Thermal infrared (TIR) time series images acquired by ground, proximal TIR stations provide valuable data to study evolution of surface temperature fields of diffuse degassing volcanic areas. This paper presents data processing results related to TIR images acquired since 2004 by six ground stations in the permanent thermal infrared surveillance network at Campi Flegrei (TIRNet) set up by INGV-Osservatorio Vesuviano. These results are reported as surface temperature and heat flux time series. The processing methodologies, also discussed in this paper, allow for presentation of the raw TIR image data in a more comprehensible form, suitable for comparisons with other geophysical parameters. A preliminary comparison between different trends in the surface temperature and heat flux values recorded by the TIRNet stations provides evidence of peculiar changes corresponding to periods of intense seismicity at the Campi Flegrei caldera. During periods characterized by modest seismicity, no remarkable evidence of common temperature variations was recorded by the different TIRNet stations. Conversely, almost all the TIRNet stations exhibited common temperature variations, even on a small scale, during periods of significant seismic activity. The comparison between the seismicity and the variations in the surface temperature and heat flux trends suggests an increase in efficiency of heat transfer between the magmatic system and the surface when an increase in seismic activity was registered. This evidence recommends a deeper, multidisciplinary study of this correlation to improve understanding of the volcanic processes affecting the Campi Flegrei caldera.
{"title":"Twenty Years of Thermal Infrared Observations (2004–2024) at Campi Flegrei Caldera (Italy) by the Permanent Surveillance Ground Network of INGV-Osservatorio Vesuviano","authors":"Fabio Sansivero, Giuseppe Vilardo","doi":"10.3390/rs16173352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173352","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal infrared (TIR) time series images acquired by ground, proximal TIR stations provide valuable data to study evolution of surface temperature fields of diffuse degassing volcanic areas. This paper presents data processing results related to TIR images acquired since 2004 by six ground stations in the permanent thermal infrared surveillance network at Campi Flegrei (TIRNet) set up by INGV-Osservatorio Vesuviano. These results are reported as surface temperature and heat flux time series. The processing methodologies, also discussed in this paper, allow for presentation of the raw TIR image data in a more comprehensible form, suitable for comparisons with other geophysical parameters. A preliminary comparison between different trends in the surface temperature and heat flux values recorded by the TIRNet stations provides evidence of peculiar changes corresponding to periods of intense seismicity at the Campi Flegrei caldera. During periods characterized by modest seismicity, no remarkable evidence of common temperature variations was recorded by the different TIRNet stations. Conversely, almost all the TIRNet stations exhibited common temperature variations, even on a small scale, during periods of significant seismic activity. The comparison between the seismicity and the variations in the surface temperature and heat flux trends suggests an increase in efficiency of heat transfer between the magmatic system and the surface when an increase in seismic activity was registered. This evidence recommends a deeper, multidisciplinary study of this correlation to improve understanding of the volcanic processes affecting the Campi Flegrei caldera.","PeriodicalId":48993,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tianyi Shen, Yan Ding, Guocan Wang, Dehai Zhang, Zihao Zhao
The Tian Shan is a typical active intracontinental orogenic belt that is driven by the ongoing indentation of India into Eurasia. However, the geological features of Quaternary deformation, especially in the easternmost sector near Harlik Mountain, remain elusive. Field observations, topographic analysis, and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dating were employed to comprehensively assess the deformation features and evaluate the deformation pattern for this region during the Quaternary period. The results disclose evidence of deformation in the northern and southern foreland basins of Harlik Mountain. In the Barkol Basin to the north, crustal shortening results in the formation of surface scarps and folds, indicating north-directed thrusting, with a shortening rate of ~0.15 mm/yr. In the Hami Basin, the north-directed thrust elevates the granites, which offset the alluvial fans, with a shortening rate of ~0.18 mm/yr. Together with the shortening along the boundary fault, the aggregated north–south shortening rate is approximately 0.69 mm/yr in the easternmost Tian Shan, corresponding with the differential motion rate between the north and south Harlik Mountain revealed by the GPS velocity. These findings imply that, distal to the collision zone, tectonic strain in the eastern Tian Shan is primarily accommodated through the reactivation of pre-existing strike–slip faults, with crustal shortening concentrated at the overlapping position of parallel northeast-trending left-lateral strike–slip faults.
