{"title":"Book review: Kew Observatory and the Evolution of Victorian Science\u00001840–1910","authors":"K. Aplin","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-1-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-1-2019","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>\u0000 </jats:p>","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43251952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Just 5 years after Sputnik, on 18 August 1962, Norway launched the first sounding rocket from Andøya in northern Norway. The establishment of Andøya Rocket Range (ARR), in the Arctic and right in the middle of the night-time auroral zone, gave the scientists unique opportunities for studies of the complex processes in the auroral ionosphere and upper atmosphere. In close cooperation with the users, ARR gradually developed its technical and scientific infrastructure and is now one of the world's leading observatories in this field. ARR has also established a launch site at Svalbard, and sounding rockets from both ranges can reach far into the Arctic to study the cusp region and the daytime aurora. The ground-based instruments comprise sophisticated radars and lidars as well as passive instruments. ARR also plays an active role in space education. In 2014 Andøya Rocket Range changed its name to Andøya Space Center (ASC; https://www.andoyaspace.no, last access: 23 November 2018). This change reflects the fact that the activities now comprise much more than sounding rocket launches. ASC is an important company both nationally and in the local community of Andenes. ASC now has a staff of 95 and an annual turnover of NOK 150 million.
{"title":"The history of Andøya Rocket Range","authors":"E. Thrane","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-9-141-2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-9-141-2018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Just 5 years after Sputnik, on 18 August 1962, Norway\u0000launched the first sounding rocket from Andøya in northern Norway. The\u0000establishment of Andøya Rocket Range (ARR), in the Arctic and right in\u0000the middle of the night-time auroral zone, gave the scientists unique\u0000opportunities for studies of the complex processes in the auroral ionosphere\u0000and upper atmosphere. In close cooperation with the users, ARR gradually\u0000developed its technical and scientific infrastructure and is now one of the\u0000world's leading observatories in this field. ARR has also established a\u0000launch site at Svalbard, and sounding rockets from both ranges can reach far\u0000into the Arctic to study the cusp region and the daytime aurora. The\u0000ground-based instruments comprise sophisticated radars and lidars as well as\u0000passive instruments. ARR also plays an active role in space education. In\u00002014 Andøya Rocket Range changed its name to Andøya Space Center\u0000(ASC; https://www.andoyaspace.no, last access: 23 November 2018).\u0000This change reflects the fact that the activities now comprise much\u0000more than sounding rocket launches. ASC is an important company both\u0000nationally and in the local community of Andenes. ASC now has a staff of 95\u0000and an annual turnover of NOK 150 million.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48824768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Carrasco, Enric Aragonès, Jorge Ordaz, J. Vaquero
Abstract. An analysis is made of the records made by Spanish observers of a notable aurora on 18 January 1770 in order to study the characteristics of this event. The records indicate that the phenomenon was observed in both continental and insular territories of Spain, in particular at San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Cádiz, Córdoba, Badajoz, Valencia, Castellón, Madrid, Barcelona, and Gerri de la Sal. The most equatorward observational site was San Cristóbal de la Laguna (28.48∘ N, 16.32∘ W) in the Canary Islands. In general, the descriptions put its duration from sunset to midnight, but the observers from Córdoba and Madrid report the aurora as being visible during the last hours of the night, and it was even observed the following day at Castellón. All the observers described the aurora as red in colour, while white and ash colours were also reported at Córdoba and Gerri de la Sal. The brightness and shape of auroral display changed over time. Calculations of the geomagnetic latitudes of the observation locations gave San Cristóbal de la Laguna as the southernmost (26∘ N) and Gerri de la Sal the northernmost (35∘ N) and indicate this aurora was observed over a wide range of abnormally low latitudes for such a phenomenon. Solar activity around the event was high, with the astronomer Horrebow registering 10 sunspot groups on that date (18 January 1770).
