The aim of this review was to present the possibilities of minimizing fearfulness and stress in horses by various prophylactic and therapeutic methods. The teaching techniques mentioned in the article (imprint training, habituation, desensitization, counterconditioning) can be successfully used not only during the early development of human-horse interaction, but also during the therapeutic treatment of undesired and stereotypic behaviours. Horses’ activity in the paddock and/or stable can be increased by different types of environmental enrichment (feeding, social, sensory, occupational and physical enrichment). Such environmental variety has a positive influence on equine welfare and can prevent the development of problematic behaviour. Animals living in a highly enriched environment and properly interacting with humans react with lower intensity to environmental stimuli. All these factors have a positive effect on the quality of the human-horse relationship, making the everyday maintenance and use of horses easier and safer.
{"title":"Possibilities of reducing fearfulness and stress in horses by prophylactic methods and behavioural therapies","authors":"M. Budzyńska, M. Jarosz, Joanna Kapustka","doi":"10.21521/mw.6690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21521/mw.6690","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this review was to present the possibilities of minimizing fearfulness and stress in horses by various prophylactic and therapeutic methods. The teaching techniques mentioned in the article (imprint training, habituation, desensitization, counterconditioning) can be successfully used not only during the early development of human-horse interaction, but also during the therapeutic treatment of undesired and stereotypic behaviours. Horses’ activity in the paddock and/or stable can be increased by different types of environmental enrichment (feeding, social, sensory, occupational and physical enrichment). Such environmental variety has a positive influence on equine welfare and can prevent the development of problematic behaviour. Animals living in a highly enriched environment and properly interacting with humans react with lower intensity to environmental stimuli. All these factors have a positive effect on the quality of the human-horse relationship, making the everyday maintenance and use of horses easier and safer.","PeriodicalId":49017,"journal":{"name":"Medycyna Weterynaryjna-Veterinary Medicine-Science and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68097493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Kahraman, Aydın Daş, G. Güngören, B. D. Daş, H. Yalçın, I. Koyuncu, Ş. Akmeşe
This study aimed to determine the metabolomic characteristics associated with the fattening performance of the Awassi lamb breed under intensive fattening for 90 days. Twenty-four lambs were used in the research. The lambs were divided into two groups according to their fattening performance (good fattening performance, n = 12, and poor fattening performance, n = 12), and their metabolomic properties were evaluated. The differences between the two research groups in the amino acids of alloisoleucine, aspartic acid, histidine, hydroxylysine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, valine, and 1-methylhistidine were found to be statistically significant (P ≤ 0.001). Moderately significant negative correlations were found between daily concentrate feed intake and 3-methylhistidine (r = −0.469; P = 0.021), hydroxylysine (r = −0.408; P = 0.048), and serotonin (r= −0.467; P = 0.021); as well as between the average daily weight gain (ADWG) and alloisoleucine (r = −0.528; P = 0.008), 3-methylhistidine (r = −0.440; P = 0.032), and hydroxylysine (r = −0.577; P = 0.003). A moderate positive correlation was found between hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine and ADWG (r = 0.476; P = 0.019), and a negative correlation was found between hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine and the feed conversion ratio (r = −0.430; P = 0.036). Pathway analysis revealed that the most important biological pathway was the phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis pathway. The results of the research reveal the potential for plasma free amino acid and carnitine profiles to be used as candidate biomarkers in the evaluation of fattening performance in lambs.
