Pub Date : 2023-08-23DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.142
Prosperous Ahiabli, P. Adatara, R. Cross
Women from Kordorwukope and Gbegbevia had to travel about 2 km to access safe water, until 2018 when International Needs Ghana, a Non-Governmental Organisation, extended piped water to each of the two communities. Since the extension of water to the communities, no study had been carried out to ascertain the effects of access to safe water on the well-being of women living in those communities. This study therefore aimed at exploring the effects of physical access to safe water on the well-being of women living in the Gbegbevia and Kordorwukope Communities. A qualitative research design was used. The study population included seven women who had lived in the study communities for at least 2 years before the water project was implemented. Five key themes were apparent in the data: challenges women encountered before gaining access to safe water; physical well-being; mental well-being; social well-being; and career and financial well-being. The results of this study show that the extension of piped water to the study communities brought about significant improvement in physical, mental, social, career, and financial well-being of women in the study communities.
{"title":"‘There is water available and so our hearts are at peace’: exploring the impact of access to safe water on women's subjective well-being in Ghana","authors":"Prosperous Ahiabli, P. Adatara, R. Cross","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.142","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Women from Kordorwukope and Gbegbevia had to travel about 2 km to access safe water, until 2018 when International Needs Ghana, a Non-Governmental Organisation, extended piped water to each of the two communities. Since the extension of water to the communities, no study had been carried out to ascertain the effects of access to safe water on the well-being of women living in those communities. This study therefore aimed at exploring the effects of physical access to safe water on the well-being of women living in the Gbegbevia and Kordorwukope Communities. A qualitative research design was used. The study population included seven women who had lived in the study communities for at least 2 years before the water project was implemented. Five key themes were apparent in the data: challenges women encountered before gaining access to safe water; physical well-being; mental well-being; social well-being; and career and financial well-being. The results of this study show that the extension of piped water to the study communities brought about significant improvement in physical, mental, social, career, and financial well-being of women in the study communities.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42133572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.034
R. Ventura, Amy Javernick‐Will, Néstor Gonzáles
Sanitation programming success depends on users being satisfied with the proposed sanitation system and bathroom design. Past studies have described some households being dissatisfied with their current bathrooms and unwilling to accept a new bathroom because it is not modern; however, few studies have investigated how households define modern. To best support households in adopting improved sanitation infrastructure, or infrastructure that hygienically separates human waste from human contact, there is a need to understand characteristics associated with modern bathrooms and if modern encompasses more than the sanitation infrastructure. This study systematically identified characteristics associated with modern bathrooms across multiple sanitation infrastructure types. About 305 households near Cascas, Peru, an area with diverse bathroom designs that have unimproved and improved sanitation infrastructure access, were surveyed to capture perceptions of modern. Results demonstrate that households often perceive a modern bathroom as one with a sitting-style toilet, a sink, and a shower. Most households did not associate sanitation infrastructure type with their definition of modern; however, all modern bathrooms had improved sanitation infrastructure. Future work should expand and test this definition of modern in other contexts to support future adoption of improved sanitation.
{"title":"Characterizing modern bathrooms to support sanitation adoption","authors":"R. Ventura, Amy Javernick‐Will, Néstor Gonzáles","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.034","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Sanitation programming success depends on users being satisfied with the proposed sanitation system and bathroom design. Past studies have described some households being dissatisfied with their current bathrooms and unwilling to accept a new bathroom because it is not modern; however, few studies have investigated how households define modern. To best support households in adopting improved sanitation infrastructure, or infrastructure that hygienically separates human waste from human contact, there is a need to understand characteristics associated with modern bathrooms and if modern encompasses more than the sanitation infrastructure. This study systematically identified characteristics associated with modern bathrooms across multiple sanitation infrastructure types. About 305 households near Cascas, Peru, an area with diverse bathroom designs that have unimproved and improved sanitation infrastructure access, were surveyed to capture perceptions of modern. Results demonstrate that households often perceive a modern bathroom as one with a sitting-style toilet, a sink, and a shower. Most households did not associate sanitation infrastructure type with their definition of modern; however, all modern bathrooms had improved sanitation infrastructure. Future work should expand and test this definition of modern in other contexts to support future adoption of improved sanitation.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43762393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-21DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.041
Kempanapura Shivashankar Shivaprasad, S. Mahesh, M. Sahana
Dual treatment of raw hospital wastewater (RHWW) is investigated by coupling electrochemical coagulation (ECC) with the activated sludge process (ASP) to achieve the goal of partial mineralization and reclaim quality water. The quality parameters of focus were chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride, total alkalinity, and fecal coliform. The initial ECC process with short hydraulic retention time (HRT) could remove 75–82% of the insoluble constituents in <60 min, while the HRT for ASP was >7–8 h. The combined ECC + ASP hybrid treatment process showed effective removal of COD, color, TDS, and fecal coliform by 98.5, 99.6, 83.1, and 97.9%, respectively, from its initial values of 4,000, 2,200, 77, and 2,400 MPN/100 mL, respectively. By coupling ECC and ASP, both the insoluble and soluble pollutants/contaminants in the RHWW were removed effectively. The ECC–ASP dual treatment offers a small energy and spatial footprint for mineralizing RHWW.
