{"title":"Preface to the special issue “The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics: from different spheres to a common globe”","authors":"J. Joselyn, A. Ismail-Zadeh","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-17-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-17-2019","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>\u0000 </jats:p>","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49301976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.5194/HGSS-10-181-2019
R. Cas
Abstract. The International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) was formed following the end of World War I at the inaugural general assembly (GA) of the International Research Council in Brussels in 1919, where the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) was constituted. IAVCEI was then known as the Section for Volcanology (SV) and was one of six scientific disciplines that made up IUGG. The first president of IAVCEI (or SV) was Annibale Riccò (Italy), its first two vice presidents were Alfred Lacroix (France) and Henry Washington (USA), and the first secretary-general (SG) was Alessandro Malladra (Italy). A secretariat office for SV was established in Naples, Italy, following the first IUGG and SV General Assembly in 1922, in Rome, Italy. At that meeting SV established its own scientific journal called Bulletin volcanologique, the first edition of which was published in 1924 with Alessandro Malladra as the editor. SV officially became the International Association for Volcanology (IAV) in 1933 at the 5th IUGG General Assembly in Lisbon, Portugal. At the 14th IUGG General Assembly in Zurich, Switzerland, in 1967, IAV was renamed IAVCEI in recognition of the importance of geochemistry and geochronology in understanding volcanic processes. Bulletin volcanologique was renamed the Bulletin of Volcanology in 1986, at the time that its editorial board was restructured to be more representative of the international community. IAVCEI became a fully democratic association in 1995 with the introduction of individual membership, which entitled members to nominate, be nominated and vote in the election of the IAVCEI Executive Committee. Although the IUGG By-Laws allowed scientists only from the union's member countries to hold various positions within IUGG, in 2015, the IUGG Council removed this restriction, and now a scientist who is a member of IAVCEI from any country can hold any position in IAVCEI, except the position of the president.
{"title":"IAVCEI: from small beginnings to a vibrant international association","authors":"R. Cas","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-181-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-181-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) was formed following the end of World War I at the inaugural general assembly (GA) of the International Research Council in Brussels in 1919, where the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) was constituted. IAVCEI was then known as the Section for Volcanology (SV) and was one of six scientific disciplines that made up IUGG. The first president of IAVCEI (or SV) was Annibale Riccò (Italy), its first two vice presidents were Alfred Lacroix (France) and Henry Washington (USA), and the first secretary-general (SG) was Alessandro Malladra (Italy). A secretariat office for SV was established in Naples, Italy, following the first IUGG and SV General Assembly in 1922, in Rome, Italy. At that meeting SV established its own scientific journal called Bulletin volcanologique, the first edition of which was published in 1924 with Alessandro Malladra as the editor. SV officially became the International Association for Volcanology (IAV) in 1933 at the 5th IUGG General Assembly in Lisbon, Portugal. At the 14th IUGG General Assembly in Zurich, Switzerland, in 1967, IAV was renamed IAVCEI in recognition of the importance of geochemistry and geochronology in understanding volcanic processes. Bulletin volcanologique was renamed the Bulletin of Volcanology in 1986, at the time that its editorial board was restructured to be more representative of the international community. IAVCEI became a fully democratic association in 1995 with the introduction of individual membership, which entitled members to nominate, be nominated and vote in the election of the IAVCEI Executive Committee. Although the IUGG By-Laws allowed scientists only from the union's member countries to hold various positions within IUGG, in 2015, the IUGG Council removed this restriction, and now a scientist who is a member of IAVCEI from any country can hold any position in IAVCEI, except the position of the president.","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43221395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.5194/HGSS-10-109-2019
D. Rosbjerg, J. Rodda
Abstract. After describing the hydrological cycle and defining hydrology in the introduction, the early historical development of hydrology is briefly presented in the second section. Then the incorporation of hydrology within the IUGG and the subsequent development of the association are described chronologically. This description is organized into five sections corresponding to five different periods, focused on the scientific and organizational development of the association during each period. Finally, in the conclusions, the present state of the association is discussed together with an outlook for the future.
