Pub Date : 2023-09-19DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.143
Fred Tusabe, Mohammed Lamorde, Alexandra Medley, Maureen Kesande, Matthew J. Lozier, Sauda Yapswale, Francis Ociti, Herbert Isabirye, Elly Nuwamanya, Judith Nanyondo, Amy Boore, Waverly Vosburgh, Juliet N. Kasule, Caroline Pratt, David Berendes
Abstract In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we established and sustained local production of Alcohol-Based Hand Rub (ABHR) at a district scale for healthcare facilities and community, public locations in four districts in Uganda. District officials provided space and staff for production units. The project renovated space for production, trained staff on ABHR production, and transported ABHR to key locations. The production officer conducted internal ABHR quality assessments while trained district health inspectors conducted external quality assessments prior to distribution. Information, education, and communication materials accompanied ABHR distribution. Onsite ABHR consumption was monitored by site staff using stock cards. On average, it took 11 days (range: 8–14) and 5,760 USD (range: 4,400–7,710) to setup a production unit. From March to December 2021, 21,600 L of quality-controlled ABHR were produced for 111 healthcare facilities and community locations at an average cost of 4.30 USD/L (range: 3.50–5.76). All ABHR passed both internal and external quality control (average ethanol concentration of 80%, range: 78–81%). This case study demonstrated that establishing centralized, local production of quality-controlled, affordable ABHR at a district-wide scale is feasible and strengthens the ability of healthcare workers and community locations to access and use ABHR during infectious disease outbreaks in low-resource countries.
{"title":"Establishment of district-led production of WHO-recommended Alcohol-Based Hand Rub (ABHR) during the COVID-19 pandemic: a model for improving access to ABHR during health emergencies","authors":"Fred Tusabe, Mohammed Lamorde, Alexandra Medley, Maureen Kesande, Matthew J. Lozier, Sauda Yapswale, Francis Ociti, Herbert Isabirye, Elly Nuwamanya, Judith Nanyondo, Amy Boore, Waverly Vosburgh, Juliet N. Kasule, Caroline Pratt, David Berendes","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.143","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we established and sustained local production of Alcohol-Based Hand Rub (ABHR) at a district scale for healthcare facilities and community, public locations in four districts in Uganda. District officials provided space and staff for production units. The project renovated space for production, trained staff on ABHR production, and transported ABHR to key locations. The production officer conducted internal ABHR quality assessments while trained district health inspectors conducted external quality assessments prior to distribution. Information, education, and communication materials accompanied ABHR distribution. Onsite ABHR consumption was monitored by site staff using stock cards. On average, it took 11 days (range: 8–14) and 5,760 USD (range: 4,400–7,710) to setup a production unit. From March to December 2021, 21,600 L of quality-controlled ABHR were produced for 111 healthcare facilities and community locations at an average cost of 4.30 USD/L (range: 3.50–5.76). All ABHR passed both internal and external quality control (average ethanol concentration of 80%, range: 78–81%). This case study demonstrated that establishing centralized, local production of quality-controlled, affordable ABHR at a district-wide scale is feasible and strengthens the ability of healthcare workers and community locations to access and use ABHR during infectious disease outbreaks in low-resource countries.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135060856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study assessed the effects of COVID-19 on Ghana's WASH system. It focused on low-income households and WASH sector stakeholders using Ayawaso East Municipality as a case study to document lessons from the pandemic's impact on the WASH sector. We used the water and sanitation system approach to understand the effects of COVID-19 mitigation measures on the WASH system. Data were collected through surveys, stakeholder engagements, and document analysis. We found that the government's WASH response increased hygiene practices, solid and liquid waste generation, and water consumption. Sanitation service providers experienced reduced demands for their services, lost clients, and increased operational expenditure. The pandemic's impact is gendered, with women and girls experiencing a greater burden. We argue that responses to the pandemic highlight the need and opportunities for sustainable management of sanitation waste through integrated, circular economy business models, turning waste into valuable resources. Responses to COVID-19 in the WASH system are multisectoral because of its interconnected nature, highlighting the need to integrate sectors beyond water and sanitation. This requires improved institutional structures, policies, investment, and professionalising service providers.