{"title":"Quaternary Deformation along the Gobi–Tian Shan Fault in the Easternmost Tian Shan (Harlik Mountain), Central Asia","authors":"Tianyi Shen, Yan Ding, Guocan Wang, Dehai Zhang, Zihao Zhao","doi":"10.3390/rs16173343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173343","url":null,"abstract":"The Tian Shan is a typical active intracontinental orogenic belt that is driven by the ongoing indentation of India into Eurasia. However, the geological features of Quaternary deformation, especially in the easternmost sector near Harlik Mountain, remain elusive. Field observations, topographic analysis, and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dating were employed to comprehensively assess the deformation features and evaluate the deformation pattern for this region during the Quaternary period. The results disclose evidence of deformation in the northern and southern foreland basins of Harlik Mountain. In the Barkol Basin to the north, crustal shortening results in the formation of surface scarps and folds, indicating north-directed thrusting, with a shortening rate of ~0.15 mm/yr. In the Hami Basin, the north-directed thrust elevates the granites, which offset the alluvial fans, with a shortening rate of ~0.18 mm/yr. Together with the shortening along the boundary fault, the aggregated north–south shortening rate is approximately 0.69 mm/yr in the easternmost Tian Shan, corresponding with the differential motion rate between the north and south Harlik Mountain revealed by the GPS velocity. These findings imply that, distal to the collision zone, tectonic strain in the eastern Tian Shan is primarily accommodated through the reactivation of pre-existing strike–slip faults, with crustal shortening concentrated at the overlapping position of parallel northeast-trending left-lateral strike–slip faults.","PeriodicalId":48993,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing","volume":"163 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lei Tang, Xiangang Zhao, Xiuqing Hu, Chuyao Luo, Manjun Lin
Due to the continuous degradation of onboard satellite instruments over time, satellite images undergo degradation, necessitating calibration for tasks reliant on satellite data. The previous relative radiometric calibration methods are mainly categorized into traditional methods and deep learning methods. The traditional methods involve complex computations for each calibration, while deep-learning-based approaches tend to oversimplify the calibration process, utilizing generic computer vision models without tailored structures for calibration tasks. In this paper, we address the unique challenges of calibration by introducing a novel approach: a multi-task convolutional neural network calibration model leveraging temporal information. This pioneering method is the first to integrate temporal dynamics into the architecture of neural network calibration models. Extensive experiments conducted on the FY3A/B/C VIRR datasets showcase the superior performance of our approach compared to the existing state-of-the-art traditional and deep learning methods. Furthermore, tests with various backbones confirm the broad applicability of our framework across different convolutional neural networks.
{"title":"A Multi-Task Convolutional Neural Network Relative Radiometric Calibration Based on Temporal Information","authors":"Lei Tang, Xiangang Zhao, Xiuqing Hu, Chuyao Luo, Manjun Lin","doi":"10.3390/rs16173346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173346","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the continuous degradation of onboard satellite instruments over time, satellite images undergo degradation, necessitating calibration for tasks reliant on satellite data. The previous relative radiometric calibration methods are mainly categorized into traditional methods and deep learning methods. The traditional methods involve complex computations for each calibration, while deep-learning-based approaches tend to oversimplify the calibration process, utilizing generic computer vision models without tailored structures for calibration tasks. In this paper, we address the unique challenges of calibration by introducing a novel approach: a multi-task convolutional neural network calibration model leveraging temporal information. This pioneering method is the first to integrate temporal dynamics into the architecture of neural network calibration models. Extensive experiments conducted on the FY3A/B/C VIRR datasets showcase the superior performance of our approach compared to the existing state-of-the-art traditional and deep learning methods. Furthermore, tests with various backbones confirm the broad applicability of our framework across different convolutional neural networks.","PeriodicalId":48993,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lianjing Zheng, Qing Wang, Chen Cao, Bo Shan, Tie Jin, Kuanxing Zhu, Zongzheng Li