{"title":"Hospital wastewater treatment coupling electrochemical coagulation (ECC) and activated sludge process (ASP)","authors":"Kempanapura Shivashankar Shivaprasad, S. Mahesh, M. Sahana","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.041","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Dual treatment of raw hospital wastewater (RHWW) is investigated by coupling electrochemical coagulation (ECC) with the activated sludge process (ASP) to achieve the goal of partial mineralization and reclaim quality water. The quality parameters of focus were chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride, total alkalinity, and fecal coliform. The initial ECC process with short hydraulic retention time (HRT) could remove 75–82% of the insoluble constituents in <60 min, while the HRT for ASP was >7–8 h. The combined ECC + ASP hybrid treatment process showed effective removal of COD, color, TDS, and fecal coliform by 98.5, 99.6, 83.1, and 97.9%, respectively, from its initial values of 4,000, 2,200, 77, and 2,400 MPN/100 mL, respectively. By coupling ECC and ASP, both the insoluble and soluble pollutants/contaminants in the RHWW were removed effectively. The ECC–ASP dual treatment offers a small energy and spatial footprint for mineralizing RHWW.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44403542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-21DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.162
Jesse D. Contreras, H. Shibli, M. Eisenberg, A. Muhammad, N. Davidovitch, M. Katz, N. Daoud, J. Eisenberg
Disparities in access to water, sanitation, and hygiene within high-income countries are common and often occur across racial/ethnic lines. The Arab-Bedouins in Israel, a formerly nomadic ethno-national minority, have experienced displacement, forced sedentarization, and poverty since Israel was founded. Land disputes with the government have led to precarious living arrangements, including unrecognized villages that the government considers illegal. We administered a structured questionnaire in one government-planned, two legally recognized, and two unrecognized Bedouin communities in the Negev (190 households). Only 44% (95% CI 37%, 51%) of households had access to both safely managed drinking water and sanitation; nationally Israel reports over 99% coverage for each. In one unrecognized village, only 15% of households had access to safely managed water and sanitation, comparable to low-income countries. The overall 1-week prevalence of diarrhea in children under 5 years of age was 22% (95% CI 17%, 27%), with substantial variation between communities. These results highlight that universal access to safely managed drinking water and sanitation remains a relevant goal, not only for low- and middle-income countries but for high-income countries. Bedouin communities in the Negev are a prime example, emphasizing that historic gains in global development have not uniformly reached marginalized groups within high-income countries.
