24 mol/kg, CO: 1.24 mol/kg). The study underscores the quantitative assessment of biomass composition for optimizing gasification processes, vital for catalyst selection and ensuring efficient CO2 capture in industrial applications.
摘要 本研究以 CaO 为催化剂,对纤维素、木质素、玉米秸秆(富含纤维素)和核桃壳(富含木质素)的气化进行了研究。目的是了解不同生物质成分对气化产物和 CaO 催化剂性能的影响。显著的结果显示了不同的产物分布:纤维素产生较多的液体(58%)和二氧化碳(95.36%)产物,而木质素则产生较多的 H2(47.88%)、CH4(34.34%)和二氧化碳(29.58%)。生物质原料玉米秸秆(富含纤维素)和核桃壳(富含木质素)的气化与纯纤维素和木质素的趋势一致。催化剂特性分析表明,纤维素更容易形成焦炭,导致焦油化合物和焦炭沉积在催化剂表面。纤维素气化产生的固体残渣显示出较小的孔隙体积(5.70 m2/g)和比表面积,表明催化剂发生了不良的重排。XRD 分析表明,在富含木质素的气化过程中,CaO 的碳化率较高,导致 CaCO3 的形成增加。进一步的结果表明,玉米秸秆气化过程中二氧化碳浓度较高(3.35 摩尔/千克),而一氧化碳产生量较低(0.54 摩尔/千克),与核桃壳(二氧化碳:14.24 摩尔/千克,一氧化碳:1.24 摩尔/千克)形成鲜明对比。这项研究强调了对生物质成分进行定量评估以优化气化过程的重要性,这对催化剂的选择和确保工业应用中二氧化碳的高效捕获至关重要。
{"title":"Influence of Cellulose and Lignin-Rich Biomass on Catalyst Performance: A Study with Walnut Shell and Corn Stover Gasification","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s12155-024-10720-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-024-10720-z","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>This study investigates the gasification of cellulose, lignin, corn stover (rich in cellulose) and walnut shells (rich in lignin) using CaO as a catalyst. The objective was to understand the effect of the different biomass components on the gasification products and the performance of the CaO catalyst. Notable results indicate distinctive product distribution: cellulose yields higher liquid (58%) and CO (95.36%) products, while lignin produces increased H<sub>2</sub> (47.88%), CH<sub>4</sub> (34.34%), and CO<sub>2</sub> (29.58%). Gasification of biomass feedstocks, corn stover (cellulose-rich) and walnut shell (lignin-rich), aligns with pure cellulose and lignin trends. Catalyst characterization highlights that cellulose exhibits a greater tendency for coke formation, leading to elevated tar compounds and coke deposition on the catalyst surface. The solid residue from cellulose gasification displays a smaller pore volume (5.70 m<sup>2</sup>/g) and specific surface area, indicating undesirable catalyst rearrangement. XRD analysis indicates a higher carbonation rate of CaO in lignin-rich gasification, leading to increased CaCO<sub>3</sub> formation. Further results show a higher CO<sub>2</sub> concentration (3.35 mol/kg) and lower CO production (0.54 mol/kg) in corn stover gasification, contrasting with walnut shell (CO<sub>2</sub>: 14.24 mol/kg, CO: 1.24 mol/kg). The study underscores the quantitative assessment of biomass composition for optimizing gasification processes, vital for catalyst selection and ensuring efficient CO<sub>2</sub> capture in industrial applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":487,"journal":{"name":"BioEnergy Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139551560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This a two-part study was conducted to improve the enzymatic saccharification of apple pomace (AP) by pretreatment and fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis. The impact on the enzymatic hydrolysis and structural characterization in AP of four pretreatment processes, sodium hydroxide (SH), ethanol (ETH), liquid hot water (LHW), and Phanerochaete chrysosporium (PC), were evaluated. In addition, the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of AP at high solids content was improved by optimizing the enzyme hydrolysis conditions and using fed-batch strategy. The results demonstrated that both ETH 160 °C and PC pretreatments effectively enhanced the efficiency of enzymatic saccharification in AP while disrupting its compact structure. Notably, PC solid-state fermentation for 7 d proved to be a mild yet effective pretreatment method for AP. By utilizing PC pretreated residue at a substrate content of 20% (w/v) with an addition of 5 mg/g pectinase and 50 mg/g Tween 80, along with employing fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis, the total sugar concentration increased by 30.3% after 72 h. At this point, the highest total sugar concentration reached 77.5 g/L with an enzymatic hydrolysis yield reaching 73% (glucose). This study presents not only the first application of PC as a pretreatment method for AP but also establishes a new enzymatic process with high solids content to provide a new strategy for AP resource utilization.
