Pub Date : 2025-12-30DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101117
Maxime Chamoux, Mark Rakobowchuk, Anne-Fleur Gaston, Laurent Mourot
Background: Interest in clothing that reflects far infrared (FIR) radiation naturally emitted by the body during and after exercise has increased based on the assumption that this can increase arterial and venous blood flow. Indeed, in vitro and animal model research seems to report promising effects of FIR on the nitric oxide pathway and microcirculation. However, to date, there are no well controlled studies investigating the effect of FIR garments on resting microvascular and macrovascular function in humans. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of wearing FIR arm garments on vascular function.
Methods: Thirty-one male recreational sport practitioners (4.9 ± 3.3 h of sport/week; 32.1 ± 9.5 years; 178.6 ± 7.9 cm; 74.1 ± 11.2 kg; 23.2 ± 2.5 kg/m2 (mean ± SD)) completed four visits: repeatability measurements (two sessions), placebo, and FIR conditions in random order. Measurements (i.e., without arm garment) of brachial artery diameter and blood flow, carotid-radial pulse wave velocity (CR-PWV), as well as total-, oxy-, and deoxy-hemoglobin were completed after 15 min of rest and repeated after wearing FIR or placebo arm garments for 25 min, 40 min, and 50 min. Two skin sensors were positioned on the upper arm and the forearm to continuously record skin temperature and pressure under the garment.
Results: The main results were that at all time points, compared to placebo, FIR did not significantly affect brachial artery diameter and blood flow, CR-PWV, or total hemoglobin (condition × time interaction: p = 0.22, 0.54, 0.51, 0.96, respectively). Moreover, no significant condition × time × sensor position interaction effect was found in skin temperature (p = 0.99). However, pressure under garment was significantly higher under the FIR condition compared to placebo (+53%, p = 0.01, 95% confidence interval: FIR: 1.64-2.92 mmHg; placebo: 0.88-2.14 mmHg) while microvascular parameters were unchanged.
Conclusion: Contrary to our hypothesis, wearing an FIR arm garment at rest does not lead to an improvement of either macro or microvascular function. These results suggest limited benefits in the sports context, notably during recovery.
{"title":"Bioceramic arm garment does not increase diameter of brachial artery and blood flow-Compliance and biceps microcirculation in male recreational sports practitioners at rest: A single blinded randomized cross over study.","authors":"Maxime Chamoux, Mark Rakobowchuk, Anne-Fleur Gaston, Laurent Mourot","doi":"10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Interest in clothing that reflects far infrared (FIR) radiation naturally emitted by the body during and after exercise has increased based on the assumption that this can increase arterial and venous blood flow. Indeed, in vitro and animal model research seems to report promising effects of FIR on the nitric oxide pathway and microcirculation. However, to date, there are no well controlled studies investigating the effect of FIR garments on resting microvascular and macrovascular function in humans. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of wearing FIR arm garments on vascular function.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-one male recreational sport practitioners (4.9 ± 3.3 h of sport/week; 32.1 ± 9.5 years; 178.6 ± 7.9 cm; 74.1 ± 11.2 kg; 23.2 ± 2.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (mean ± SD)) completed four visits: repeatability measurements (two sessions), placebo, and FIR conditions in random order. Measurements (i.e., without arm garment) of brachial artery diameter and blood flow, carotid-radial pulse wave velocity (CR-PWV), as well as total-, oxy-, and deoxy-hemoglobin were completed after 15 min of rest and repeated after wearing FIR or placebo arm garments for 25 min, 40 min, and 50 min. Two skin sensors were positioned on the upper arm and the forearm to continuously record skin temperature and pressure under the garment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The main results were that at all time points, compared to placebo, FIR did not significantly affect brachial artery diameter and blood flow, CR-PWV, or total hemoglobin (condition × time interaction: p = 0.22, 0.54, 0.51, 0.96, respectively). Moreover, no significant condition × time × sensor position interaction effect was found in skin temperature (p = 0.99). However, pressure under garment was significantly higher under the FIR condition compared to placebo (+53%, p = 0.01, 95% confidence interval: FIR: 1.64-2.92 mmHg; placebo: 0.88-2.14 mmHg) while microvascular parameters were unchanged.