{"title":"The use of metabolomics tools in the evaluation of the fattening performance of lambs","authors":"M. Kahraman, Aydın Daş, G. Güngören, B. D. Daş, H. Yalçın, I. Koyuncu, Ş. Akmeşe","doi":"10.21521/mw.6697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21521/mw.6697","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to determine the metabolomic characteristics associated with the fattening performance of the Awassi lamb breed under intensive fattening for 90 days. Twenty-four lambs were used in the research. The lambs were divided into two groups according to their fattening performance (good fattening performance, n = 12, and poor fattening performance, n = 12), and their metabolomic properties were evaluated. The differences between the two research groups in the amino acids of alloisoleucine, aspartic acid, histidine, hydroxylysine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, valine, and 1-methylhistidine were found to be statistically significant (P ≤ 0.001). Moderately significant negative correlations were found between daily concentrate feed intake and 3-methylhistidine (r = −0.469; P = 0.021), hydroxylysine (r = −0.408; P = 0.048), and serotonin (r= −0.467; P = 0.021); as well as between the average daily weight gain (ADWG) and alloisoleucine (r = −0.528; P = 0.008), 3-methylhistidine (r = −0.440; P = 0.032), and hydroxylysine (r = −0.577; P = 0.003). A moderate positive correlation was found between hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine and ADWG (r = 0.476; P = 0.019), and a negative correlation was found between hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine and the feed conversion ratio (r = −0.430; P = 0.036). Pathway analysis revealed that the most important biological pathway was the phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis pathway. The results of the research reveal the potential for plasma free amino acid and carnitine profiles to be used as candidate biomarkers in the evaluation of fattening performance in lambs.","PeriodicalId":49017,"journal":{"name":"Medycyna Weterynaryjna-Veterinary Medicine-Science and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68098866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dirofilaria immitis (D. immitis) is a vector-mediated zoonotic parasite that can cause significant cardiopulmonary problems in humans and animals. Although dogs are the main hosts of the parasite, in recent years, its importance has been increasing in cats, especially in endemic areas. This study aims to determine the occurrence of D. immitis infection in cats in the Aegean region, Turkey. The animal material of the study consisted of 200 cats of different breeds and ages (at least 1 year old) and both sexes. The cats were tested for D. immitis and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) antibodies and Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV) antigen with commercial immuno-chromatographic test kits. In addition, blood samples were examined for microfilariae using a direct blood smear technique and the modified Knott’s test. Out of 200 cats, one (0.5%) cat was seropositive for D. immitis, 15 (7.5%) cats were seropositive for FIV, and one (0.5%) cat was seropositive for FeLV. One cat seropositive for D. immitis was showing signs of active heartworm infection. All samples were found negative for microfilariae by direct blood examination and the modified Knott’s method. This study is the first report of the occurrence of D. immitis in the Aegean Region, with a seroprevalence of 0.5%. Also, it provides evidence that cats in the Aegean region are at risk of becoming infected with D. immitis.
{"title":"Occurrence of Dirofilaria immitis in cats from the Aegean region in Turkey","authors":"G. E. Tuna, K. Aksoy, C. Ay","doi":"10.21521/mw.6706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21521/mw.6706","url":null,"abstract":"Dirofilaria immitis (D. immitis) is a vector-mediated zoonotic parasite that can cause significant cardiopulmonary problems in humans and animals. Although dogs are the main hosts of the parasite, in recent years, its importance has been increasing in cats, especially in endemic areas. This study aims to determine the occurrence of D. immitis infection in cats in the Aegean region, Turkey. The animal material of the study consisted of 200 cats of different breeds and ages (at least 1 year old) and both sexes. The cats were tested for D. immitis and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) antibodies and Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV) antigen with commercial immuno-chromatographic test kits. In addition, blood samples were examined for microfilariae using a direct blood smear technique and the modified Knott’s test. Out of 200 cats, one (0.5%) cat was seropositive for D. immitis, 15 (7.5%) cats were seropositive for FIV, and one (0.5%) cat was seropositive for FeLV. One cat seropositive for D. immitis was showing signs of active heartworm infection. All samples were found negative for microfilariae by direct blood examination and the modified Knott’s method. This study is the first report of the occurrence of D. immitis in the Aegean Region, with a seroprevalence of 0.5%. Also, it provides evidence that cats in the Aegean region are at risk of becoming infected with D. immitis.","PeriodicalId":49017,"journal":{"name":"Medycyna Weterynaryjna-Veterinary Medicine-Science and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68101015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Dzierzęcka, M. Jaworski, M. Komosa, I. Łuszczewska-Sierakowska, Anna CHARUTA5
The third metacarpal (MC3) bone, along with the proximal phalanx, is one of the bones that are most prone to injury in sport horses. To date, no detailed analysis has been conducted that would compare the strength parameters of bilateral MC3 bones taking into account differences depending on the site of measurement. The aim of the study was to compare strength parameters between the left and right MC3 bones in horses at 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 80% of the bone length using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). The research material comprised isolated bilateral MC3 bones from 21 horses (age range: 3-27 years). The structure of these bones was measured using high-resolution pQCT. The following bone parameters were determined: polar strength strain index, strength strain index X and strength strain index Y. The computed tomographic analysis of the MC3 bones was carried out at sections from 10% to 80% (every 10%) of the bone length. The statistical analysis showed that in most cases the strength parameters calculated using pQCT were significantly higher for the right MC3 bones at 10%, 20% and 50% of the bone length, i.e. at the proximal metaphysis and at the proximal diaphysis. However, strength parameters measured at 60% and 80% of the diaphyseal length, i.e. at the distal diaphysis, were significantly higher for the left MC3 bones. Further studies of the MC3 bones parameters should focus on the vicinity of the proximal metaphysis and at the proximal diaphysis.