{"title":"Response to COVID-19: building resilience through water and wastewater management in Ghana","authors":"Bertha Darteh, Olufunke Cofie, Josiane Nikiema, Everisto Mapedza, Solomie Gebrezgabher, Andrew Emmanuel Okem","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.112","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study assessed the effects of COVID-19 on Ghana's WASH system. It focused on low-income households and WASH sector stakeholders using Ayawaso East Municipality as a case study to document lessons from the pandemic's impact on the WASH sector. We used the water and sanitation system approach to understand the effects of COVID-19 mitigation measures on the WASH system. Data were collected through surveys, stakeholder engagements, and document analysis. We found that the government's WASH response increased hygiene practices, solid and liquid waste generation, and water consumption. Sanitation service providers experienced reduced demands for their services, lost clients, and increased operational expenditure. The pandemic's impact is gendered, with women and girls experiencing a greater burden. We argue that responses to the pandemic highlight the need and opportunities for sustainable management of sanitation waste through integrated, circular economy business models, turning waste into valuable resources. Responses to COVID-19 in the WASH system are multisectoral because of its interconnected nature, highlighting the need to integrate sectors beyond water and sanitation. This requires improved institutional structures, policies, investment, and professionalising service providers.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135307197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-13DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.060
Franziska Genter, Gita Lestari Putri, Siti Maysarah, Eva Rolia, Mochamad Adhiraga Pratama, Cindy Priadi, Juliet Willetts, Tim F oster
Abstract Water quality monitoring that accounts for seasonal variability is crucial to ensure safe water services at all times, including groundwater self-supply, which provides drinking water for more than 40 million people in urban Indonesia. Seasonal variation of self-supply water quality remains a key evidence gap in Indonesia and elsewhere; therefore, this study investigated the associations between seasonality and faecal contamination of groundwater self-supply in the Indonesian cities of Bekasi and Metro. The study demonstrated mixed results in terms of associations between seasonality and microbial water quality. McNemar's test showed that high concentrations of Escherichia coli (E. coli) (≥100 MPN per 100 mL) were significantly more likely during the wet season than during the dry season in Bekasi (p = 0.050), but not in Metro (p = 0.694). There was no statistically significant association between the season and the presence of E. coli in self-supply sources for both study sites, nor was there a significant association between the season and the presence of high concentrations of E. coli at the point-of-use. At both study sites, presence and high concentrations of E. coli during the dry season significantly increased the risk of contamination in the wet season, but the predictive power was weak. Regular water quality testing complemented by sanitary inspection is required to understand the contamination risks of self-supply sources.