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Contrary to our hypothesis, wearing an FIR arm garment at rest does not lead to an improvement of either macro or microvascular function. These results suggest limited benefits in the sports context, notably during recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":48897,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport and Health Science","volume":" ","pages":"101117"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145890320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p><strong>Background: </strong>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressively and incurably neurodegenerative disorder with cognitive dysfunction (e.g., memory decline). Exercise intervention, such as aerobic and resistance training, has increasingly been accepted as a feasible strategy to improve cognitive function. However, the potential neurobiological mechanism of exercise-induced cognitive benefits requires further investigation, especially the combined regime (i.e., aerobic + resistance training) recommended by the World Health Organization guidelines on physical activity. Against this background, we aimed to investigate whether the medial septum (MS)-medial habenula (MHb) cholinergic circuit mediated the effects of combined (aerobic and resistance) exercise intervention on cognitive function in AD mice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Six-week-old male C57BL/6 J wild-type (WT) mice were randomly divided into the sham-operated control group (Sham), the AD model group (AD), the early exercise with pre-AD group (Ex + AD), the post-AD with exercise group (AD + Ex), and the exercise with both pre-AD and post-AD group (Ex + AD + Ex), with 10 mice in each group. Five-month-old male C57BL/6 J background 5 × FAD transgenic AD mice were randomly divided into six groups: WT control group (WT), 5 × FAD group (FAD), 5 × FAD + exercise intervention group (FAD + Ex), chemical inhibition of the MS + exercise intervention group (FAD + MS (i) + Ex), chemical inhibition of the MHb group (FAD + MHb (i) + Ex), and chemical activation of MS + chemical inhibition of MHb + exercise intervention group (FAD + MS (q) + MHb (i) + Ex), with eight mice in each group. The mice in the exercise intervention groups were subjected to aerobic treadmill training combined with resistance ladder climbing. The projection relationship between MS and MHb cholinergic neurons was examined using neuroanatomical tracing experiments. Cognitive function was assessed using the Morris water maze, novel object recognition test, and Y-maze test. Neuronal damage was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining and Nissl staining in the MS and MHb regions, as well as immunofluorescence staining for amyloid-β (Aβ), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau (p-Tau), neurofilament light chain (NFL), α-synuclein (α-Syn), retinoic acid-related orphan receptor β (RORβ), neuronal nuclei (NeuN), and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), and Western blotting for Aβ, ChAT, p-Tau, NFL, α-Syn, and RORβ. Mitochondrial structure and function in MS and MHb neurons were assessed by transmission electron microscopy and Western blotting for mitochondrial transcription regulator A (TFAM), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NFR1), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase subunit β (ATPB) protein expression levels.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Exercise training significantly alleviated cognitive dysfunction and neuronal damage in the MS region of Aβ mice, especially e
{"title":"The medial septal-medial habenula cholinergic circuit: A new mechanism of exercise improving cognitive function in AD mice.","authors":"Lili Feng, Liye Zou, Xu Wen, Lili Zhang, Yifang Zhao, Wujing Ren, Tao Wang, Jue Chen, Xiaochun Wang, Zhenjun Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressively and incurably neurodegenerative disorder with cognitive dysfunction (e.g., memory decline). Exercise intervention, such as aerobic and resistance training, has increasingly been accepted as a feasible strategy to improve cognitive function. However, the potential neurobiological mechanism of exercise-induced cognitive benefits requires further investigation, especially the combined regime (i.e., aerobic + resistance training) recommended by the World Health Organization guidelines on physical activity. Against this background, we aimed to investigate whether the medial septum (MS)-medial habenula (MHb) cholinergic circuit mediated the effects of combined (aerobic and resistance) exercise intervention on cognitive function in AD mice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Six-week-old male C57BL/6 J wild-type (WT) mice were randomly