高收入国家在获得水、环境卫生和个人卫生方面的差异很普遍，而且往往跨越种族/民族界限。以色列的阿拉伯-贝都因人是一个前游牧民族，自以色列建国以来，他们经历了流离失所、被迫定居和贫困。与政府的土地纠纷导致了不稳定的生活安排，包括政府认为非法的未被承认的村庄。我们在内盖夫的一个政府计划的、两个法律认可的和两个未被认可的贝都因社区(190个家庭)进行了结构化问卷调查。只有44%(95%可信区间37%，51%)的家庭能够获得安全管理的饮用水和卫生设施;在以色列全国范围内，这两种疾病的覆盖率都超过99%。在一个未被承认的村庄，只有15%的家庭能够获得安全管理的水和卫生设施，与低收入国家相当。5岁以下儿童1周腹泻总体患病率为22% (95% CI 17%， 27%)，不同社区间差异很大。这些结果突出表明，不仅对低收入和中等收入国家，而且对高收入国家来说，普遍获得安全管理的饮用水和卫生设施仍然是一个相关目标。内盖夫的贝都因社区就是一个典型的例子，它强调全球发展的历史性成果并没有全部惠及高收入国家的边缘群体。
{"title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in access to safe water and sanitation in high-income countries: a case study among the Arab-Bedouins of Southern Israel","authors":"Jesse D. Contreras, H. Shibli, M. Eisenberg, A. Muhammad, N. Davidovitch, M. Katz, N. Daoud, J. Eisenberg","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.162","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Disparities in access to water, sanitation, and hygiene within high-income countries are common and often occur across racial/ethnic lines. The Arab-Bedouins in Israel, a formerly nomadic ethno-national minority, have experienced displacement, forced sedentarization, and poverty since Israel was founded. Land disputes with the government have led to precarious living arrangements, including unrecognized villages that the government considers illegal. We administered a structured questionnaire in one government-planned, two legally recognized, and two unrecognized Bedouin communities in the Negev (190 households). Only 44% (95% CI 37%, 51%) of households had access to both safely managed drinking water and sanitation; nationally Israel reports over 99% coverage for each. In one unrecognized village, only 15% of households had access to safely managed water and sanitation, comparable to low-income countries. The overall 1-week prevalence of diarrhea in children under 5 years of age was 22% (95% CI 17%, 27%), with substantial variation between communities. These results highlight that universal access to safely managed drinking water and sanitation remains a relevant goal, not only for low- and middle-income countries but for high-income countries. Bedouin communities in the Negev are a prime example, emphasizing that historic gains in global development have not uniformly reached marginalized groups within high-income countries.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44543878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-19DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.053
Meshack Achore, E. Bisung, Vincent Z. Kuuire
Frequent hand washing has been recommended by both public health officials as one of the key preventive measures to reduce the transmission of COVID-19. Yet globally, 844 million people live without access to a safe drinking water source. This study explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated public health response measures and government social support on water access in informal settlements in Ghana using qualitative studies. Thirty (30) participants were interviewed in Accra and Tamale. Data were transcribed and inductively analyzed using NVivo. Overall, participants indicate that COVID-19 exacerbated their water insecurity issues in many ways including (1) limiting water source visits for fear of contracting the virus; (2) through public health restrictions that affected their ability to access water outside their households; and (3) increased cost of vended water. Most participants also highlighted that they did not benefit from the ‘6 months of free water initiative’ by the government of Ghana. As countries formulate plans to rebuild their economies, the inequalities underscored by the COVID-19 pandemic should offer renewed attention to the significance of safe water access for all, particularly concerning public and population health.
{"title":"COVID-19 pandemic, welfare programs, and access to ‘free water’ in Ghana: how did the urban poor fare?","authors":"Meshack Achore, E. Bisung, Vincent Z. Kuuire","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.053","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Frequent hand washing has been recommended by both public health officials as one of the key preventive measures to reduce the transmission of COVID-19. Yet globally, 844 million people live without access to a safe drinking water source. This study explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated public health response measures and government social support on water access in informal settlements in Ghana using qualitative studies. Thirty (30) participants were interviewed in Accra and Tamale. Data were transcribed and inductively analyzed using NVivo. Overall, participants indicate that COVID-19 exacerbated their water insecurity issues in many ways including (1) limiting water source visits for fear of contracting the virus; (2) through public health restrictions that affected their ability to access water outside their households; and (3) increased cost of vended water. Most participants also highlighted that they did not benefit from the ‘6 months of free water initiative’ by the government of Ghana. As countries formulate plans to rebuild their economies, the inequalities underscored by the COVID-19 pandemic should offer renewed attention to the significance of safe water access for all, particularly concerning public and population health.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49132016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-19DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.019
James Kirimi, Joy N. Riungu, Domenic Kiogora, Eunice N. Marete, Dorothy Kagendo, Prasanta Dey
Abstract Rearing black soldier fly is an efficient way to dispose of organic waste by converting them into protein-rich feed to substitute animal- and plant-based sources in animal feeds. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal inclusion level of black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) as a substitute for soybean meal (SBM) in broiler diets and evaluate the impact on growth and carcass characteristics. Five isonitrogenous diets (D) (20% crude protein, CP) and isocaloric (3,200 Kcal/kg) were formulated such that BSFLM substituted SBM at 0% (control, D1), 25% (D2), 50% (D3), 75% (D4), and 100% (D5) on a protein basis. A total of 270 broilers (Cobb 500) were randomly assigned to the five treatments in triplicate per diet. BSFLM displayed higher fat content (44.84 ± 0.08%). Average daily feed intake (ADFI) decreased with an increase in BSFLM in the diets (p = 0.004). However, overall weight (OW) was high (1,296.97 ± 46.19 g) on 100% substitution of SBM with BSFLM (D5). Breast fat content averaged 6.06 ± 0.97 g for D1 and 15.30 ± 0.5 g for D5. This study has demonstrated that BSFLM can partially or wholly replace conventional SBM in the diet of broiler chicken.