本研究由两部分组成,旨在通过预处理和喂料批次酶水解改进苹果渣(AP)的酶糖化。研究评估了氢氧化钠(SH)、乙醇(ETH)、液态热水(LHW)和蛹虫草(PC)四种预处理工艺对苹果渣酶水解和结构特征的影响。此外,通过优化酶水解条件和采用喂料批处理策略,提高了高固体含量下 AP 的酶水解效率。结果表明,ETH 160 °C 和 PC 预处理都能有效提高 AP 的酶糖化效率,同时破坏其紧密结构。值得注意的是,PC 固态发酵 7 d 被证明是一种温和而有效的 AP 预处理方法。利用基质含量为 20% (w/v)的 PC 预处理残渣,添加 5 mg/g 果胶酶和 50 mg/g 吐温 80,并采用喂料式酶水解法,72 h 后总糖浓度增加了 30.3%,此时最高总糖浓度达到 77.5 g/L,酶水解产率达到 73%(葡萄糖)。这项研究不仅首次将 PC 用作 AP 的预处理方法,还建立了一种高固体含量的新型酶解工艺,为 AP 资源利用提供了一种新策略。
{"title":"Mild Pretreatment Combined with Fed-Batch Strategy to Improve the Enzymatic Efficiency of Apple Pomace at High-Solids Content","authors":"Jianjun Chen, Jiameng Zhou, Rongjie Yuan, Xue Shao, Yaoyajie Lu, Weidi Sun, Xianglin Cao","doi":"10.1007/s12155-024-10719-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-024-10719-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This a two-part study was conducted to improve the enzymatic saccharification of apple pomace (AP) by pretreatment and fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis. The impact on the enzymatic hydrolysis and structural characterization in AP of four pretreatment processes, sodium hydroxide (SH), ethanol (ETH), liquid hot water (LHW), and <i>Phanerochaete chrysosporium</i> (PC), were evaluated. In addition, the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of AP at high solids content was improved by optimizing the enzyme hydrolysis conditions and using fed-batch strategy. The results demonstrated that both ETH 160 °C and PC pretreatments effectively enhanced the efficiency of enzymatic saccharification in AP while disrupting its compact structure. Notably, PC solid-state fermentation for 7 d proved to be a mild yet effective pretreatment method for AP. By utilizing PC pretreated residue at a substrate content of 20% (w/v) with an addition of 5 mg/g pectinase and 50 mg/g Tween 80, along with employing fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis, the total sugar concentration increased by 30.3% after 72 h. At this point, the highest total sugar concentration reached 77.5 g/L with an enzymatic hydrolysis yield reaching 73% (glucose). This study presents not only the first application of PC as a pretreatment method for AP but also establishes a new enzymatic process with high solids content to provide a new strategy for AP resource utilization.</p>","PeriodicalId":487,"journal":{"name":"BioEnergy Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139551883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-22DOI: 10.1007/s12155-024-10721-y
Mariana Furtado Granato de Albuquerque, Maíra Nicolau de Almeida, Murillo Peterlini Tavares, Rafaela Inês de Souza Ladeira Ázar, Lílian da Silva Fialho, Sebastião Tavares de Rezende, Valéria Monteze Guimarães
Two α-arabinofuranosidases from the fungus Chrysoporthe cubensis COAD 3356 were partially purified, identified, characterized, and applied to the sugarcane bagasse saccharification to evaluate the potential of these enzymes to increase the sugar production from lignocellulosic biomass. The α-arabinofuranosidases were classified on GH51 (α-Ara1) and GH54/CBM42 (α-Ara2) families. After sugarcane bagasse saccharification, using the commercial cellulase-rich cocktail supplemented with α-Ara2 (15 U/g), there was an increase of 1.6, 3.9, and 6.1 times in the release of glucose, xylose, and arabinose, respectively. On the other hand, there was no increase in sugar release with α-Ara1 supplementation under the same saccharification conditions. The enzymes presented maximum activity at pH 4.0, and 60 °C. Both α-Ara1 and α-Ara2 were thermostable at 50 °C, presenting half-life values of 68 and 77 h, respectively. The enzyme α-Ara2 presented higher KMapp for synthetic substrate ρNP-α-arabinofuranoside (1.38 mmol/L) and wheat arabinoxylan (1.28 mmol/L) when compared with α-Ara1. A new fungal α-arabinofuranosidase structure, still little described in the GH51 family, was predicted. Furthermore, the results indicated that α-Ara2 is a promising molecule to be used to supplement cocktails for lignocellulose degradation.