Pub Date : 2024-01-04DOI: 10.1017/s1759078723001496
Arun Raj, Durbadal Mandal
This paper proposes fractal-inspired array antennae for wideband applications. The proposed antennae have a resonance frequency range of 20–40 GHz. The modified fractal antennae are fabricated with a height of 1.6 mm, substrate width, and length of 100, 50, 25, and 18.75 mm2, and a simulated result shows that the gain is increased to 11.04, 11.9, 8.4, and 6 dBi, and the designed antennae radiate power with directivity of 11.3, 13.4, 9.29, and 7.17 dBi concerning proposed designs A, B, C, and D, respectively. The proposed antennae with 5G New Radio (NR) bands have more radiation concerning resonate frequencies in the 20–40 GHz range with Φ = 0°, Φ = 90°, and θ = 90°. Moreover, the bandwidths for applications covered in the 5G NR and sub-6G are 1.92, 0.73, 0.7, 2.4, 1.3, 5.3, and 1.26 GHz, and 3.4, 3.7, 2.67, and 4.65 GHz, and 2, 3.5, and 1.57 GHz, and 2.5, 1.5, and 1.0 GHz with the maximum return loss of 37 dB, 32.8 dB, 31.2 dB, and 23 dB with corresponding resonate frequencies as 21.5, 27.6, 33, and 27.6 GHz concerning designs A, B, C, and D, respectively. The proposed antennae have been implemented and validated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST), Vector Network Analyzer (VNA), spectrum analyzer, and power sensor.
{"title":"Design and implementation of hybrid fed array antennae for Sub-6 GHz and 5G mm-wave communication and wireless applications","authors":"Arun Raj, Durbadal Mandal","doi":"10.1017/s1759078723001496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1759078723001496","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper proposes fractal-inspired array antennae for wideband applications. The proposed antennae have a resonance frequency range of 20–40 GHz. The modified fractal antennae are fabricated with a height of 1.6 mm, substrate width, and length of 100, 50, 25, and 18.75 mm<span>2</span>, and a simulated result shows that the gain is increased to 11.04, 11.9, 8.4, and 6 dBi, and the designed antennae radiate power with directivity of 11.3, 13.4, 9.29, and 7.17 dBi concerning proposed designs A, B, C, and D, respectively. The proposed antennae with 5G New Radio (NR) bands have more radiation concerning resonate frequencies in the 20–40 GHz range with Φ = 0°, Φ = 90°, and θ = 90°. Moreover, the bandwidths for applications covered in the 5G NR and sub-6G are 1.92, 0.73, 0.7, 2.4, 1.3, 5.3, and 1.26 GHz, and 3.4, 3.7, 2.67, and 4.65 GHz, and 2, 3.5, and 1.57 GHz, and 2.5, 1.5, and 1.0 GHz with the maximum return loss of 37 dB, 32.8 dB, 31.2 dB, and 23 dB with corresponding resonate frequencies as 21.5, 27.6, 33, and 27.6 GHz concerning designs A, B, C, and D, respectively. The proposed antennae have been implemented and validated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST), Vector Network Analyzer (VNA), spectrum analyzer, and power sensor.</p>","PeriodicalId":49052,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139095782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.1017/s1759078723001472
Niklas Muckermann, J. Barowski, N. Pohl
This article presents the design of a dielectric lens antenna that utilizes the concept of a stepped Fresnel lens for focusing electromagnetic millimeter waves. Based on the quasi-optical properties of these waves, a Cartesian Oval is optimized and employed as a focusing lens. Multiple such lenses are combined to two different Fresnel-based lens antennas. We survey these newly designed lens antennas and compare them with a focusing lens antenna based on a Cartesian oval and a far-field lens antenna. Simulations and measurements with a frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar validate the effectiveness of the new design, demonstrating an even improved focus size while significantly reducing the size and weight of the lens antenna by up to 53% and by nearly 48 %, respectively. Additionally, the Fresnel-based lens antennas reveal a frequency dependency, enabling frequency-based steering of the focal length over a wide relative tuning range of 177%, which we thoroughly investigate for various bandwidths and center frequencies.
{"title":"Quasioptical Fresnel-based lens antenna with frequency-steerable focal length for millimeter wave radars","authors":"Niklas Muckermann, J. Barowski, N. Pohl","doi":"10.1017/s1759078723001472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1759078723001472","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article presents the design of a dielectric lens antenna that utilizes the concept of a stepped Fresnel lens for focusing electromagnetic millimeter waves. Based on the quasi-optical properties of these waves, a Cartesian Oval is optimized and employed as a focusing lens. Multiple such lenses are combined to two different Fresnel-based lens antennas. We survey these newly designed lens antennas and compare them with a focusing lens antenna based on a Cartesian oval and a far-field lens antenna. Simulations and measurements with a frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar validate the effectiveness of the new design, demonstrating an even improved focus size while significantly reducing the size and weight of the lens antenna by up to 53% and by nearly 48 %, respectively. Additionally, the Fresnel-based lens antennas reveal a frequency dependency, enabling frequency-based steering of the focal length over a wide relative tuning range of 177%, which we thoroughly investigate for various bandwidths and center frequencies.","PeriodicalId":49052,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies","volume":"10 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138947754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.1017/s1759078723001411
M. Coman, M. Jacewicz, D. Dancila
Conditioning of a metal surface in a high-voltage system is the progressive development of resistance to vacuum arcing over the operational life of the system. This is relevant for accelerator cavities, where high level of performance is only achievable after a long conditioning period. Beyond the accelerator research field, this is an important topic for any technology where breakdowns can cause device failure, either by directly disrupting device operation or by causing cumulative hardware damage. We are developing a direct method to measure the surface resistivity of a metal surface that is being conditioned with a HV DC system by inducing a high frequency (GHz) radio-frequency current in the parallel-plate electrode system. If the system can function as a resonant cavity, the surface resistivity data would be encoded in its quality factor (Q-factor). The changes in the resistivity measured in cryogenic conditions would indicate a formation of dislocations under the surface, something that has been speculated as an important process behind the conditioning. In this paper, we present two modified designs of the electrode system, which will act as a resonant cavity, the results of 3D EM simulations and experimental results regarding the characterization of this resonant system.