Land subsidence caused by human engineering activities is a serious problem worldwide. We selected Qian’an County as the study area to explore the evolution of land subsidence and predict its deformation trend. This study utilized synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) technology to process 64 Sentinel-1 data covering the area, and high-precision and high-resolution surface deformation data from January 2017 to December 2021 were obtained to analyze the deformation characteristics and evolution of land subsidence. Then, land subsidence was predicted using the intelligence neural network theory, machine learning methods, time-series prediction models, dynamic data processing techniques, and engineering geology of ground subsidence. This study developed three time-series prediction models: a support vector regression (SVR), a Holt Exponential Smoothing (Holt) model, and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) models. A time-series prediction analysis was conducted using the surface deformation data of the subsidence funnel area of Zhouzi Village, Qian’an County. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the three models were compared and analyzed. The results show that the three developed time-series data prediction models can effectively capture the time-series-related characteristics of surface deformation in the study area. The SVR and Holt models are suitable for analyzing fewer external interference factors and shorter periods, while the MLP model has high accuracy and universality, making it suitable for predicting both short-term and long-term surface deformation. Ultimately, our results are valuable for further research on land subsidence prediction.
{"title":"Development and Comparison of InSAR-Based Land Subsidence Prediction Models","authors":"Lianjing Zheng, Qing Wang, Chen Cao, Bo Shan, Tie Jin, Kuanxing Zhu, Zongzheng Li","doi":"10.3390/rs16173345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173345","url":null,"abstract":"Land subsidence caused by human engineering activities is a serious problem worldwide. We selected Qian’an County as the study area to explore the evolution of land subsidence and predict its deformation trend. This study utilized synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) technology to process 64 Sentinel-1 data covering the area, and high-precision and high-resolution surface deformation data from January 2017 to December 2021 were obtained to analyze the deformation characteristics and evolution of land subsidence. Then, land subsidence was predicted using the intelligence neural network theory, machine learning methods, time-series prediction models, dynamic data processing techniques, and engineering geology of ground subsidence. This study developed three time-series prediction models: a support vector regression (SVR), a Holt Exponential Smoothing (Holt) model, and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) models. A time-series prediction analysis was conducted using the surface deformation data of the subsidence funnel area of Zhouzi Village, Qian’an County. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the three models were compared and analyzed. The results show that the three developed time-series data prediction models can effectively capture the time-series-related characteristics of surface deformation in the study area. The SVR and Holt models are suitable for analyzing fewer external interference factors and shorter periods, while the MLP model has high accuracy and universality, making it suitable for predicting both short-term and long-term surface deformation. Ultimately, our results are valuable for further research on land subsidence prediction.","PeriodicalId":48993,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Witold Maćków, Malwina Bondarewicz, Andrzej Łysko, Paweł Terefenko
The following paper focuses on evaluating the quality of image prediction in the context of searching for plants of a single species, using the example of Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden, in a given area. This process involves a simplified classification that ends with a segmentation step. Because of the particular characteristics of environmental data, such as large areas of plant occurrence, significant partitioning of the population, or characteristics of a single individual, the use of standard statistical measures such as Accuracy, the Jaccard Index, or Dice Coefficient does not produce reliable results, as shown later in this study. This issue demonstrates the need for a new method for assessing the betted prediction quality adapted to the unique characteristics of vegetation patch detection. The main aim of this study is to provide such a metric and demonstrate its usefulness in the cases discussed. Our proposed metric introduces two new coefficients, M+ and M−, which, respectively, reward true positive regions and penalise false positive regions, thus providing a more nuanced assessment of segmentation quality. The effectiveness of this metric has been demonstrated in different scenarios focusing on variations in spatial distribution and fragmentation of theoretical vegetation patches, comparing the proposed new method with traditional metrics. The results indicate that our metric offers a more flexible and accurate assessment of segmentation quality, especially in cases involving complex environmental data. This study aims to demonstrate the usefulness and applicability of the metric in real-world vegetation patch detection tasks.