{"title":"Associations between seasonality and faecal contamination of self-supply sources in urban Indonesia","authors":"Franziska Genter, Gita Lestari Putri, Siti Maysarah, Eva Rolia, Mochamad Adhiraga Pratama, Cindy Priadi, Juliet Willetts, Tim F oster","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.060","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Water quality monitoring that accounts for seasonal variability is crucial to ensure safe water services at all times, including groundwater self-supply, which provides drinking water for more than 40 million people in urban Indonesia. Seasonal variation of self-supply water quality remains a key evidence gap in Indonesia and elsewhere; therefore, this study investigated the associations between seasonality and faecal contamination of groundwater self-supply in the Indonesian cities of Bekasi and Metro. The study demonstrated mixed results in terms of associations between seasonality and microbial water quality. McNemar's test showed that high concentrations of Escherichia coli (E. coli) (≥100 MPN per 100 mL) were significantly more likely during the wet season than during the dry season in Bekasi (p = 0.050), but not in Metro (p = 0.694). There was no statistically significant association between the season and the presence of E. coli in self-supply sources for both study sites, nor was there a significant association between the season and the presence of high concentrations of E. coli at the point-of-use. At both study sites, presence and high concentrations of E. coli during the dry season significantly increased the risk of contamination in the wet season, but the predictive power was weak. Regular water quality testing complemented by sanitary inspection is required to understand the contamination risks of self-supply sources.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135740463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-07DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.040
I. Megantara, N. Sylviana, Putri Alia Amira, Gita Widya Pradini, Ita Krissanti, Ronny Lesmana
River contamination remains a significant public health problem worldwide, including in Indonesia. In the community, rivers are water resources for many purposes. However, indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the veterinary and medical sectors, the community habit of throwing waste into the river, the inadequate removal of human medicine compounds in WWTP, and poor industrial waste management will induce the spread of pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance between the environment and humans/animals. This review aims to analyse the various factors that influence the emergence of pathogenic Escherichia coli and antimicrobial resistance bacteria (ARB) in the aquatic environment, especially in Indonesia. In conclusion, pathogenic E. coli can adjust its physiological or metabolic conditions to survive in aquatic environments and was found resistant to antibiotics. Meanwhile, this study also describes the potency of the aquatic environment in Indonesia as a vector for the spread of pathogenic E. coli and the growth of ARBs, factors involved in the evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance in aquatic environments, and possible ways to curtail microbial risk to public health and the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in the aquatic environment in Indonesia.
{"title":"Potential of waterbodies as a reservoir of Escherichia coli pathogens and the spread of antibiotic resistance in the Indonesian aquatic environment","authors":"I. Megantara, N. Sylviana, Putri Alia Amira, Gita Widya Pradini, Ita Krissanti, Ronny Lesmana","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.040","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 River contamination remains a significant public health problem worldwide, including in Indonesia. In the community, rivers are water resources for many purposes. However, indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the veterinary and medical sectors, the community habit of throwing waste into the river, the inadequate removal of human medicine compounds in WWTP, and poor industrial waste management will induce the spread of pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance between the environment and humans/animals. This review aims to analyse the various factors that influence the emergence of pathogenic Escherichia coli and antimicrobial resistance bacteria (ARB) in the aquatic environment, especially in Indonesia. In conclusion, pathogenic E. coli can adjust its physiological or metabolic conditions to survive in aquatic environments and was found resistant to antibiotics. Meanwhile, this study also describes the potency of the aquatic environment in Indonesia as a vector for the spread of pathogenic E. coli and the growth of ARBs, factors involved in the evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance in aquatic environments, and possible ways to curtail microbial risk to public health and the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in the aquatic environment in Indonesia.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41938247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In regions suffering from water scarcity, residents commonly employ several coping strategies such as the use of multiple water sources, water storage and water sharing and borrowing. This study applies a hierarchical linear regression model to investigate the physical (i.e. water source and supply time) and non-physical (i.e. number of families, wealth status, education for household head, house ownership, water treatment and community involvement) factors associated with individual water consumption throughout the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. During the baseline period (dry season before the 2015 Gorkha earthquake), the average water consumption was 91 litre/capita/day (LPCD) but there was a regional disparity in water consumption, ranging from 16 to 158 LPCD. The statistical analysis indicated that households using many water sources consumed more water regardless of the supply area even in an emergency. In addition, households with many family members used less water per person. During emergencies, households participating in the local community were found to consume more water than households not participating in the community, especially when the water being used was managed by the community.