divided into the sham-operated control group (Sham), the AD model group (AD), the early exercise with pre-AD group (Ex + AD), the post-AD with exercise group (AD + Ex), and the exercise with both pre-AD and post-AD group (Ex + AD + Ex), with 10 mice in each group. Five-month-old male C57BL/6 J background 5 × FAD transgenic AD mice were randomly divided into six groups: WT control group (WT), 5 × FAD group (FAD), 5 × FAD + exercise intervention group (FAD + Ex), chemical inhibition of the MS + exercise intervention group (FAD + MS (i) + Ex), chemical inhibition of the MHb group (FAD + MHb (i) + Ex), and chemical activation of MS + chemical inhibition of MHb + exercise intervention group (FAD + MS (q) + MHb (i) + Ex), with eight mice in each group. The mice in the exercise intervention groups were subjected to aerobic treadmill training combined with resistance ladder climbing. The projection relationship between MS and MHb cholinergic neurons was examined using neuroanatomical tracing experiments. Cognitive function was assessed using the Morris water maze, novel object recognition test, and Y-maze test. Neuronal damage was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining and Nissl staining in the MS and MHb regions, as well as immunofluorescence staining for amyloid-β (Aβ), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau (p-Tau), neurofilament light chain (NFL), α-synuclein (α-Syn), retinoic acid-related orphan receptor β (RORβ), neuronal nuclei (NeuN), and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), and Western blotting for Aβ, ChAT, p-Tau, NFL, α-Syn, and RORβ. Mitochondrial structure and function in MS and MHb neurons were assessed by transmission electron microscopy and Western blotting for mitochondrial transcription regulator A (TFAM), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NFR1), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase subunit β (ATPB) protein expression levels.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Exercise training significantly alleviated cognitive dysfunction and neuronal damage in the MS region of Aβ mice, especially e","PeriodicalId":48897,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport and Health Science","volume":" ","pages":"101118"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145890344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-29DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101115
Maeghan E James, Louise de Lannoy, Olivia Lopes, Avril Johnstone, Eun-Young Lee, Peter Bakalár, Javier Brazo-Sayavera, Taru Manyanga, Leigh M Vanderloo, Erin Wentzell, Lisa M Barnett, Peter Bentsen, Valerie Carson, Scott Duncan, Ryan Fahey, Shawnda A Morrison, Lærke Mygind, Alessandra Prioreschi, Suryeon Ryu, Lindsey Sikora, Patricia Tucker, Lucy-Joy Wachira, Mark S Tremblay
Background: Few individuals meet the 24-h movement guidelines for physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, and sleep. Active outdoor play (AOP) may support healthier movement patterns, though its role is not yet established. The objective of this study was to synthesize evidence on associations between AOP and movement behaviors.
Methods: A systematic review and meta-analyses were conducted using five databases from inception to September 2025. Studies examining AOP and movement behaviors were included with no restriction on age, ability, or geographic location. Screening and data extraction were completed in duplicate. Narrative syntheses, random-effects meta-analyses, and The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation assessments were conducted.
Results: Of 28,092 records, 61 studies met inclusion criteria, spanning 25 countries with participants aged 1.6-15.5 years. Most were cross-sectional (n = 46), with some longitudinal (n = 8), quasi-experimental (n = 5), and randomized trials (n = 3). AOP was consistently associated with greater PA, especially moderate-to-vigorous PA; meta-analysis showed a moderate positive correlation with high heterogeneity (r = 0.60, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.34-0.78, p = 0.0004; I2 = 99.2%). AOP was also linked to less sedentary behavior: children were sedentary 38% of the time outdoors vs. 67% indoors. Meta-analyses showed a small, significant negative correlation with sedentary time (r = -0.05, 95%CI: -0.07 to -0.02, p < 0.0043; I2 = 7.0%) and a small, non-significant correlation with screen time (r = -0.19, 95%CI: -0.38 to 0.02, p = 0.0638; I2 = 98.9%). Evidence on sleep was mixed, with no adverse associations found. Certainty of evidence was low to very low.
Conclusion: AOP may support healthier movement behaviors in children and youth. More longitudinal and intervention research is needed to confirm causality and guide policy and practice.