{"title":"Orthophoto-Based Vegetation Patch Analyses—A New Approach to Assess Segmentation Quality","authors":"Witold Maćków, Malwina Bondarewicz, Andrzej Łysko, Paweł Terefenko","doi":"10.3390/rs16173344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173344","url":null,"abstract":"The following paper focuses on evaluating the quality of image prediction in the context of searching for plants of a single species, using the example of Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden, in a given area. This process involves a simplified classification that ends with a segmentation step. Because of the particular characteristics of environmental data, such as large areas of plant occurrence, significant partitioning of the population, or characteristics of a single individual, the use of standard statistical measures such as Accuracy, the Jaccard Index, or Dice Coefficient does not produce reliable results, as shown later in this study. This issue demonstrates the need for a new method for assessing the betted prediction quality adapted to the unique characteristics of vegetation patch detection. The main aim of this study is to provide such a metric and demonstrate its usefulness in the cases discussed. Our proposed metric introduces two new coefficients, M+ and M−, which, respectively, reward true positive regions and penalise false positive regions, thus providing a more nuanced assessment of segmentation quality. The effectiveness of this metric has been demonstrated in different scenarios focusing on variations in spatial distribution and fragmentation of theoretical vegetation patches, comparing the proposed new method with traditional metrics. The results indicate that our metric offers a more flexible and accurate assessment of segmentation quality, especially in cases involving complex environmental data. This study aims to demonstrate the usefulness and applicability of the metric in real-world vegetation patch detection tasks.","PeriodicalId":48993,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Satellite imagery has become a major source for identifying and mapping terrestrial and planetary landforms. However, interpretating landforms and their significance, especially in changing environments, may still be questionable. Consequently, ground truth to check training models, especially in mountainous areas, can be problematic. This paper outlines a decimal format, [dLL], for latitude and longitude geolocation that can be used for model interpretation and validation and in data sets. As data have positions in space and time, [dLL] defined points, as for images, can be associated with metadata as nodes. Together with vertices, metadata nodes help build ‘information surfaces’ as part of the Digital Earth. This paper examines aspects of the Critical Zone and data integration via the FAIR data principles, data that are; findable, accessible, interoperable and re-usable. Mapping and making inventories of rock glacier landforms are examined in the context of their geomorphic and environmental significance and the need for geolocated ground truth. Terrestrial examination of rock glaciers shows them to be predominantly glacier-derived landforms and not indicators of permafrost. Remote-sensing technologies used to track developing rock glacier surface features show them to be climatically melting glaciers beneath rock debris covers. Distinguishing between glaciers, debris-covered glaciers and rock glaciers over time is a challenge for new remote sensing satellites and technologies and shows the necessity for a common geolocation format to report many Earth surface features.
{"title":"Remote Sensing and Landsystems in the Mountain Domain: FAIR Data Accessibility and Landform Identification in the Digital Earth","authors":"W. Brian Whalley","doi":"10.3390/rs16173348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173348","url":null,"abstract":"Satellite imagery has become a major source for identifying and mapping terrestrial and planetary landforms. However, interpretating landforms and their significance, especially in changing environments, may still be questionable. Consequently, ground truth to check training models, especially in mountainous areas, can be problematic. This paper outlines a decimal format, [dLL], for latitude and longitude geolocation that can be used for model interpretation and validation and in data sets. As data have positions in space and