{"title":"Comparison of the strength parameters of the bilateral third metacarpal bones in horses by pQCT","authors":"M. Dzierzęcka, M. Jaworski, M. Komosa, I. Łuszczewska-Sierakowska, Anna CHARUTA5","doi":"10.21521/mw.6720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21521/mw.6720","url":null,"abstract":"The third metacarpal (MC3) bone, along with the proximal phalanx, is one of the bones that are most prone to injury in sport horses. To date, no detailed analysis has been conducted that would compare the strength parameters of bilateral MC3 bones taking into account differences depending on the site of measurement. The aim of the study was to compare strength parameters between the left and right MC3 bones in horses at 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 80% of the bone length using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). The research material comprised isolated bilateral MC3 bones from 21 horses (age range: 3-27 years). The structure of these bones was measured using high-resolution pQCT. The following bone parameters were determined: polar strength strain index, strength strain index X and strength strain index Y. The computed tomographic analysis of the MC3 bones was carried out at sections from 10% to 80% (every 10%) of the bone length. The statistical analysis showed that in most cases the strength parameters calculated using pQCT were significantly higher for the right MC3 bones at 10%, 20% and 50% of the bone length, i.e. at the proximal metaphysis and at the proximal diaphysis. However, strength parameters measured at 60% and 80% of the diaphyseal length, i.e. at the distal diaphysis, were significantly higher for the left MC3 bones. Further studies of the MC3 bones parameters should focus on the vicinity of the proximal metaphysis and at the proximal diaphysis.","PeriodicalId":49017,"journal":{"name":"Medycyna Weterynaryjna-Veterinary Medicine-Science and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68102128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zbigniew Bełkot, Izabela Pietrzyk, Julia Jednous, Łukasz Drozd, M. Ziomek
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a lethal infectious neurodegenerative disease, the etiological factor of which is the infectious prion protein. Infections affect animals of the deer family (Cervidae). The aim of the study was to analyze the results of monitoring for the presence of CWD in the years 2018-2020 carried out by the Veterinary Inspectorate in Poland. The aim of the monitoring program in force in 2018-2020 was to assess the epizootic situation of CWD in Poland and other European countries, where no cases of the disease have been detected so far. Six species of deer were monitored: Eurasian tundra reindeer, Finnish forest reindeer, roe deer, elk, red deer, and white-tailed deer. Samples for the study were collected by veterinarians and trained persons and came from a latch within the medulla, retropharyngeal lymph nodes, tonsils, or other lymph nodes in the head. During the three-year CWD monitoring in Poland, a total of 3541 samples from animals from the deer family were examined. With regard to farmed and captive animals, the samples came from 225 red deer and 1 clump, and in the case of wild animals, the study included 192 elk, 2703 roe deer, and 420 red deer. In 2018, 1141 animals were tested: 23 farm-kept noble deer and 42 elk, 886 roe deer, and 190 wild-living noble deer. In 2019, the monitoring covered 1246 animals: 115 red deer and 1 female elk were farm animals, and the remaining 83 elk, 902 roe deer, and 145 red deer were free-living. In the last year of the program, 1154 animals were tested: 87 farmed red deer and 67 wild elk, 915 roe deer, and 85 wild deer. During the monitoring period, no cases of chronic wasting disease (CWD) of cervids were detected in Poland. The program officially ended at the end of December 2020 and was not extended because of the absence of CWD-positive results.