{"title":"A systematic review and meta-analyses of the relationships between active outdoor play and 24-hour movement behaviors.","authors":"Maeghan E James, Louise de Lannoy, Olivia Lopes, Avril Johnstone, Eun-Young Lee, Peter Bakalár, Javier Brazo-Sayavera, Taru Manyanga, Leigh M Vanderloo, Erin Wentzell, Lisa M Barnett, Peter Bentsen, Valerie Carson, Scott Duncan, Ryan Fahey, Shawnda A Morrison, Lærke Mygind, Alessandra Prioreschi, Suryeon Ryu, Lindsey Sikora, Patricia Tucker, Lucy-Joy Wachira, Mark S Tremblay","doi":"10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Few individuals meet the 24-h movement guidelines for physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, and sleep. Active outdoor play (AOP) may support healthier movement patterns, though its role is not yet established. The objective of this study was to synthesize evidence on associations between AOP and movement behaviors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review and meta-analyses were conducted using five databases from inception to September 2025. Studies examining AOP and movement behaviors were included with no restriction on age, ability, or geographic location. Screening and data extraction were completed in duplicate. Narrative syntheses, random-effects meta-analyses, and The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation assessments were conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 28,092 records, 61 studies met inclusion criteria, spanning 25 countries with participants aged 1.6-15.5 years. Most were cross-sectional (n = 46), with some longitudinal (n = 8), quasi-experimental (n = 5), and randomized trials (n = 3). AOP was consistently associated with greater PA, especially moderate-to-vigorous PA; meta-analysis showed a moderate positive correlation with high heterogeneity (r = 0.60, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.34-0.78, p = 0.0004; I<sup>2</sup> = 99.2%). AOP was also linked to less sedentary behavior: children were sedentary 38% of the time outdoors vs. 67% indoors. Meta-analyses showed a small, significant negative correlation with sedentary time (r = -0.05, 95%CI: -0.07 to -0.02, p < 0.0043; I<sup>2</sup> = 7.0%) and a small, non-significant correlation with screen time (r = -0.19, 95%CI: -0.38 to 0.02, p = 0.0638; I<sup>2</sup> = 98.9%). Evidence on sleep was mixed, with no adverse associations found. Certainty of evidence was low to very low.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>AOP may support healthier movement behaviors in children and youth. More longitudinal and intervention research is needed to confirm causality and guide policy and practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":48897,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport and Health Science","volume":" ","pages":"101115"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145879289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-28DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101119
Chao Yang
{"title":"Commentary on “Interplay between physical activity volume and intensity with modeled life expectancy in women and men: A prospective cohort analysis”","authors":"Chao Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101119","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48897,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport and Health Science","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145844758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101114
Robyn M. Murphy, Mark A. Febbraio
{"title":"The biochemical and metabolic adaptations underpinning the health benefits of exercise","authors":"Robyn M. Murphy, Mark A. Febbraio","doi":"10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101114","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48897,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport and Health Science","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145844759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101116
Miguel Adriano Sanchez-Lastra, Borja del Pozo Cruz, Jakob Tarp, Knut Eirik Dalene, Tormod S. Nilsen, Ding Ding, Ulf Ekelund
{"title":"Dose‒response associations of self-reported and device-measured physical activity with major adverse cardiovascular events in people with prevalent diseases","authors":"Miguel Adriano Sanchez-Lastra, Borja del Pozo Cruz, Jakob Tarp, Knut Eirik Dalene, Tormod S. Nilsen, Ding Ding, Ulf Ekelund","doi":"10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101116","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48897,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport and Health Science","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145822769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101112
Karim Abu-Omar, Tobias Völk, Antonina Tcymbal, Julian Resch, Dogukan Özer, Peter Gelius, Sven Messing, Heiko Ziemainz
{"title":"Mitigating climate change in sports leagues: A scenario-based analysis of travel distances in women’s and men’s amateur soccer in Germany","authors":"Karim Abu-Omar, Tobias Völk, Antonina Tcymbal, Julian Resch, Dogukan Özer, Peter Gelius, Sven Messing, Heiko Ziemainz","doi":"10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101112","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48897,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport and Health Science","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145784420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101113