time, [dLL] defined points, as for images, can be associated with metadata as nodes. Together with vertices, metadata nodes help build ‘information surfaces’ as part of the Digital Earth. This paper examines aspects of the Critical Zone and data integration via the FAIR data principles, data that are; findable, accessible, interoperable and re-usable. Mapping and making inventories of rock glacier landforms are examined in the context of their geomorphic and environmental significance and the need for geolocated ground truth. Terrestrial examination of rock glaciers shows them to be predominantly glacier-derived landforms and not indicators of permafrost. Remote-sensing technologies used to track developing rock glacier surface features show them to be climatically melting glaciers beneath rock debris covers. Distinguishing between glaciers, debris-covered glaciers and rock glaciers over time is a challenge for new remote sensing satellites and technologies and shows the necessity for a common geolocation format to report many Earth surface features.","PeriodicalId":48993,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liuya Zhang, Debao Yuan, Yuqing Fan, Renxu Yang, Maochen Zhao, Jinbao Jiang, Wenxuan Zhang, Ziyi Huang, Guidan Ye, Weining Li
The leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) of winter wheat, an important food crop widely grown worldwide, is a key indicator for assessing its growth and health status in response to CO2 stress. However, the remote sensing quantitative estimation of winter wheat LCC under CO2 stress conditions also faces challenges such as an unclear spectral sensitivity range, baseline drift, overlapping spectral peaks, and complex spectral response due to CO2 stress changes. To address these challenges, this study introduced the fractional order derivative (FOD) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) techniques into the estimation of winter wheat LCC. Combined with the raw hyperspectral data, we deeply analyzed the spectral response characteristics of winter wheat LCC under CO2 stress. We proposed a stacking model including multiple linear regression (MLR), decision tree regression (DTR), random forest (RF), and adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) to filter the optimal combination from a large number of feature variables. We use a dual-band combination and vegetation index strategy to achieve the accurate estimation of LCC in winter wheat under CO2 stress. The results showed that (1) the FOD and CWT methods significantly improved the correlation between the raw spectral reflectance and LCC of winter wheat under CO2 stress. (2) The 1.2-order derivative dual-band index (RVI (R720, R522)) constructed by combining the sensitive spectral bands of the CO2 response of winter wheat leaves achieved a high-precision estimation of the LCC under CO2 stress conditions (R2 = 0.901). Meanwhile, the red-edged vegetation stress index (RVSI) constructed based on the CWT technique at specific scales also demonstrated good performance in LCC estimation (R2 = 0.880), verifying the effectiveness of the multi-scale analysis in revealing the mechanism of the CO2 impact on winter wheat. (3) By stacking the sensitive spectral features extracted by combining the FOD and CWT methods, we further improved the LCC estimation accuracy (R2 = 0.906). This study not only provides a scientific basis and technical support for the accurate estimation of LCC in winter wheat under CO2 stress but also provides new ideas and methods for coping with climate change, optimizing crop-growing conditions, and improving crop yield and quality in agricultural management. The proposed method is also of great reference value for estimating physiological parameters of other crops under similar environmental stresses.
冬小麦是全球广泛种植的重要粮食作物，其叶片叶绿素含量（LCC）是评估其生长和健康状况对二氧化碳胁迫响应的关键指标。然而，CO2 胁迫条件下冬小麦叶绿素含量的遥感定量估算也面临着一些挑战，如光谱灵敏度范围不明确、基线漂移、光谱峰重叠以及 CO2 胁迫变化引起的复杂光谱响应等。为解决这些难题，本研究将分数阶导数（FOD）和连续小波变换（CWT）技术引入到冬小麦 LCC 的估算中。结合原始高光谱数据，我们深入分析了 CO2 胁迫下冬小麦 LCC 的光谱响应特征。我们提出了一种堆叠模型，包括多元线性回归（MLR）、决策树回归（DTR）、随机森林（RF）和自适应提升（AdaBoost），从大量特征变量中筛选出最优组合。我们采用双波段组合和植被指数策略实现了 CO2 胁迫下冬小麦 LCC 的精确估算。结果表明：（1）FOD 和 CWT 方法显著提高了 CO2 胁迫下冬小麦原始光谱反射率与 LCC 的相关性。(2）结合冬小麦叶片对 CO2 响应的敏感光谱波段构建的 1.2 阶导数双波段指数（RVI (R720, R522)）实现了 CO2 胁迫条件下 LCC 的高精度估算（R2 = 0.901）。同时，基于 CWT 技术在特定尺度下构建的红边植被胁迫指数（RVSI）在 LCC 估计中也表现出良好的性能（R2 = 0.880），验证了多尺度分析在揭示 CO2 对冬小麦影响机理方面的有效性。 (3) 通过叠加 FOD 和 CWT 方法联合提取的敏感光谱特征，进一步提高了 LCC 估计精度（R2 = 0.906）。该研究不仅为准确估算 CO2 胁迫下冬小麦的 LCC 提供了科学依据和技术支持，也为农业管理中应对气候变化、优化作物种植条件、提高作物产量和品质提供了新的思路和方法。该方法对类似环境胁迫下其他作物生理参数的估算也具有重要的参考价值。