{"title":"IAHS: a brief history of hydrology","authors":"D. Rosbjerg, J. Rodda","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-109-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-109-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. After describing the hydrological cycle and defining hydrology in the\u0000introduction, the early historical development of hydrology is briefly\u0000presented in the second section. Then the incorporation of hydrology within\u0000the IUGG and the subsequent development of the association are described\u0000chronologically. This description is organized into five sections\u0000corresponding to five different periods, focused on the scientific and\u0000organizational development of the association during each period. Finally, in\u0000the conclusions, the present state of the association is discussed together\u0000with an outlook for the future.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44276404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antonio Lara-Galera, Rubén Galindo-Aires, Gonzalo Guillán-Llorente
Abstract. Ralph B. Peck (1912–2008), graduate and doctor of philosophy in civil engineering (1934 and 1937 respectively) from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, was one of the major contributors to the development of geotechnics in the twentieth century. Born in Winnipeg (Manitoba) as an American national, he was influenced from childhood by the world of civil engineering through his father, Orwin K. Peck, who was a civil engineer, mainly as a structural engineer in the railway sector. In the absence of job offers as a structural engineer, Ralph Peck arrived at Harvard University in 1938 to attend the soil mechanics courses taught by Arthur Casagrande, which guided Peck's professional career towards geotechnics. In addition to Casagrande, Peck had the opportunity to meet and work with other very important people related to geotechnics: Albert E. Cummings, Laurits Bjerrum, Alec W. Skempton and especially Karl Terzaghi, with whom he established a great friendship, in addition to providing support, professional advice and performing important work, such as the Chicago Subway Works. Peck actively dedicated himself to consulting work, which led him to visit 44 states within the United States and 28 countries on five continents. In addition, he also participated in research work where he was asked and was a committed lecturer at the University of Illinois, where he was a professor for 32 years. The objective of this paper is to analyse, through Peck's biography, his contribution to the field of geotechnics based on his research, teaching and consultancy work, and through the influence of Peck on other important people in the field, such as Karl Terzaghi.
{"title":"Contribution to the knowledge of early geotechnics during the twentieth century: Ralph Peck","authors":"Antonio Lara-Galera, Rubén Galindo-Aires, Gonzalo Guillán-Llorente","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-3-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-3-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Ralph B. Peck (1912–2008), graduate and doctor of philosophy in\u0000civil engineering (1934 and 1937 respectively) from the Rensselaer\u0000Polytechnic Institute, was one of the major contributors to the development\u0000of geotechnics in the twentieth century. Born in Winnipeg (Manitoba) as an\u0000American national, he was influenced from childhood by the world of civil\u0000engineering through his father, Orwin K. Peck, who was a civil engineer,\u0000mainly as a structural engineer in the railway sector. In the absence of job offers as a structural engineer, Ralph Peck arrived at\u0000Harvard University in 1938 to attend the soil mechanics courses taught by\u0000Arthur Casagrande, which guided Peck's professional career towards\u0000geotechnics. In addition to Casagrande, Peck had the opportunity to meet and\u0000work with other very important people related to geotechnics:\u0000Albert E. Cummings, Laurits Bjerrum, Alec W. Skempton and especially\u0000Karl Terzaghi, with whom he established a great friendship, in addition to\u0000providing support, professional advice and performing important work, such as\u0000the Chicago Subway Works. Peck actively dedicated himself to consulting work, which led him to visit\u000044 states within the United States and 28 countries on five continents. In\u0000addition, he also participated in research work where he was asked and was a\u0000committed lecturer at the University of Illinois, where he was a professor\u0000for 32 years. The objective of this paper is to analyse, through Peck's biography, his\u0000contribution to the field of geotechnics based on his research, teaching and\u0000consultancy work, and through the influence of Peck on other important people\u0000in the field, such as Karl Terzaghi.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45235482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Book review: Kew Observatory and the Evolution of Victorian Science\u00001840–1910","authors":"K. Aplin","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-1-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-1-2019","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>\u0000 </jats:p>","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43251952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Just 5 years after Sputnik, on 18 August 1962, Norway launched the first sounding rocket from Andøya in northern Norway. The establishment of Andøya Rocket Range (ARR), in the Arctic and right in the middle of the night-time auroral zone, gave the scientists unique opportunities for studies of the complex processes in the auroral ionosphere and upper atmosphere. In close cooperation with the users, ARR gradually developed its technical and scientific infrastructure and is now one of the world's leading observatories in this field. ARR has also established a launch site at Svalbard, and sounding rockets from both ranges can reach far into the Arctic to study the cusp region and the daytime aurora. The ground-based instruments comprise sophisticated radars and lidars as well as passive instruments. ARR also plays an active role in space education. In 2014 Andøya Rocket Range changed its name to Andøya Space Center (ASC; https://www.andoyaspace.no, last access: 23 November 2018). This change reflects the fact that the activities now comprise much more than sounding rocket launches. ASC is an important company both nationally and in the local community of Andenes. ASC now has a staff of 95 and an annual turnover of NOK 150 million.