Lian Wang, Liwei Mao, Danlin Zhu, Ke Li, Haoyang Gao, Muge Zhou, Jiabin Wu, Dan Yang, Ze Wang, Wenhong Wang, Yifan Guo, Yingying Xu, Peijie Chen, Weihua Xiao
{"title":"Exercise-induced β-hydroxybutyrate contributes to cognitive improvement in aging mice","authors":"Lian Wang, Liwei Mao, Danlin Zhu, Ke Li, Haoyang Gao, Muge Zhou, Jiabin Wu, Dan Yang, Ze Wang, Wenhong Wang, Yifan Guo, Yingying Xu, Peijie Chen, Weihua Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101113","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48897,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport and Health Science","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145784419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101110
John W A Osborne,Hylton B Menz,Karl B Landorf,Glen A Whittaker,Matthew Cotchett,Luke A Kelly
BACKGROUNDIntrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles contribute to foot and lower limb function. This knowledge provides opportunities to target these muscles in exercise and rehabilitation. However, a barrier is the limited understanding of how prescribed exercises affect muscle activation and force output. This study examined muscle activation and torque production about the metatarsophalangeal joints of intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles during common foot strengthening exercises. The secondary aim was to determine whether the addition of a postural change (leaning forward) or addition of mass can further increase muscle activation and torque.METHODSFifteen healthy participants (9 males, 6 females; age = 36.5 ± 8 years, mean ± SD) participated. Muscle activation was measured using fine-wire electromyography (EMG) electrodes for 2 intrinsic and 2 extrinsic muscles, and surface EMG electrodes for 4 superficial muscles. Metatarsophalangeal joint torque was measured using a custom toe dynamometer. Participants attended one 90-min session and performed 16 exercises. Five included the addition of leaning forward and 3 the addition of mass (20% of participant's mass) to compare their effects on muscle activity and torque.RESULTSMuscle activation and metatarsophalangeal joint torque varied considerably across exercises. Both the addition of leaning forward and the addition of mass increased muscle activation and metatarsophalangeal joint torque, with the addition of leaning forward producing a 35% median increase in torque about the metatarsophalangeal joints.CONCLUSIONMany common exercises, despite high muscle activation, produce relatively low metatarsophalangeal joint torque, raising questions about their clinical value. Adding a forward lean significantly increases toe flexor muscle activity and torque, reaching levels greater than added mass and comparable to walking.
{"title":"The influence of body posture and added mass on intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscle activation and force output during common foot strengthening exercises.","authors":"John W A Osborne,Hylton B Menz,Karl B Landorf,Glen A Whittaker,Matthew Cotchett,Luke A Kelly","doi":"10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101110","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDIntrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles contribute to foot and lower limb function. This knowledge provides opportunities to target these muscles in exercise and rehabilitation. However, a barrier is the limited understanding of how prescribed exercises affect muscle activation and force output. This study examined muscle activation and torque production about the metatarsophalangeal joints of intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles during common foot strengthening exercises. The secondary aim was to determine whether the addition of a postural change (leaning forward) or addition of mass can further increase muscle activation and torque.METHODSFifteen healthy participants (9 males, 6 females; age = 36.5 ± 8 years, mean ± SD) participated. Muscle activation was measured using fine-wire electromyography (EMG) electrodes for 2 intrinsic and 2 extrinsic muscles, and surface EMG electrodes for 4 superficial muscles. Metatarsophalangeal joint torque was measured using a custom toe dynamometer. Participants attended one 90-min session and performed 16 exercises. Five included the addition of leaning forward and 3 the addition of mass (20% of participant's mass) to compare their effects on muscle activity and torque.RESULTSMuscle activation and metatarsophalangeal joint torque varied considerably across exercises. Both the addition of leaning forward and the addition of mass increased muscle activation and metatarsophalangeal joint torque, with the addition of leaning forward producing a 35% median increase in torque about the metatarsophalangeal joints.CONCLUSIONMany common exercises, despite high muscle activation, produce relatively low metatarsophalangeal joint torque, raising questions about their clinical value. Adding a forward lean significantly increases toe flexor muscle activity and torque, reaching levels greater than added mass and comparable to walking.","PeriodicalId":48897,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport and Health Science","volume":"6 1","pages":"101110"},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145777293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101111