{"title":"Analysis of physical and non-physical factors associated with individual water consumption using a hierarchical linear model before and after an earthquake in a region with insufficient water supply","authors":"Yuri Ito, Hiroshi Yokomichi, Sadhana Shrestha, A. Kiem, Naoki Kondo, Kei Nishida","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.059","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In regions suffering from water scarcity, residents commonly employ several coping strategies such as the use of multiple water sources, water storage and water sharing and borrowing. This study applies a hierarchical linear regression model to investigate the physical (i.e. water source and supply time) and non-physical (i.e. number of families, wealth status, education for household head, house ownership, water treatment and community involvement) factors associated with individual water consumption throughout the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. During the baseline period (dry season before the 2015 Gorkha earthquake), the average water consumption was 91 litre/capita/day (LPCD) but there was a regional disparity in water consumption, ranging from 16 to 158 LPCD. The statistical analysis indicated that households using many water sources consumed more water regardless of the supply area even in an emergency. In addition, households with many family members used less water per person. During emergencies, households participating in the local community were found to consume more water than households not participating in the community, especially when the water being used was managed by the community.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43555583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.136
Vibha Gupta, Sarita Anand
The importance of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities in school cannot be ignored in protecting children from communicable diseases. However, reports from UNICEF suggest that there is a lack of adequate WASH facilities as well as the dearth of adequate data on available facilities, particularly from developing countries. The present study sought to address this gap and build on the evidence-base of school hygiene and sanitation facilities in rural India. The study also assessed the association between available facilities and the handwashing behavior of students. Data were collected from 28 schools using a modified Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) observation checklist and a self-administered questionnaire. Results indicate a universal coverage of WASH facilities in the sampled schools, though the sufficiency and usability of the infrastructure were inadequate. The study also found better hand hygiene KAP scores among students in schools that had handwashing stations closer to toilets (p = 0.018). We conclude that while India has improved access to facilities under the recent National policy push, there needs to be a continued focus on increasing sufficiency, maintenance and usability of the facilities. Additionally, health promotion activities that include teachers, parents and the community are required to improve the hygiene and sanitation behavior of school children.
{"title":"Water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities: enabling or impeding handwashing? An assessment of a primary school infrastructure in Palwal, India","authors":"Vibha Gupta, Sarita Anand","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.136","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The importance of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities in school cannot be ignored in protecting children from communicable diseases. However, reports from UNICEF suggest that there is a lack of adequate WASH facilities as well as the dearth of adequate data on available facilities, particularly from developing countries. The present study sought to address this gap and build on the evidence-base of school hygiene and sanitation facilities in rural India. The study also assessed the association between available facilities and the handwashing behavior of students. Data were collected from 28 schools using a modified Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) observation checklist and a self-administered questionnaire. Results indicate a universal coverage of WASH facilities in the sampled schools, though the sufficiency and usability of the infrastructure were inadequate. The study also found better hand hygiene KAP scores among students in schools that had handwashing stations closer to toilets (p = 0.018). We conclude that while India has improved access to facilities under the recent National policy push, there needs to be a continued focus on increasing sufficiency, maintenance and usability of the facilities. Additionally, health promotion activities that include teachers, parents and the community are required to improve the hygiene and sanitation behavior of school children.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43930627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.057
E. Johan, T. Ihsan, S. Fukugaichi, N. Matsue
The contamination of drinking water by pathogens poses a serious health hazard in developing countries. Herein, a simple sanitization tool for drinking water is proposed using layered double hydroxide (LDH), which adsorbs most pathogens with its positive charges. By immersing aluminum foil in a mixture of seawater and NaOH without heating, a Mg–Al type LDH was directly formed and adhered to the surface (LDH foil). An LDH foil of 20 cm2 was shaken in 100 mL of test water containing Escherichia coli (DH5α) for up to 24 h and manually removed from the water. The initial viable count of approximately 103 CFU mL−1 decreased to 14 CFU mL−1 in 1 h, reaching 0.25 CFU mL−1 in 24 h; without the LDH foil, the variation 980–1,270 CFU mL−1. The simplicity in its development and use makes LDH foil a promising tool for sanitizing household water among rural residents.