摘要分析了1770年1月18日西班牙观测者对一次引人注目的极光的记录，以研究这一事件的特征。记录表明，在西班牙的大陆和岛屿领土上都观察到了这种现象，特别是在拉古纳的圣克里斯托巴尔、加的斯、科尔多瓦、巴达霍斯、巴伦西亚、卡斯特隆、马德里、巴塞罗那和萨尔格里。最著名的观测地点是拉古纳的圣克里斯托巴尔（28.48∘ N、 16.32∘ W） 在加那利群岛。一般来说，描述将极光的持续时间定为从日落到午夜，但来自科尔多瓦和马德里的观测者报告称，极光在深夜可见，甚至在第二天的卡斯泰隆也观测到了极光。所有观察者都将极光描述为红色，而科尔多瓦和Gerri dela Sal也报告了白色和灰白色。极光显示的亮度和形状随着时间的推移而变化。计算观测地点的地磁纬度，将圣克里斯托巴尔德拉拉古纳视为最南端（26∘ N） 和Gerri de la Sal最北端（35∘ N） 并表明这种极光是在大范围的异常低纬度地区观测到的。该事件周围的太阳活动很活跃，天文学家Horrebow在当天（1770年1月18日）记录了10个太阳黑子群。
{"title":"The Great Aurora of January 1770 observed in Spain","authors":"V. Carrasco, Enric Aragonès, Jorge Ordaz, J. Vaquero","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-9-133-2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-9-133-2018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. An analysis is made of the records made by Spanish\u0000observers of a notable aurora on 18 January 1770 in order to study the\u0000characteristics of this event. The records indicate that the phenomenon was\u0000observed in both continental and insular territories of Spain, in particular\u0000at San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Cádiz, Córdoba, Badajoz,\u0000Valencia, Castellón, Madrid, Barcelona, and Gerri de la Sal. The most\u0000equatorward observational site was San Cristóbal de la Laguna\u0000(28.48∘ N, 16.32∘ W) in the Canary Islands. In general,\u0000the descriptions put its duration from sunset to midnight, but the observers\u0000from Córdoba and Madrid report the aurora as being visible during the\u0000last hours of the night, and it was even observed the following day at\u0000Castellón. All the observers described the aurora as red in colour,\u0000while white and ash colours were also reported at Córdoba and Gerri de\u0000la Sal. The brightness and shape of auroral display changed over time.\u0000Calculations of the geomagnetic latitudes of the observation locations gave\u0000San Cristóbal de la Laguna as the southernmost (26∘ N) and\u0000Gerri de la Sal the northernmost (35∘ N) and indicate this aurora\u0000was observed over a wide range of abnormally low latitudes for such a\u0000phenomenon. Solar activity around the event was high, with the astronomer\u0000Horrebow registering 10 sunspot groups on that date (18 January 1770).\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45900621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. In this paper a brief summary will be given about the historical development of geomagnetism as a science in southern Africa and particularly the role played by Hermanus Magnetic Observatory in this regard. From a very modest beginning in 1841 as a recording station at the Cape of Good Hope, Hermanus Magnetic Observatory is today part of the South African National Space Agency (SANSA), where its geomagnetic field data are extensively used in international research projects ranging from the physics of the geo-dynamo to studies of the near-Earth space environment.
{"title":"Hermanus Magnetic Observatory: a historical perspective of geomagnetism in southern Africa","authors":"P. Kotzé","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-9-125-2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-9-125-2018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In this paper a brief summary will be given about the historical development of geomagnetism as a science in southern Africa and particularly the role played by Hermanus Magnetic Observatory in this regard. From a very modest beginning in 1841 as a recording station at the Cape of Good Hope, Hermanus Magnetic Observatory is today part of the South African National Space Agency (SANSA), where its geomagnetic field data are extensively used in international research projects ranging from the physics of the geo-dynamo to studies of the near-Earth space environment.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43130247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rubén Galindo-Aires, Antonio Lara-Galera, Gonzalo Guillán-Llorente
Abstract. Arthur Casagrande (1902–1981) is one of the main people responsible for the geotechnics that we know today. Born in Haidenschaft, now Slovenia, he went to the United States in 1926 to participate in major civil engineering projects: he graduated in 1924 from the Technische Hochschule in Vienna, Austria. On this visit to the USA he met Karl Terzaghi (1883–1963), the father of soil mechanics and geotechnology, who taught him the basic concepts of this discipline to which Casagrande dedicated the rest of his life. In his early years of work with Terzaghi, Casagrande focused on research studies, such as the development on the limits of Atterberg published in 1932, and the development of equipment for soil trials, such as the Casagrande spoon also developed in 1932. Casagrande not only dedicated himself to research in his early years, but he also carried out studies throughout his professional career, such as those carried out on liquefaction, which he began in 1937 and continued throughout his life. Casagrande not only made important contributions in the field of geotechnology, but also lectured at Harvard University, which he joined in 1932. He also consulted and was involved in several projects for the Army Corps of Engineers of the United States. In addition, Casagrande made an important contribution to the 1st International Conference of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Engineering that took place at Harvard University in 1936. The aim of this paper is to analyze, through the biography of Casagrande, his contribution to the field of geotechnics, based on his research, teaching, and consulting work. Moreover, Casagrande influenced other important people in the field, such as Terzaghi, Peck, and even the work with his brother Leo, and, of course, the influence of these people on Casagrande's team.