Noni T Frankenberg,Victoria L Wyckelsma,Dion Ellul,Aaron C Petersen,Itamar Levinger,Michael J McKenna,Robyn M Murphy
BACKGROUNDHeat shock proteins (HSPs) are key molecular chaperones that help maintain protein homeostasis by stabilising or removing damaged proteins during cellular stress. Aging weakens these stress-response systems, disrupting proteostasis and increasing vulnerability to sarcopenia. High-intensity training (HIT) can counteract these declines by activating protective pathways such as the HSP response. HSPs are highly responsive to stress, examining their regulation during aging is important, as altered HSP activity is linked to the progressive loss of muscle mass.METHODSThis study investigated the abundance and phosphorylation of HSPs in skeletal muscle from healthy, active young and older adults (n = 7 per group), assessed at baseline and again in the older group following 12 weeks of HIT. Using calibrated Western blotting on both whole-muscle homogenates and pooled single muscle fibres, we quantified HSP content and phosphorylation to determine how aging and exercise influence stress-responsive protein regulation at both the tissue and cellular levels.RESULTSIn whole muscle homogenates, HSPs (HSP72, HSP27, and αB-crystallin) did not differ between young and older adults, while higher phosphorylation of small HSPs (sHSPs): phospho-HSP27 at Serine15 (pHSP27 Ser15) and phospho-αB-crystallin at Serine59 (pαB-crystallin Ser59) (∼1.8-fold and ∼2.9-fold, respectively) were found in muscle from older adults, indicating higher cellular stress associated with aging. A 12-week HIT intervention in older adults reduced homogenate pHSP27 Ser15 and pαB-crystallin Ser59 abundances to similar levels found in young adults. Total HSPs typically displayed a distinct fiber-type profile in both age groups, with more in type I compared to type II fibers, distinguished by the presence of myosin heavy chain I (MHCI) or MHCII. Phosphorylation at pHSP27 Ser15 and pαB-crystallin Ser59 was not different between type I and type II fibers. The HIT in older adults decreased total and phosphorylated sHSPs in both type I and type II fibers but increased HSP72 in type I fibers.CONCLUSIONHIT has the potential to mitigate age-related cellular stress and modulate protein expression patterns in aging skeletal muscle and, perhaps, has the potential to delay age-related muscle decline, thereby improving muscle health in older adults.
{"title":"Exercise attenuates stress-related signaling as sensed by higher phosphorylation of small heat shock proteins in skeletal muscle from older individuals.","authors":"Noni T Frankenberg,Victoria L Wyckelsma,Dion Ellul,Aaron C Petersen,Itamar Levinger,Michael J McKenna,Robyn M Murphy","doi":"10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101111","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDHeat shock proteins (HSPs) are key molecular chaperones that help maintain protein homeostasis by stabilising or removing damaged proteins during cellular stress. Aging weakens these stress-response systems, disrupting proteostasis and increasing vulnerability to sarcopenia. High-intensity training (HIT) can counteract these declines by activating protective pathways such as the HSP response. HSPs are highly responsive to stress, examining their regulation during aging is important, as altered HSP activity is linked to the progressive loss of muscle mass.METHODSThis study investigated the abundance and phosphorylation of HSPs in skeletal muscle from healthy, active young and older adults (n = 7 per group), assessed at baseline and again in the older group following 12 weeks of HIT. Using calibrated Western blotting on both whole-muscle homogenates and pooled single muscle fibres, we quantified HSP content and phosphorylation to determine how aging and exercise influence stress-responsive protein regulation at both the tissue and cellular levels.RESULTSIn whole muscle homogenates, HSPs (HSP72, HSP27, and αB-crystallin) did not differ between young and older adults, while higher phosphorylation of small HSPs (sHSPs): phospho-HSP27 at Serine15 (pHSP27 Ser15) and phospho-αB-crystallin at Serine59 (pαB-crystallin Ser59) (∼1.8-fold and ∼2.9-fold, respectively) were found in muscle from older adults, indicating higher cellular stress associated with aging. A 12-week HIT intervention in older adults reduced homogenate pHSP27 Ser15 and pαB-crystallin Ser59 abundances to similar levels found in young adults. Total HSPs typically displayed a distinct fiber-type profile in both age groups, with more in type I compared to type II fibers, distinguished by the presence of myosin heavy chain I (MHCI) or MHCII. Phosphorylation at pHSP27 Ser15 and pαB-crystallin Ser59 was not different between type I and type II fibers. The HIT in older adults decreased total and phosphorylated sHSPs in both type I and type II fibers but increased HSP72 in type I fibers.CONCLUSIONHIT has the potential to mitigate age-related cellular stress and modulate protein expression patterns in aging skeletal muscle and, perhaps, has the potential to delay age-related muscle decline, thereby improving muscle health in older adults.","PeriodicalId":48897,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport and Health Science","volume":"162 1","pages":"101111"},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145777292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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