{"title":"Hyperspectral Estimation of Chlorophyll Content in Wheat under CO2 Stress Based on Fractional Order Differentiation and Continuous Wavelet Transforms","authors":"Liuya Zhang, Debao Yuan, Yuqing Fan, Renxu Yang, Maochen Zhao, Jinbao Jiang, Wenxuan Zhang, Ziyi Huang, Guidan Ye, Weining Li","doi":"10.3390/rs16173341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173341","url":null,"abstract":"The leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) of winter wheat, an important food crop widely grown worldwide, is a key indicator for assessing its growth and health status in response to CO2 stress. However, the remote sensing quantitative estimation of winter wheat LCC under CO2 stress conditions also faces challenges such as an unclear spectral sensitivity range, baseline drift, overlapping spectral peaks, and complex spectral response due to CO2 stress changes. To address these challenges, this study introduced the fractional order derivative (FOD) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) techniques into the estimation of winter wheat LCC. Combined with the raw hyperspectral data, we deeply analyzed the spectral response characteristics of winter wheat LCC under CO2 stress. We proposed a stacking model including multiple linear regression (MLR), decision tree regression (DTR), random forest (RF), and adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) to filter the optimal combination from a large number of feature variables. We use a dual-band combination and vegetation index strategy to achieve the accurate estimation of LCC in winter wheat under CO2 stress. The results showed that (1) the FOD and CWT methods significantly improved the correlation between the raw spectral reflectance and LCC of winter wheat under CO2 stress. (2) The 1.2-order derivative dual-band index (RVI (R720, R522)) constructed by combining the sensitive spectral bands of the CO2 response of winter wheat leaves achieved a high-precision estimation of the LCC under CO2 stress conditions (R2 = 0.901). Meanwhile, the red-edged vegetation stress index (RVSI) constructed based on the CWT technique at specific scales also demonstrated good performance in LCC estimation (R2 = 0.880), verifying the effectiveness of the multi-scale analysis in revealing the mechanism of the CO2 impact on winter wheat. (3) By stacking the sensitive spectral features extracted by combining the FOD and CWT methods, we further improved the LCC estimation accuracy (R2 = 0.906). This study not only provides a scientific basis and technical support for the accurate estimation of LCC in winter wheat under CO2 stress but also provides new ideas and methods for coping with climate change, optimizing crop-growing conditions, and improving crop yield and quality in agricultural management. The proposed method is also of great reference value for estimating physiological parameters of other crops under similar environmental stresses.","PeriodicalId":48993,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mahmoud Pirooznia, Behzad Voosoghi, Mohammad Amin Khalili, Diego Di Martire, Arash Amini
Harnessing ocean kinetic energy has emerged as a promising renewable energy solution in recent years. However, identifying optimal locations for extracting this energy remains a significant challenge. This study presents a novel scheme to estimate the total surface current (TSC) as permanent surface current by integrating geodetic data and in-situ measurements. The TSC is typically a combination of the geostrophic current, derived from dynamic topography, and the Ekman current. We utilize NOAA’s Ekman current data to complement the geostrophic current and obtain the TSC. To further enhance the accuracy of the TSC estimates, we employ a 3DVAR data assimilation method, incorporating local current meter observations. The results are verified against two control current meter stations. The data-assimilation process resulted in an improvement of 4 to 15 cm/s in the precision of calculated TSC. Using the assimilated TSC data, we then assess the kinetic energy potential and identify six regions with the most significant promise for marine kinetic energy extraction. This innovative approach can assist researchers and policymakers in targeting the most suitable locations for harnessing renewable ocean energy.