{"title":"Monitoring of chronic wasting disease in deer in Poland between 2018 and 2020","authors":"Zbigniew Bełkot, Izabela Pietrzyk, Julia Jednous, Łukasz Drozd, M. Ziomek","doi":"10.21521/mw.6721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21521/mw.6721","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a lethal infectious neurodegenerative disease, the etiological factor of which is the infectious prion protein. Infections affect animals of the deer family (Cervidae). The aim of the study was to analyze the results of monitoring for the presence of CWD in the years 2018-2020 carried out by the Veterinary Inspectorate in Poland. The aim of the monitoring program in force in 2018-2020 was to assess the epizootic situation of CWD in Poland and other European countries, where no cases of the disease have been detected so far. Six species of deer were monitored: Eurasian tundra reindeer, Finnish forest reindeer, roe deer, elk, red deer, and white-tailed deer. Samples for the study were collected by veterinarians and trained persons and came from a latch within the medulla, retropharyngeal lymph nodes, tonsils, or other lymph nodes in the head. During the three-year CWD monitoring in Poland, a total of 3541 samples from animals from the deer family were examined. With regard to farmed and captive animals, the samples came from 225 red deer and 1 clump, and in the case of wild animals, the study included 192 elk, 2703 roe deer, and 420 red deer. In 2018, 1141 animals were tested: 23 farm-kept noble deer and 42 elk, 886 roe deer, and 190 wild-living noble deer. In 2019, the monitoring covered 1246 animals: 115 red deer and 1 female elk were farm animals, and the remaining 83 elk, 902 roe deer, and 145 red deer were free-living. In the last year of the program, 1154 animals were tested: 87 farmed red deer and 67 wild elk, 915 roe deer, and 85 wild deer. During the monitoring period, no cases of chronic wasting disease (CWD) of cervids were detected in Poland. The program officially ended at the end of December 2020 and was not extended because of the absence of CWD-positive results.","PeriodicalId":49017,"journal":{"name":"Medycyna Weterynaryjna-Veterinary Medicine-Science and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68102232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Equine endometrosis is a chronic degenerative condition with progressive fibrosis that forms in the endometrial stroma and around the endometrial glands. Equine endometrosis causes histological changes and alterations in the secretory function of endometrial cells. These alterations lead to changes in the endometrium and early pregnancy dysfunction. Thus, this condition is one of the main causes of subfertility in mares, resulting in enormous economic losses to the horse-breeding industry. In general, fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. It destroys normal tissue architecture and compromises tissue function. The cellular and molecular events associated with the development of tissue fibrosis are complex and poorly understood. In recent years, research has been carried out on the involvement of immune cells and their products in the pathogenesis of endometrosis in mares. These studies focused mainly on the role of cytokines, such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, interleukin (IL) 6, IL-1β, prostaglandin (PG), and components of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET), such as myeloperoxidase, cathepsin G, and elastase, in the most important processes associated with the development of endometrosis. The results showed that TGF-β1, IL-1β, IL-6, and PGs act on myofibroblast differentiation, fibroblast proliferation, deposition of ECM protein, and expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and their inhibitors. It suggests their involvement in processes associated with pathological endometrial remodeling. Moreover, the response of endometrial tissue to selected factors changes according to the stage of endometrosis. The action of inflammatory mediators on processes related to the development of fibrosis shows a connection between inflammation and endometrosis.