{"title":"Aluminum foil immersed in alkalized seawater removes Escherichia coli from household drinking water","authors":"E. Johan, T. Ihsan, S. Fukugaichi, N. Matsue","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.057","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The contamination of drinking water by pathogens poses a serious health hazard in developing countries. Herein, a simple sanitization tool for drinking water is proposed using layered double hydroxide (LDH), which adsorbs most pathogens with its positive charges. By immersing aluminum foil in a mixture of seawater and NaOH without heating, a Mg–Al type LDH was directly formed and adhered to the surface (LDH foil). An LDH foil of 20 cm2 was shaken in 100 mL of test water containing Escherichia coli (DH5α) for up to 24 h and manually removed from the water. The initial viable count of approximately 103 CFU mL−1 decreased to 14 CFU mL−1 in 1 h, reaching 0.25 CFU mL−1 in 24 h; without the LDH foil, the variation 980–1,270 CFU mL−1. The simplicity in its development and use makes LDH foil a promising tool for sanitizing household water among rural residents.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47915290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.086
S. Sam, E. Morgenroth, L. Strande
Reliable dewatering performance remains a key challenge in fecal sludge management, and the controlling factors or mechanisms are not well understood. There remain limited studies on constituents in feces and fecal sludge and how they affect the dewaterability of fecal sludge. This study aimed at evaluating a range of constituents in feces, and to gain empirical knowledge toward a mechanistic understanding of how they influence dewaterability. In this study, cellulose reduced capillary suction time, decreased supernatant turbidity, and increased cake solids. While hemicellulose decreased supernatant turbidity, lignin increased supernatant turbidity, capillary suction time, and cake solids. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) increased both capillary suction time and supernatant turbidity and decreased cake solids, whereas lipids increased turbidity. Cations had no significant effect on dewatering properties. Overall, fecal sludge stored in containments had better dewatering performance than ‘fresh’ fecal sludge, which was attributed to stabilization. Field fecal sludge had a higher relative abundance of Pseudomonas, which is associated with better aggregation, and fewer small particles (<10 μm) that clog filters to reduce dewatering performance. Further understanding of stabilization and developing an agreed-upon metrics of stabilization are essential for predicting fecal sludge dewatering performance, and developing smaller footprint dewatering treatment technologies.
{"title":"Changes in organic fractions, cations, and stabilization from feces to fecal sludge: implications for dewatering performance and management solutions","authors":"S. Sam, E. Morgenroth, L. Strande","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.086","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Reliable dewatering performance remains a key challenge in fecal sludge management, and the controlling factors or mechanisms are not well understood. There remain limited studies on constituents in feces and fecal sludge and how they affect the dewaterability of fecal sludge. This study aimed at evaluating a range of constituents in feces, and to gain empirical knowledge toward a mechanistic understanding of how they influence dewaterability. In this study, cellulose reduced capillary suction time, decreased supernatant turbidity, and increased cake solids. While hemicellulose decreased supernatant turbidity, lignin increased supernatant turbidity, capillary suction time, and cake solids. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) increased both capillary suction time and supernatant turbidity and decreased cake solids, whereas lipids increased turbidity. Cations had no significant effect on dewatering properties. Overall, fecal sludge stored in containments had better dewatering performance than ‘fresh’ fecal sludge, which was attributed to stabilization. Field fecal sludge had a higher relative abundance of Pseudomonas, which is associated with better aggregation, and fewer small particles (<10 μm) that clog filters to reduce dewatering performance. Further understanding of stabilization and developing an agreed-upon metrics of stabilization are essential for predicting fecal sludge dewatering performance, and developing smaller footprint dewatering treatment technologies.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44939753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.089
G. Manago, K. Phan
The present study aimed to investigate children's handwashing behaviour, as well as contamination levels and water qualities of water sources used for handwashing in rural Cambodia. A field survey was conducted by simple random sampling in Kandal Leu village of Kandal Province in 2014. Only 23 children were interviewed with the informed consent of their guardians, limiting our data analysis as descriptive. Concurrently, an adenosine triphosphate test kit was used to assess their hands' contamination levels. Their water sources for handwashing were also tested for Escherichia coli and coliform. As a result, approximately 27% of children in the study areas were found not to wash their hands and 17.2% of children washed their hands more than four times a day before and after eating, after touching dirt and after toileting. Approximately, 74% of the dirt could be removed from hands by washing with water. Concurrently, approximately 96% of water from traditional rainwater jars (Pieng) used for handwashing was contaminated with coliform, while 65% was contaminated with E. coli. Cambodian children in our study area used polluted rainwater for handwashing in the rainy season. This study suggests that appropriate handwashing requires safe water and educational programs on environmental and personal hygiene for parents and children.