{"title":"The history of Andøya Rocket Range","authors":"E. Thrane","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-9-141-2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-9-141-2018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Just 5 years after Sputnik, on 18 August 1962, Norway\u0000launched the first sounding rocket from Andøya in northern Norway. The\u0000establishment of Andøya Rocket Range (ARR), in the Arctic and right in\u0000the middle of the night-time auroral zone, gave the scientists unique\u0000opportunities for studies of the complex processes in the auroral ionosphere\u0000and upper atmosphere. In close cooperation with the users, ARR gradually\u0000developed its technical and scientific infrastructure and is now one of the\u0000world's leading observatories in this field. ARR has also established a\u0000launch site at Svalbard, and sounding rockets from both ranges can reach far\u0000into the Arctic to study the cusp region and the daytime aurora. The\u0000ground-based instruments comprise sophisticated radars and lidars as well as\u0000passive instruments. ARR also plays an active role in space education. In\u00002014 Andøya Rocket Range changed its name to Andøya Space Center\u0000(ASC; https://www.andoyaspace.no, last access: 23 November 2018).\u0000This change reflects the fact that the activities now comprise much\u0000more than sounding rocket launches. ASC is an important company both\u0000nationally and in the local community of Andenes. ASC now has a staff of 95\u0000and an annual turnover of NOK 150 million.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48824768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Carrasco, Enric Aragonès, Jorge Ordaz, J. Vaquero
Abstract. An analysis is made of the records made by Spanish observers of a notable aurora on 18 January 1770 in order to study the characteristics of this event. The records indicate that the phenomenon was observed in both continental and insular territories of Spain, in particular at San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Cádiz, Córdoba, Badajoz, Valencia, Castellón, Madrid, Barcelona, and Gerri de la Sal. The most equatorward observational site was San Cristóbal de la Laguna (28.48∘ N, 16.32∘ W) in the Canary Islands. In general, the descriptions put its duration from sunset to midnight, but the observers from Córdoba and Madrid report the aurora as being visible during the last hours of the night, and it was even observed the following day at Castellón. All the observers described the aurora as red in colour, while white and ash colours were also reported at Córdoba and Gerri de la Sal. The brightness and shape of auroral display changed over time. Calculations of the geomagnetic latitudes of the observation locations gave San Cristóbal de la Laguna as the southernmost (26∘ N) and Gerri de la Sal the northernmost (35∘ N) and indicate this aurora was observed over a wide range of abnormally low latitudes for such a phenomenon. Solar activity around the event was high, with the astronomer Horrebow registering 10 sunspot groups on that date (18 January 1770).
摘要分析了1770年1月18日西班牙观测者对一次引人注目的极光的记录，以研究这一事件的特征。记录表明，在西班牙的大陆和岛屿领土上都观察到了这种现象，特别是在拉古纳的圣克里斯托巴尔、加的斯、科尔多瓦、巴达霍斯、巴伦西亚、卡斯特隆、马德里、巴塞罗那和萨尔格里。最著名的观测地点是拉古纳的圣克里斯托巴尔（28.48∘ N、 16.32∘ W） 在加那利群岛。一般来说，描述将极光的持续时间定为从日落到午夜，但来自科尔多瓦和马德里的观测者报告称，极光在深夜可见，甚至在第二天的卡斯泰隆也观测到了极光。所有观察者都将极光描述为红色，而科尔多瓦和Gerri dela Sal也报告了白色和灰白色。极光显示的亮度和形状随着时间的推移而变化。计算观测地点的地磁纬度，将圣克里斯托巴尔德拉拉古纳视为最南端（26∘ N） 和Gerri de la Sal最北端（35∘ N） 并表明这种极光是在大范围的异常低纬度地区观测到的。该事件周围的太阳活动很活跃，天文学家Horrebow在当天（1770年1月18日）记录了10个太阳黑子群。
{"title":"The Great Aurora of January 1770 observed in Spain","authors":"V. Carrasco, Enric Aragonès, Jorge Ordaz, J. Vaquero","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-9-133-2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-9-133-2018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. An analysis is made of the records made by Spanish\u0000observers of a notable aurora on 18 January 1770 in order to study the\u0000characteristics of this event. The records indicate that the phenomenon was\u0000observed in both continental and insular territories of Spain, in particular\u0000at San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Cádiz, Córdoba, Badajoz,\u0000Valencia, Castellón, Madrid, Barcelona, and Gerri de la Sal. The most\u0000equatorward observational site was San Cristóbal de la Laguna\u0000(28.48∘ N, 16.32∘ W) in the Canary Islands. In general,\u0000the descriptions put its duration from sunset to midnight, but the observers\u0000from Córdoba and Madrid report the aurora as being visible during the\u0000last hours of the night, and it was even observed the following day at\u0000Castellón. All the observers described the aurora as red in colour,\u0000while white and ash colours were also reported at Córdoba and Gerri de\u0000la Sal. The brightness and shape of auroral display changed over time.\u0000Calculations of the geomagnetic latitudes of the observation locations gave\u0000San Cristóbal de la Laguna as the southernmost (26∘ N) and\u0000Gerri de la Sal the northernmost (35∘ N) and indicate this aurora\u0000was observed over a wide range of abnormally low latitudes for such a\u0000phenomenon. Solar activity around the event was high, with the astronomer\u0000Horrebow registering 10 sunspot groups on that date (18 January 1770).\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45900621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. In this paper a brief summary will be given about the historical development of geomagnetism as a science in southern Africa and particularly the role played by Hermanus Magnetic Observatory in this regard. From a very modest beginning in 1841 as a recording station at the Cape of Good Hope, Hermanus Magnetic Observatory is today part of the South African National Space Agency (SANSA), where its geomagnetic field data are extensively used in international research projects ranging from the physics of the geo-dynamo to studies of the near-Earth space environment.