{"title":"The role of inflammatory mediators in the development of endometrosis in mare","authors":"SZÓSTEK-MIODUCHOWSKA Anna, Wojtowicz-Krawiec Anna, Sadowska Agnieszka, Skarżyński Dariusz","doi":"10.21521/mw.6722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21521/mw.6722","url":null,"abstract":"Equine endometrosis is a chronic degenerative condition with progressive fibrosis that forms in the endometrial stroma and around the endometrial glands. Equine endometrosis causes histological changes and alterations in the secretory function of endometrial cells. These alterations lead to changes in the endometrium and early pregnancy dysfunction. Thus, this condition is one of the main causes of subfertility in mares, resulting in enormous economic losses to the horse-breeding industry. In general, fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. It destroys normal tissue architecture and compromises tissue function. The cellular and molecular events associated with the development of tissue fibrosis are complex and poorly understood. In recent years, research has been carried out on the involvement of immune cells and their products in the pathogenesis of endometrosis in mares. These studies focused mainly on the role of cytokines, such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, interleukin (IL) 6, IL-1β, prostaglandin (PG), and components of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET), such as myeloperoxidase, cathepsin G, and elastase, in the most important processes associated with the development of endometrosis. The results showed that TGF-β1, IL-1β, IL-6, and PGs act on myofibroblast differentiation, fibroblast proliferation, deposition of ECM protein, and expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and their inhibitors. It suggests their involvement in processes associated with pathological endometrial remodeling. Moreover, the response of endometrial tissue to selected factors changes according to the stage of endometrosis. The action of inflammatory mediators on processes related to the development of fibrosis shows a connection between inflammation and endometrosis.","PeriodicalId":49017,"journal":{"name":"Medycyna Weterynaryjna-Veterinary Medicine-Science and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68102266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natalia Shkavro, A. Kozubska-Sobocińska, D. Rubiś, Alisa Shkavro, M. Babicz, O. Shcherbak, I. Łuszczewska-Sierakowska
The aim of the research was to evaluate the genetic structure of Ukrainian Holstein cattle (n = 150) of the state enterprise Chayka (Kiev region, Ukraine) on the basis of the analysis of 12 microsatellite DNA loci and 3 QTL genes: k-casein (CSN3), prolactin (PRL), and fatty acid synthase (FASN). A total of 93 allelic variants were identified, and the largest number of alleles were found for TGLA53, TGLA122 and TGLA227 loci, the mean PIC = 0.693, and the heterozygosity index for all loci was 0.7314. The greatest number of effective alleles per locus were found for the BM1824 locus. Based on association analyses, complex genotypes were established for the three genes (CSN3, PRL, FASN). It was found that the AAPRL AACSN3 AAFASN genotype determined the highest milk yield (8351 kg / lactation) and the protein content in milk (3.10%), whereas the AAPRL ABCSN3 GGFASN genotype determined the highest level of fat content in milk (3.80%).
{"title":"Ukrainian Holstein cattle DNA polymorphism study","authors":"Natalia Shkavro, A. Kozubska-Sobocińska, D. Rubiś, Alisa Shkavro, M. Babicz, O. Shcherbak, I. Łuszczewska-Sierakowska","doi":"10.21521/mw.6726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21521/mw.6726","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the research was to evaluate the genetic structure of Ukrainian Holstein cattle (n = 150) of the state enterprise Chayka (Kiev region, Ukraine) on the basis of the analysis of 12 microsatellite DNA loci and 3 QTL genes: k-casein (CSN3), prolactin (PRL), and fatty acid synthase (FASN). A total of 93 allelic variants were identified, and the largest number of alleles were found for TGLA53, TGLA122 and TGLA227 loci, the mean PIC = 0.693, and the heterozygosity index for all loci was 0.7314. The greatest number of effective alleles per locus were found for the BM1824 locus. Based on association analyses, complex genotypes were established for the three genes (CSN3, PRL, FASN). It was found that the AAPRL AACSN3 AAFASN genotype determined the highest milk yield (8351 kg / lactation) and the protein content in milk (3.10%), whereas the AAPRL ABCSN3 GGFASN genotype determined the highest level of fat content in milk (3.80%).","PeriodicalId":49017,"journal":{"name":"Medycyna Weterynaryjna-Veterinary Medicine-Science and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68102350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stress can affect many aspects of the body, including the immune response, and stress factors are an inherent element in the life of animals in intensive production, such as pigs. Major pathways involved in these interactions are associated with the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) axis and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. This review is focused on the effects of various stress factors described so far on the swine immune system. The literature data presented here indicate that the effect of stress factors depends not only on the duration and severity of stress, but also on the animal’s temper. Stress, through its influence on the immune system, strongly influences the digestive tract of pigs such as response to pathogens, microbiome disturbance and influence on appetite. Thus, long-term stress has negative effects on the animal’s development, including a high rate of morbidity and mortality, an increase in the feed conversion rate (FCR), and, important in intensive production, weight differentiation of the same age groups of pigs. Therefore, the role of stress and the immune system itself in the production of pigs should not be underestimated. Any decrease in animal stress is crucial.