{"title":"Growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chicken fed on black soldier fly larvae meal: a product of fecal sludge waste management","authors":"James Kirimi, Joy N. Riungu, Domenic Kiogora, Eunice N. Marete, Dorothy Kagendo, Prasanta Dey","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Rearing black soldier fly is an efficient way to dispose of organic waste by converting them into protein-rich feed to substitute animal- and plant-based sources in animal feeds. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal inclusion level of black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) as a substitute for soybean meal (SBM) in broiler diets and evaluate the impact on growth and carcass characteristics. Five isonitrogenous diets (D) (20% crude protein, CP) and isocaloric (3,200 Kcal/kg) were formulated such that BSFLM substituted SBM at 0% (control, D1), 25% (D2), 50% (D3), 75% (D4), and 100% (D5) on a protein basis. A total of 270 broilers (Cobb 500) were randomly assigned to the five treatments in triplicate per diet. BSFLM displayed higher fat content (44.84 ± 0.08%). Average daily feed intake (ADFI) decreased with an increase in BSFLM in the diets (p = 0.004). However, overall weight (OW) was high (1,296.97 ± 46.19 g) on 100% substitution of SBM with BSFLM (D5). Breast fat content averaged 6.06 ± 0.97 g for D1 and 15.30 ± 0.5 g for D5. This study has demonstrated that BSFLM can partially or wholly replace conventional SBM in the diet of broiler chicken.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135969472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-19DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.249
Andrea Ninabanda Ocampo, Brett E. Holden, O. Basu
This research examines the performance of two commercially available point-of-use (POU) microfiltration membrane filters (MF) under hydrated (wet) versus a multi-day dry period (dehydrated). Filter performance is monitored in terms of water quality and flowrate, as well as flowrate recovery following different cleaning regimes. The cleaning methods tested were backwashing with filtrate at room temperature, filtrate heated to 45 °C, filtrate at 45 °C with gentle shaking, and a vinegar solution (5% acetic acid). The selected cleaning methods reflect easily accessible cleaning methods with a goal to assess their impacts on flowrate recovery under both wet and dry conditions. After initial testing, hydrated MF flowrate varied between 197 ± 22 mL/min and backwashing with filtrate at room temperature was sufficient to maintain the membrane flowrate, while any of the other methods initially improved the system flowrate. In experiments where the filters were subject to a 5-day dry condition MF flowrates dropped to 65 ± 35 mL/min and filtrate at room temperature did not recover the flowrate sufficiently, however heated filtrate (45 °C) with/without gentle shaking was effective at recovering the MF for use. Water quality remained similar throughout the study, and 0 CFU/mL of E. coli were found in filtrate samples.