{"title":"Hermanus Magnetic Observatory: a historical perspective of geomagnetism in southern Africa","authors":"P. Kotzé","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-9-125-2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-9-125-2018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In this paper a brief summary will be given about the historical development of geomagnetism as a science in southern Africa and particularly the role played by Hermanus Magnetic Observatory in this regard. From a very modest beginning in 1841 as a recording station at the Cape of Good Hope, Hermanus Magnetic Observatory is today part of the South African National Space Agency (SANSA), where its geomagnetic field data are extensively used in international research projects ranging from the physics of the geo-dynamo to studies of the near-Earth space environment.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43130247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rubén Galindo-Aires, Antonio Lara-Galera, Gonzalo Guillán-Llorente
Abstract. Arthur Casagrande (1902–1981) is one of the main people responsible for the geotechnics that we know today. Born in Haidenschaft, now Slovenia, he went to the United States in 1926 to participate in major civil engineering projects: he graduated in 1924 from the Technische Hochschule in Vienna, Austria. On this visit to the USA he met Karl Terzaghi (1883–1963), the father of soil mechanics and geotechnology, who taught him the basic concepts of this discipline to which Casagrande dedicated the rest of his life. In his early years of work with Terzaghi, Casagrande focused on research studies, such as the development on the limits of Atterberg published in 1932, and the development of equipment for soil trials, such as the Casagrande spoon also developed in 1932. Casagrande not only dedicated himself to research in his early years, but he also carried out studies throughout his professional career, such as those carried out on liquefaction, which he began in 1937 and continued throughout his life. Casagrande not only made important contributions in the field of geotechnology, but also lectured at Harvard University, which he joined in 1932. He also consulted and was involved in several projects for the Army Corps of Engineers of the United States. In addition, Casagrande made an important contribution to the 1st International Conference of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Engineering that took place at Harvard University in 1936. The aim of this paper is to analyze, through the biography of Casagrande, his contribution to the field of geotechnics, based on his research, teaching, and consulting work. Moreover, Casagrande influenced other important people in the field, such as Terzaghi, Peck, and even the work with his brother Leo, and, of course, the influence of these people on Casagrande's team.
{"title":"Contribution to the knowledge of early geotechnics during the twentieth century: Arthur Casagrande","authors":"Rubén Galindo-Aires, Antonio Lara-Galera, Gonzalo Guillán-Llorente","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-9-107-2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-9-107-2018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Arthur Casagrande\u0000(1902–1981) is one of the main people responsible for the geotechnics that\u0000we know today. Born in Haidenschaft, now Slovenia, he went to the United\u0000States in 1926 to participate in major civil engineering projects: he\u0000graduated in 1924 from the Technische Hochschule in Vienna, Austria. On this\u0000visit to the USA he met Karl Terzaghi (1883–1963), the father of soil\u0000mechanics and geotechnology, who taught him the basic concepts of this\u0000discipline to which Casagrande dedicated the rest of his life. In his early years of work with Terzaghi, Casagrande focused on research\u0000studies, such as the development on the limits of Atterberg published in\u00001932, and the development of equipment for soil trials, such as the\u0000Casagrande spoon also developed in 1932. Casagrande not only dedicated\u0000himself to research in his early years, but he also carried out studies\u0000throughout his professional career, such as those carried out on\u0000liquefaction, which he began in 1937 and continued throughout his life. Casagrande not only made important contributions in the field of\u0000geotechnology, but also lectured at Harvard University, which he joined in\u00001932. He also consulted and was involved in several projects for the Army\u0000Corps of Engineers of the United States. In addition, Casagrande made an\u0000important contribution to the 1st International Conference of Soil Mechanics\u0000and Foundations Engineering that took place at\u0000Harvard University in 1936. The aim of this paper is to analyze, through the biography of Casagrande, his\u0000contribution to the field of geotechnics, based on his research, teaching,\u0000and consulting work. Moreover, Casagrande influenced other important people\u0000in the field, such as Terzaghi, Peck, and even the work with his brother Leo,\u0000and, of course, the influence of these people on Casagrande's team.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44176728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Obituary: Karl Rawer (1913–2018)","authors":"B. Reinisch, K. Schlegel","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-9-105-2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-9-105-2018","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>\u0000 </jats:p>","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46230317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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