{"title":"Contribution to the knowledge of early geotechnics during the twentieth century: Arthur Casagrande","authors":"Rubén Galindo-Aires, Antonio Lara-Galera, Gonzalo Guillán-Llorente","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-9-107-2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-9-107-2018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Arthur Casagrande\u0000(1902–1981) is one of the main people responsible for the geotechnics that\u0000we know today. Born in Haidenschaft, now Slovenia, he went to the United\u0000States in 1926 to participate in major civil engineering projects: he\u0000graduated in 1924 from the Technische Hochschule in Vienna, Austria. On this\u0000visit to the USA he met Karl Terzaghi (1883–1963), the father of soil\u0000mechanics and geotechnology, who taught him the basic concepts of this\u0000discipline to which Casagrande dedicated the rest of his life. In his early years of work with Terzaghi, Casagrande focused on research\u0000studies, such as the development on the limits of Atterberg published in\u00001932, and the development of equipment for soil trials, such as the\u0000Casagrande spoon also developed in 1932. Casagrande not only dedicated\u0000himself to research in his early years, but he also carried out studies\u0000throughout his professional career, such as those carried out on\u0000liquefaction, which he began in 1937 and continued throughout his life. Casagrande not only made important contributions in the field of\u0000geotechnology, but also lectured at Harvard University, which he joined in\u00001932. He also consulted and was involved in several projects for the Army\u0000Corps of Engineers of the United States. In addition, Casagrande made an\u0000important contribution to the 1st International Conference of Soil Mechanics\u0000and Foundations Engineering that took place at\u0000Harvard University in 1936. The aim of this paper is to analyze, through the biography of Casagrande, his\u0000contribution to the field of geotechnics, based on his research, teaching,\u0000and consulting work. Moreover, Casagrande influenced other important people\u0000in the field, such as Terzaghi, Peck, and even the work with his brother Leo,\u0000and, of course, the influence of these people on Casagrande's team.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44176728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Obituary: Karl Rawer (1913–2018)","authors":"B. Reinisch, K. Schlegel","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-9-105-2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-9-105-2018","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>\u0000 </jats:p>","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46230317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. The main priority of the first of James Cook's famous voyages of discovery was the observation of the transit of Venus at Tahiti. Following that, he was ordered to embark on a search for new lands in the South Pacific Ocean. Cook had instructions to record as many aspects of the environment as possible at each place that he visited, including the character of the tide. This paper makes an assessment of the quality of Cook's tidal observations using modern knowledge of the tide, and with an assumption that no major tidal changes have taken place during the past two and half centuries. We conclude that Cook's tidal measurements were accurate in general to about 0.5 ft (15 cm) in height and 0.5 h in time. Those of his findings which are less consistent with modern insight can be explained by the short stays of the Endeavour at some places. Cook's measurements were good enough (or unique enough) to be included in global compilations of tidal information in the 18th century and were used in the 19th century in the construction of the first worldwide tidal atlases. In most cases, they support Cook's reputation as a good observer of the environment.
{"title":"The tidal measurements of James Cook during the voyage of the Endeavour","authors":"P. Woodworth, Glen H. Rowe","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-9-85-2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-9-85-2018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The main priority of the first of James Cook's famous voyages of discovery\u0000was the observation of the transit of Venus at Tahiti. Following that, he was\u0000ordered to embark on a search for new lands in the South Pacific Ocean. Cook had\u0000instructions to record as many aspects of the environment as possible at each\u0000place that he visited, including the character of the tide. This paper makes\u0000an assessment of the quality of Cook's tidal observations using modern\u0000knowledge of the tide, and with an assumption that no major tidal changes\u0000have taken place during the past two and half centuries. We conclude that\u0000Cook's tidal measurements were accurate in general to about 0.5 ft (15 cm) in height\u0000and 0.5 h in time. Those of his findings which are less consistent with\u0000modern insight can be explained by the short stays of the Endeavour\u0000at some places. Cook's measurements were good enough (or unique enough) to be\u0000included in global compilations of tidal information in the 18th century and\u0000were used in the 19th century in the construction of the first worldwide\u0000tidal atlases. In most cases, they support Cook's reputation as a good\u0000observer of the environment.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46205878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. In a primary documentary source we found an early record of ball lightning (BL), which was observed in the monastery of Pi (Oliva, southeastern Spain) on 18 October 1619. The ball lightning was observed by at least three people and was described as a “rolling burning vessel” and a “ball of fire”. The ball lightning appeared following a lightning flash, showed a mainly horizontal motion, crossed a wall, smudged an image of the Lady of Rebollet (then known as Lady of Pi) and burnt her ruff, and overturned a cross.