{"title":"Impacts of hydration and dehydration on microfiltration point-of-use filters: performance and cleaning impacts","authors":"Andrea Ninabanda Ocampo, Brett E. Holden, O. Basu","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.249","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This research examines the performance of two commercially available point-of-use (POU) microfiltration membrane filters (MF) under hydrated (wet) versus a multi-day dry period (dehydrated). Filter performance is monitored in terms of water quality and flowrate, as well as flowrate recovery following different cleaning regimes. The cleaning methods tested were backwashing with filtrate at room temperature, filtrate heated to 45 °C, filtrate at 45 °C with gentle shaking, and a vinegar solution (5% acetic acid). The selected cleaning methods reflect easily accessible cleaning methods with a goal to assess their impacts on flowrate recovery under both wet and dry conditions. After initial testing, hydrated MF flowrate varied between 197 ± 22 mL/min and backwashing with filtrate at room temperature was sufficient to maintain the membrane flowrate, while any of the other methods initially improved the system flowrate. In experiments where the filters were subject to a 5-day dry condition MF flowrates dropped to 65 ± 35 mL/min and filtrate at room temperature did not recover the flowrate sufficiently, however heated filtrate (45 °C) with/without gentle shaking was effective at recovering the MF for use. Water quality remained similar throughout the study, and 0 CFU/mL of E. coli were found in filtrate samples.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49341749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-17DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.108
Shubhanjali Roya, G. Kiruthika, Sendhilkumar Muthappan, S. Rizwan, J. Kathiresan
Globally, 1.7 billion cases of childhood diarrheal disease occur every year. The Government of India initiated the Intensive Diarrhea Control Fortnight (IDCF) program in 2015 aimed to reduce childhood diarrheal deaths to zero. We aimed to ascertain the association between WASH practices and the prevalence of diarrhea in India's children under three years of age. We analyzed the data from the NFHS-5 survey conducted between 2019 and 2021. We extracted data on household and individual levels. The association between WASH practice in the household and diarrheal episodes in children <3 years old were presented by unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). We used STATA v 16 for analysis. We included 132,198 children, 8.4% (n = 11,060) had diarrhea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey. The majority of the children were residing in rural areas (79.8%) and using unprotected water (90%) sources. The diarrhea was associated with using shared toilet facilities (adj. PR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.34), improper disposal of child's stools (adj. PR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.20) and having no separate kitchen (adj. PR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.23). Household WASH practices continue to be independent predictors of diarrhea among <3 children.
在全球范围内，每年发生17亿例儿童腹泻病。印度政府于2015年启动了“强化腹泻控制双夜”计划，旨在将儿童腹泻死亡人数降至零。我们旨在确定讲卫生习惯与印度三岁以下儿童腹泻患病率之间的关系。我们分析了2019年至2021年间进行的NFHS-5调查的数据。我们提取了家庭和个人层面的数据。未经调整和调整的患病率（PR）显示了家庭讲卫生实践与<3岁儿童腹泻发作之间的关系，置信区间为95%。我们使用STATA v 16进行分析。我们纳入了132198名儿童，8.4%（n=11060）在调查前两周内腹泻。大多数儿童居住在农村地区（79.8%），使用无保护水源（90%）。腹泻与使用共用厕所设施（调整后PR:1.28，95%CI:1.17，1.34）、儿童粪便处理不当（调整后PR：1.12，95%CI:1.05，1.20）和没有单独的厨房（调整后公关：1.16，95%CI:1.08，1.23）有关。家庭讲卫生实践仍然是3岁以下儿童腹泻的独立预测因素。
{"title":"Association between water, sanitation and hygiene practices and diarrhea among under 3-year-old children: evidence from a nationally representative sample in India (2019–2021)","authors":"Shubhanjali Roya, G. Kiruthika, Sendhilkumar Muthappan, S. Rizwan, J. Kathiresan","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.108","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Globally, 1.7 billion cases of childhood diarrheal disease occur every year. The Government of India initiated the Intensive Diarrhea Control Fortnight (IDCF) program in 2015 aimed to reduce childhood diarrheal deaths to zero. We aimed to ascertain the association between WASH practices and the prevalence of diarrhea in India's children under three years of age. We analyzed the data from the NFHS-5 survey conducted between 2019 and 2021. We extracted data on household and individual levels. The association between WASH practice in the household and diarrheal episodes in children <3 years old were presented by unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). We used STATA v 16 for analysis. We included 132,198 children, 8.4% (n = 11,060) had diarrhea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey. The majority of the children were residing in rural areas (79.8%) and using unprotected water (90%) sources. The diarrhea was associated with using shared toilet facilities (adj. PR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.34), improper disposal of child's stools (adj. PR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.20) and having no separate kitchen (adj. PR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.23). Household WASH practices continue to be independent predictors of diarrhea among <3 children.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43574386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-09DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.081
K. M. Gani, Sohaib Rashid Rather, Amit Chandra, Mubashir Arshid
Household reverse osmosis (RO)-based water purifiers have gained popularity in India due to concerns about the quality of tap water. However, the widespread adoption of these systems has significant impacts on water pricing and the environment. The objective of this study was to assess the techno-economic performance and life cycle assessment (LCA) of household RO-based water purifiers in Srinagar city of North India. Our results demonstrate that household ROs reduce the concentration of important dietary minerals such as fluoride and magnesium in drinking water by 50%. In addition, the average total water cost from a household RO is three to four times more than what is being paid for tap water. Two different scenarios were compared in LCA. The first scenario was safe drinking water from a conventional drinking water treatment plant (scenario 1), while the second scenario was water from a household RO system (scenario 2). The results showed that the environmental impacts of abiotic depletion, acidification of water bodies, eutrophication, global warming and ozone depletion in scenario 2 were higher than in scenario 1. The findings infer that water utilities should encourage citizens to rely on conventional tap water as a cheaper and environmentally friendly option compared to household ROs.