{"title":"Impact of stress on the functioning of the immune system, swine health, and productivity","authors":"Izabela Siemińska, Z. Pejsak","doi":"10.21521/mw.6673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21521/mw.6673","url":null,"abstract":"Stress can affect many aspects of the body, including the immune response, and stress factors are an inherent element in the life of animals in intensive production, such as pigs. Major pathways involved in these interactions are associated with the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) axis and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. This review is focused on the effects of various stress factors described so far on the swine immune system. The literature data presented here indicate that the effect of stress factors depends not only on the duration and severity of stress, but also on the animal’s temper. Stress, through its influence on the immune system, strongly influences the digestive tract of pigs such as response to pathogens, microbiome disturbance and influence on appetite. Thus, long-term stress has negative effects on the animal’s development, including a high rate of morbidity and mortality, an increase in the feed conversion rate (FCR), and, important in intensive production, weight differentiation of the same age groups of pigs. Therefore, the role of stress and the immune system itself in the production of pigs should not be underestimated. Any decrease in animal stress is crucial.","PeriodicalId":49017,"journal":{"name":"Medycyna Weterynaryjna-Veterinary Medicine-Science and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68096721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
So far, no tests have been developed for draft horses to measure their exertion rate. In our study, the heart rate regeneration index was used for the first time to assess the exertion and fatigue of draft horses. A pair of horses was pulling a cart with 12 tourists + a coachman with a total weight of about 1580 kg. The 7-kilometre part the road is uphill in 82%, with an average slope of 4.6%. The control examination of heart rate was performed on horses before transporting tourists, immediately after work and after 10 minutes of rest. The analysis of the horses’ exertion was calculated on the basis of the recovery index, according to the formula (t2 – t3/t2 – t1) × 100%, where t1 denotes the initial heart rate (before exercise), t2 – heart rate immediately after exercise, t3 – after 10 minutes of rest. The following scale of exertion assessment was adopted: group I recovery index <20% – very heavy exertion (long regeneration), group II – recovery index 20.1-50% – heavy exertion, group III – recovery index 50.1-80% – moderate exertion, group IV – recovery index > 80.1% light exertion. Based on the analysis, it was found that the horses’ exertion was: very heavy for 3.3% of horses, heavy for 50%, moderate for 44.8% and light for 1.9% of horses. For about 58% of the horses pulling the carts with full load, this work was a much greater effort compared to the control trials, when the horses pulled „empty” carts without passengers in 2019 (P <0.001). The degree of exertion (fatigue) was the same for horses with a slow pace (76.1 min) and for horses that covered the route at a faster pace (67.6 minutes). The heart rate recovery index is a simple and non-invasive measure of exertion (fatigue) of horses and their adaptation to the work performed and can be used both to assess the preparation of horses for work and their welfare.
{"title":"Analysis of work intensity in draft horses based on the heart rate recovery index","authors":"M. Tischner, M. Tischner, M. Lis, M. Maciejczyk","doi":"10.21521/mw.6678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21521/mw.6678","url":null,"abstract":"So far, no tests have been developed for draft horses to measure their exertion rate. In our study, the heart rate regeneration index was used for the first time to assess the exertion and fatigue of draft horses. A pair of horses was pulling a cart with 12 tourists + a coachman with a total weight of about 1580 kg. The 7-kilometre part the road is uphill in 82%, with an average slope of 4.6%. The control examination of heart rate was performed on horses before transporting tourists, immediately after work and after 10 minutes of rest. The analysis of the horses’ exertion was calculated on the basis of the recovery index, according to the formula (t2 – t3/t2 – t1) × 100%, where t1 denotes the initial heart rate (before exercise), t2 – heart rate immediately after exercise, t3 – after 10 minutes of rest. The following scale of exertion assessment was adopted: group I recovery index <20% – very heavy exertion (long regeneration), group II – recovery index 20.1-50% – heavy exertion, group III – recovery index 50.1-80% – moderate exertion, group IV – recovery index > 80.1% light exertion. Based on the analysis, it was