{"title":"Investigation on children's handwashing behaviour and contamination levels in rural Cambodia","authors":"G. Manago, K. Phan","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.089","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The present study aimed to investigate children's handwashing behaviour, as well as contamination levels and water qualities of water sources used for handwashing in rural Cambodia. A field survey was conducted by simple random sampling in Kandal Leu village of Kandal Province in 2014. Only 23 children were interviewed with the informed consent of their guardians, limiting our data analysis as descriptive. Concurrently, an adenosine triphosphate test kit was used to assess their hands' contamination levels. Their water sources for handwashing were also tested for Escherichia coli and coliform. As a result, approximately 27% of children in the study areas were found not to wash their hands and 17.2% of children washed their hands more than four times a day before and after eating, after touching dirt and after toileting. Approximately, 74% of the dirt could be removed from hands by washing with water. Concurrently, approximately 96% of water from traditional rainwater jars (Pieng) used for handwashing was contaminated with coliform, while 65% was contaminated with E. coli. Cambodian children in our study area used polluted rainwater for handwashing in the rainy season. This study suggests that appropriate handwashing requires safe water and educational programs on environmental and personal hygiene for parents and children.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42548375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.183
Kondwani Andreah, M. Manda, M. Tembo
The Malawian Government adopted a community-based management model for rural water supply systems, which assumes that users would cover costs related to the operation and maintenance (O&M) of their communal water points through regular cash contributions. These communal water points are mostly boreholes fitted with Afridev hand pumps. However, studies have shown that Afridev hand pumps continue to fail within 3–5 years after installation, despite having a design lifespan of 10–15 years, mostly due to insufficient O&M. Therefore, this study assessed the adequacy of tariffs being used at different water points in Mangochi District in Malawi through a household (HH) survey with a sample size of 288 HHs and a market prices survey. The results showed that 90% of the HHs were making contributions that could not sustainably support the lifecycle O&M costs or the afterlife replacement of the Afridev hand pump. This study suggests a consistent minimum annual water point fund collection of MWK142,050 (US$172.29). It is recommended that the study be replicated in other areas. It is also recommended that further studies should focus on HH affordability with respect of the recommended tariff.
{"title":"Tariff setting for the sustainability of communal water points in Mangochi District, Malawi","authors":"Kondwani Andreah, M. Manda, M. Tembo","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.183","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The Malawian Government adopted a community-based management model for rural water supply systems, which assumes that users would cover costs related to the operation and maintenance (O&M) of their communal water points through regular cash contributions. These communal water points are mostly boreholes fitted with Afridev hand pumps. However, studies have shown that Afridev hand pumps continue to fail within 3–5 years after installation, despite having a design lifespan of 10–15 years, mostly due to insufficient O&M. Therefore, this study assessed the adequacy of tariffs being used at different water points in Mangochi District in Malawi through a household (HH) survey with a sample size of 288 HHs and a market prices survey. The results showed that 90% of the HHs were making contributions that could not sustainably support the lifecycle O&M costs or the afterlife replacement of the Afridev hand pump. This study suggests a consistent minimum annual water point fund collection of MWK142,050 (US$172.29). It is recommended that the study be replicated in other areas. It is also recommended that further studies should focus on HH affordability with respect of the recommended tariff.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48176706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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