{"title":"Mapping Kinetic Energy Hotspots in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Using Surface Current Derived by Geodetic Observations and Data Assimilation","authors":"Mahmoud Pirooznia, Behzad Voosoghi, Mohammad Amin Khalili, Diego Di Martire, Arash Amini","doi":"10.3390/rs16173340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173340","url":null,"abstract":"Harnessing ocean kinetic energy has emerged as a promising renewable energy solution in recent years. However, identifying optimal locations for extracting this energy remains a significant challenge. This study presents a novel scheme to estimate the total surface current (TSC) as permanent surface current by integrating geodetic data and in-situ measurements. The TSC is typically a combination of the geostrophic current, derived from dynamic topography, and the Ekman current. We utilize NOAA’s Ekman current data to complement the geostrophic current and obtain the TSC. To further enhance the accuracy of the TSC estimates, we employ a 3DVAR data assimilation method, incorporating local current meter observations. The results are verified against two control current meter stations. The data-assimilation process resulted in an improvement of 4 to 15 cm/s in the precision of calculated TSC. Using the assimilated TSC data, we then assess the kinetic energy potential and identify six regions with the most significant promise for marine kinetic energy extraction. This innovative approach can assist researchers and policymakers in targeting the most suitable locations for harnessing renewable ocean energy.","PeriodicalId":48993,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Qasim, Shuhab D. Khan, Virginia Sisson, Presley Greer, Lin Xia, Unal Okyay, Nicole Franco
As the 21st century advances, the demand for rare earth elements (REEs) is rising, necessitating more robust exploration methods. Our research group is using hyperspectral remote sensing as a tool for mapping REEs. Unique spectral features of bastnaesite mineral, has proven effective for detection of REE with both spaceborne and airborne data. In our study, we collected hyperspectral data using a Senop hyperspectral camera in field and a SPECIM hyperspectral camera in the laboratory settings. Data gathered from California’s Mountain Pass district revealed bastnaesite-rich zones and provided detailed insights into bastnaesite distribution within rocks. Further analysis identified specific bastnaesite-rich rock grains. Our results indicated higher concentrations of bastnaesite in carbonatite rocks compared to alkaline igneous rocks. Additionally, rocks from the Sulphide Queen mine showed richer bastnaesite concentrations than those from the Birthday shonkinite stock. Results were validated with thin-section studies and geochemical data, confirming the reliability across different hyperspectral data modalities. This study demonstrates the potential of drone-based hyperspectral technology in augmenting conventional mineral mapping methods and aiding the mining industry in making informed decisions about mining REEs efficiently and effectively.
{"title":"Identifying Rare Earth Elements Using a Tripod and Drone-Mounted Hyperspectral Camera: A Case Study of the Mountain Pass Birthday Stock and Sulphide Queen Mine Pit, California","authors":"Muhammad Qasim, Shuhab D. Khan, Virginia Sisson, Presley Greer, Lin Xia, Unal Okyay, Nicole Franco","doi":"10.3390/rs16173353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173353","url":null,"abstract":"As the 21st century advances, the demand for rare earth elements (REEs) is rising, necessitating more robust exploration methods. Our research group is using hyperspectral remote sensing as a tool for mapping REEs. Unique spectral features of bastnaesite mineral, has proven effective for detection of REE with both spaceborne and airborne data. In our study, we collected hyperspectral data using a Senop hyperspectral camera in field and a SPECIM hyperspectral camera in the laboratory settings. Data gathered from California’s Mountain Pass district revealed bastnaesite-rich zones and provided detailed insights into bastnaesite distribution within rocks. Further analysis identified specific bastnaesite-rich rock grains. Our results indicated higher concentrations of bastnaesite in carbonatite rocks compared to alkaline igneous rocks. Additionally, rocks from the Sulphide Queen mine showed richer bastnaesite concentrations than those from the Birthday shonkinite stock. Results were validated with thin-section studies and geochemical data, confirming