found that the horses’ exertion was: very heavy for 3.3% of horses, heavy for 50%, moderate for 44.8% and light for 1.9% of horses. For about 58% of the horses pulling the carts with full load, this work was a much greater effort compared to the control trials, when the horses pulled „empty” carts without passengers in 2019 (P <0.001). The degree of exertion (fatigue) was the same for horses with a slow pace (76.1 min) and for horses that covered the route at a faster pace (67.6 minutes). The heart rate recovery index is a simple and non-invasive measure of exertion (fatigue) of horses and their adaptation to the work performed and can be used both to assess the preparation of horses for work and their welfare.","PeriodicalId":49017,"journal":{"name":"Medycyna Weterynaryjna-Veterinary Medicine-Science and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68097050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the aim was to determine the effectiveness of internal teat sealant applied at the dry-off in preventing the formation of subclinical mastitis and to investigate whether this product could be a non-antibiotic alternative to total dry cow treatment. A total of 195 quarters from 52 Holstein and Holstein Crossbreed dairy cows, that did not have clinical mammary infection and were expected to calve within 60 days were used in the study. The quarters were divided into 3 treatment groups as follows: Group 1 (ANTB; n = 64): dry period intramammary antibiotic suspension (Ubrostar®); Group 2 (ORB; n = 65), internal teat sealant (Orbeseal®); and Group 3 (ANTB-ORB; n = 66) intramammary antibiotic and teat sealant combination were performed. All of the quarters were checked for subclinical mastitis on the 20th, 40th and 60th days of lactation. The percentage of animals found to be CMT negative on the 20th day of lactation was 80.65% in G1 (ANTB), 83.60% in Group 2 (ORB), and 87.50% in Group 3 (ANTB-ORB), respectively. There was no quarter with CMT +3 score in G1 and G3, but it was determined in one quarter in G2 (ORB). On the 60th day there were no quarters with CMT +2 and +3 scores in both G1 and G2. No statistically significant difference was found between the CMT results of treatment groups on the 20th, 40th and 60th days of lactation (p > 0.05). In conclusion, it was determined that bismuth subnitrate-based teat canal sealer provided good protection against subclinical mastitis rate in drying healthy udder quarters. However, especially in high risk groups it is important to closely monitor udder health with SCC and/or CMT applications before the dry period and to choose the dry period treatment.
{"title":"Efficacy of an internal teat sealant alone or in combination with an intramammary antibiotic during the dry period treatment in dairy cows","authors":"Mehmet Öney, M. Karadağ, K. D.","doi":"10.21521/mw.6735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21521/mw.6735","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the aim was to determine the effectiveness of internal teat sealant applied at the dry-off in preventing the formation of subclinical mastitis and to investigate whether this product could be a non-antibiotic alternative to total dry cow treatment. A total of 195 quarters from 52 Holstein and Holstein Crossbreed dairy cows, that did not have clinical mammary infection and were expected to calve within 60 days were used in the study. The quarters were divided into 3 treatment groups as follows: Group 1 (ANTB; n = 64): dry period intramammary antibiotic suspension (Ubrostar®); Group 2 (ORB; n = 65), internal teat sealant (Orbeseal®); and Group 3 (ANTB-ORB; n = 66) intramammary antibiotic and teat sealant combination were performed. All of the quarters were checked for subclinical mastitis on the 20th, 40th and 60th days of lactation. The percentage of animals found to be CMT negative on the 20th day of lactation was 80.65% in G1 (ANTB), 83.60% in Group 2 (ORB), and 87.50% in Group 3 (ANTB-ORB), respectively. There was no quarter with CMT +3 score in G1 and G3, but it was determined in one quarter in G2 (ORB). On the 60th day there were no quarters with CMT +2 and +3 scores in both G1 and G2. No statistically significant difference was found between the CMT results of treatment groups on the 20th, 40th and 60th days of lactation (p > 0.05). In conclusion, it was determined that bismuth subnitrate-based teat canal sealer provided good protection against subclinical mastitis rate in drying healthy udder quarters. However, especially in high risk groups it is important to closely monitor udder health with SCC and/or CMT applications before the dry period and to choose the dry period treatment.","PeriodicalId":49017,"journal":{"name":"Medycyna Weterynaryjna-Veterinary Medicine-Science and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68103230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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