{"title":"An early record of ball lightning: Oliva (Spain), 1619","authors":"F. Domínguez‐Castro","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-9-79-2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-9-79-2018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In a primary documentary source we found an early record of ball lightning\u0000(BL), which was observed in the monastery of Pi (Oliva, southeastern Spain)\u0000on 18 October 1619. The ball lightning was observed by at least three people\u0000and was described as a “rolling burning vessel” and a “ball of fire”. The\u0000ball lightning appeared following a lightning flash, showed a mainly\u0000horizontal motion, crossed a wall, smudged an image of the Lady of Rebollet\u0000(then known as Lady of Pi) and burnt her ruff, and overturned a cross.","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":"9 1","pages":"79-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44072898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. This paper consists of a review of the important contributions of four COST (European Co-operation in Science and Technology) Actions in the period 1991–2009 to terrestrial ionospheric research, with applications in modern communication and navigation systems. Within this context, new ionospheric studies were initiated, leading to the development of a number of models, algorithms for prediction, forecasting, and real-time specification, as well as numerical programs. These were successfully implemented in different collaborative projects within EU instruments, promoting co-operation between scientists and researchers across Europe. A further outcome was to bring together more than a hundred researchers from around 40 scientific institutions, agencies, and academia in about 25 countries worldwide. They collaborated with enthusiasm in research, as briefly described in this paper, forming a lively ionospheric community and presenting a strong intellectual response to the rapidly growing contemporary challenge of space weather research.
{"title":"The role of COST Actions in unifying the European ionospheric community in the transition between the two millennia","authors":"B. Zolesi, L. Cander","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-9-65-2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-9-65-2018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This paper consists of a review of the important contributions of four COST (European Co-operation in Science and Technology) Actions in the period 1991–2009 to terrestrial ionospheric research, with applications in modern communication and navigation systems. Within this context, new ionospheric studies were initiated, leading to the development of a number of models, algorithms for prediction, forecasting, and real-time specification, as well as numerical programs. These were successfully implemented in different collaborative projects within EU instruments, promoting co-operation between scientists and researchers across Europe. A further outcome was to bring together more than a hundred researchers from around 40 scientific institutions, agencies, and academia in about 25 countries worldwide. They collaborated with enthusiasm in research, as briefly described in this paper, forming a lively ionospheric community and presenting a strong intellectual response to the rapidly growing contemporary challenge of space weather research.","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":"9 1","pages":"65-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46262495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. The Ionospheric Prediction Service (IPS) was formed in 1947 to provide monthly prediction services for high frequency (HF) radio, in particular to support HF communications with the United Kingdom. It was quickly recognized that to be effective such a service also had to provide advice when ionospheric storms prevented HF communications from taking place. With the advent of the International Geophysical Year (IGY), short-term forecasts were also required for research programmes and the task of supplying the Australian input to these was given to Frank Cook, of the IPS, while Jack Turner, also of the IPS, supervised the generation of ionospheric maps to support high latitude HF communications. These two important IGY activities formed the platform on which all future IPS services would be built. This paper reviews the development of the Australian Space Forecast Centre (ASFC), which arose from these early origins.
{"title":"The development of the Australian Space Forecast Centre (ASFC)","authors":"P. Wilkinson, J. Kennewell, D. Cole","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-9-53-2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-9-53-2018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The Ionospheric Prediction Service (IPS) was formed in 1947 to provide\u0000monthly prediction services for high frequency (HF) radio, in particular to\u0000support HF communications with the United Kingdom. It was quickly recognized\u0000that to be effective such a service also had to provide advice when\u0000ionospheric storms prevented HF communications from taking place. With the\u0000advent of the International Geophysical Year (IGY), short-term forecasts were\u0000also required for research programmes and the task of supplying the Australian\u0000input to these was given to Frank Cook, of the IPS, while Jack Turner, also of the IPS, supervised the generation of ionospheric maps to support high latitude\u0000HF communications. These two important IGY activities formed the platform on\u0000which all future IPS services would be built. This paper reviews the\u0000development of the Australian Space Forecast Centre (ASFC), which\u0000arose from these early origins.","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":"9 1","pages":"53-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45187328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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