the reliability across different hyperspectral data modalities. This study demonstrates the potential of drone-based hyperspectral technology in augmenting conventional mineral mapping methods and aiding the mining industry in making informed decisions about mining REEs efficiently and effectively.","PeriodicalId":48993,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multi-object tracking in satellite videos (SV-MOT) is an important task with many applications, such as traffic monitoring and disaster response. However, the widely studied multi-object tracking (MOT) approaches for general images can rarely be directly introduced into remote sensing scenarios. The main reasons for this can be attributed to the following: (1) the existing MOT approaches would cause a significant rate of missed detection of the small targets in satellite videos; (2) it is difficult for the general MOT approaches to generate complete trajectories in complex satellite scenarios. To address these problems, a novel SV-MOT approach enhanced by high-resolution feature fusion and a two-step association method is proposed. In the high-resolution detection network, a high-resolution feature fusion module is designed to assist detection by maintaining small object features in forward propagation. By utilizing features of different resolutions, the performance of the detection of small targets in satellite videos is improved. Through high-quality detection and the use of an adaptive Kalman filter, the densely packed weak objects can be effectively tracked by associating almost every detection box instead of only the high-score ones. The comprehensive experimental results using the representative satellite video datasets (VISO) demonstrate that the proposed HRTracker with the state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods can achieve competitive performance in terms of the tracking accuracy and the frequency of ID conversion, obtaining a tracking accuracy score of 74.6% and an ID F1 score of 78.9%.
卫星视频中的多目标跟踪（SV-MOT）是一项重要任务，有许多应用，如交通监控和灾难响应。然而，针对普通图像广泛研究的多目标跟踪（MOT）方法很少能直接应用于遥感场景。主要原因如下：(1）现有的多目标跟踪方法会导致卫星视频中的小目标漏检率很高；（2）一般的多目标跟踪方法很难在复杂的卫星场景中生成完整的轨迹。为解决这些问题，本文提出了一种新型 SV-MOT 方法，该方法通过高分辨率特征融合和两步关联法进行增强。在高分辨率检测网络中，设计了一个高分辨率特征融合模块，通过在前向传播中保持小物体特征来辅助检测。通过利用不同分辨率的特征，提高了卫星视频中小目标的检测性能。通过高质量的检测和自适应卡尔曼滤波器的使用，可以有效地跟踪密集的弱小物体，将几乎所有检测框而非仅仅高分检测框联系起来。利用具有代表性的卫星视频数据集（VISO）进行的综合实验结果表明，所提出的 HRTracker 与最先进的（SOTA）方法相比，在跟踪精度和 ID 转换频率方面都能获得具有竞争力的性能，其跟踪精度得分率为 74.6%，ID F1 得分率为 78.9%。
{"title":"HRTracker: Multi-Object Tracking in Satellite Video Enhanced by High-Resolution Feature Fusion and an Adaptive Data Association","authors":"Yuqi Wu, Qiaoyuan Liu, Haijiang Sun, Donglin Xue","doi":"10.3390/rs16173347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173347","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-object tracking in satellite videos (SV-MOT) is an important task with many applications, such as traffic monitoring and disaster response. However, the widely studied multi-object tracking (MOT) approaches for general images can rarely be directly introduced into remote sensing scenarios. The main reasons for this can be attributed to the following: (1) the existing MOT approaches would cause a significant rate of missed detection of the small targets in satellite videos; (2) it is difficult for the general MOT approaches to generate complete trajectories in complex satellite scenarios. To address these problems, a novel SV-MOT approach enhanced by high-resolution feature fusion and a two-step association method is proposed. In the high-resolution detection network, a high-resolution feature fusion module is designed to assist detection by maintaining small object features in forward propagation. By utilizing features of different resolutions, the performance of the detection of small targets in satellite videos is improved. Through high-quality detection and the use of an adaptive Kalman filter, the densely packed weak objects can be effectively tracked by associating almost every detection box instead of only the high-score ones. The comprehensive experimental results using the representative satellite video datasets (VISO) demonstrate that the proposed HRTracker with the state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods can achieve competitive performance in terms of the tracking accuracy and the frequency of ID conversion, obtaining a tracking accuracy score of 74.6% and an ID F1 score of 78.9%.","PeriodicalId":48993,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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