{"title":"A case study of comparative techno-economic and life cycle assessment of tap water versus household reverse osmosis-based drinking water systems in a North Indian city","authors":"K. M. Gani, Sohaib Rashid Rather, Amit Chandra, Mubashir Arshid","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.081","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Household reverse osmosis (RO)-based water purifiers have gained popularity in India due to concerns about the quality of tap water. However, the widespread adoption of these systems has significant impacts on water pricing and the environment. The objective of this study was to assess the techno-economic performance and life cycle assessment (LCA) of household RO-based water purifiers in Srinagar city of North India. Our results demonstrate that household ROs reduce the concentration of important dietary minerals such as fluoride and magnesium in drinking water by 50%. In addition, the average total water cost from a household RO is three to four times more than what is being paid for tap water. Two different scenarios were compared in LCA. The first scenario was safe drinking water from a conventional drinking water treatment plant (scenario 1), while the second scenario was water from a household RO system (scenario 2). The results showed that the environmental impacts of abiotic depletion, acidification of water bodies, eutrophication, global warming and ozone depletion in scenario 2 were higher than in scenario 1. The findings infer that water utilities should encourage citizens to rely on conventional tap water as a cheaper and environmentally friendly option compared to household ROs.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47720384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-04DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.028
Magareth Thulisile Ngcongo, M. Tekere
Poor drinking water quality has been linked to negative health outcomes across the world. Drinking water quality is an essential part of safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). Safe WASH in schools is linked with the achievement of sustainable development goals (SGDs), specifically, SDG 6. It is unclear whether water quality is always assessed as part of WASH in schools. This study focused on determining the consideration of water quality aspects during WASH assessment in schools by examining published studies. A systematic online review of the literature was conducted to identify studies that reported on the assessment of WASH facilities in schools. Titles, abstracts, and full text of retrieved articles were screened. Seventy-five studies were identified. Thirty-two studies considered drinking water quality analysis as part of WASH in schools. Chemical (66%), microbial (59%), and physical (38%) parameters were included in drinking water quality analysis, with lead (Pb), and Escherichia coli being mostly included. This study reveals that some studies did not include an evaluation of drinking water quality, though it reflects an important exposure pathway between WASH services and health outcomes. It is, therefore, recommended that routine water quality monitoring be included in school WASH to ensure learner's health is protected.
{"title":"WASH and drinking water quality considerations in schools in reflection of the sustainable development goals – a review","authors":"Magareth Thulisile Ngcongo, M. Tekere","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.028","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Poor drinking water quality has been linked to negative health outcomes across the world. Drinking water quality is an essential part of safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). Safe WASH in schools is linked with the achievement of sustainable development goals (SGDs), specifically, SDG 6. It is unclear whether water quality is always assessed as part of WASH in schools. This study focused on determining the consideration of water quality aspects during WASH assessment in schools by examining published studies. A systematic online review of the literature was conducted to identify studies that reported on the assessment of WASH facilities in schools. Titles, abstracts, and full text of retrieved articles were screened. Seventy-five studies were identified. Thirty-two studies considered drinking water quality analysis as part of WASH in schools. Chemical (66%), microbial (59%), and physical (38%) parameters were included in drinking water quality analysis, with lead (Pb), and Escherichia coli being mostly included. This study reveals that some studies did not include an evaluation of drinking water quality, though it reflects an important exposure pathway between WASH services and health outcomes. It is, therefore, recommended that routine water quality monitoring be included in school WASH to ensure learner's health is protected.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47746007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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