{"title":"In situ resistivity measurement of metal surfaces to track down dislocations caused by high field conditioning","authors":"M. Coman, M. Jacewicz, D. Dancila","doi":"10.1017/s1759078723001411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1759078723001411","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Conditioning of a metal surface in a high-voltage system is the progressive development of resistance to vacuum arcing over the operational life of the system. This is relevant for accelerator cavities, where high level of performance is only achievable after a long conditioning period. Beyond the accelerator research field, this is an important topic for any technology where breakdowns can cause device failure, either by directly disrupting device operation or by causing cumulative hardware damage.\u0000 We are developing a direct method to measure the surface resistivity of a metal surface that is being conditioned with a HV DC system by inducing a high frequency (GHz) radio-frequency current in the parallel-plate electrode system. If the system can function as a resonant cavity, the surface resistivity data would be encoded in its quality factor (Q-factor). The changes in the resistivity measured in cryogenic conditions would indicate a formation of dislocations under the surface, something that has been speculated as an important process behind the conditioning.\u0000 In this paper, we present two modified designs of the electrode system, which will act as a resonant cavity, the results of 3D EM simulations and experimental results regarding the characterization of this resonant system.","PeriodicalId":49052,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies","volume":"40 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138945678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.1017/s1759078723001423
Shi Jie Seah, Siat Ling Jong, Hong Yin Lam, Chee Yen Leow
The presence of obstacles in the propagation path is a critical factor in air-to-ground (AG) communication. The behavior of wireless signal propagation depends on several variables, such as frequency, building height, elevation angle, and street design. This paper aims to compare the three established line of sight (LOS) probability model based on actual site data, including the building geometry in suburban environment. The comparison between these three models using the site data provide a guideline for selecting the LOS probability model based on the optimistic and pessimistic predictions. The shadowing loss was evaluated at frequencies 2 and 3.5 GHz with an elevation angle of 20° in two suburban locations at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. Three prediction models, ITU-R P.1410-5, Holis and Pechac, and Pang et al., available in the literature were used to identify and compare the line-of-sight probability. By focusing on the shadowing model in suburban area, the guideline for optimizing LOS communications or navigation in these challenging environments can be developed. The finding highlights the importance of considering building height in AG communication for network performance evaluation and design.
传播路径中存在障碍物是空对地（AG）通信的一个关键因素。无线信号的传播行为取决于多个变量，如频率、建筑物高度、仰角和街道设计。本文旨在根据实际现场数据，包括郊区环境中建筑物的几何形状，对已建立的三种视线（LOS）概率模型进行比较。利用现场数据对这三种模型进行比较，可为根据乐观和悲观预测选择视线概率模型提供指导。在马来西亚敦侯赛因大学的两个郊区地点，对仰角为 20°、频率为 2 和 3.5 GHz 的阴影损耗进行了评估。文献中提供的三种预测模型（ITU-R P.1410-5、Holis 和 Pechac 以及 Pang 等人）被用来确定和比较视线概率。通过重点研究郊区的阴影模型，可以制定在这些具有挑战性的环境中优化 LOS 通信或导航的指南。研究结果突出了在 AG 通信中考虑建筑物高度对网络性能评估和设计的重要性。
{"title":"The study of shadowing effect for LTE and 5G networks in suburban environment","authors":"Shi Jie Seah, Siat Ling Jong, Hong Yin Lam, Chee Yen Leow","doi":"10.1017/s1759078723001423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1759078723001423","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of obstacles in the propagation path is a critical factor in air-to-ground (AG) communication. The behavior of wireless signal propagation depends on several variables, such as frequency, building height, elevation angle, and street design. This paper aims to compare the three established line of sight (LOS) probability model based on actual site data, including the building geometry in suburban environment. The comparison between these three models using the site data provide a guideline for selecting the LOS probability model based on the optimistic and pessimistic predictions. The shadowing loss was evaluated at frequencies 2 and 3.5 GHz with an elevation angle of 20° in two suburban locations at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. Three prediction models, ITU-R P.1410-5, Holis and Pechac, and Pang et al., available in the literature were used to identify and compare the line-of-sight probability. By focusing on the shadowing model in suburban area, the guideline for optimizing LOS communications or navigation in these challenging environments can be developed. The finding highlights the importance of considering building height in AG communication for network performance evaluation and design.","PeriodicalId":49052,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138686797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.1017/s175907872300140x
Fulai Liu, Dongbao Qin, Xubin Li, Yufeng Du, Xiuquan Dou, Ruiyan Du
Aiming at the problem that the covariance matrix includes the desired signal and the signal steer vector mismatches will degrade the beamforming performance, an effective robust adaptive beamforming (RAB) approach is presented in this paper based on a residual convolutional neural network (RAB-RCNN). In the presented method, the RAB-RCNN model is designed by introducing a residual unit, which can extract the deeper features from the signal sample covariance matrix. Residual noise elimination and interferences power estimation are utilized to reconstruct the desired signal covariance matrix, and correct the mismatched steering vector (SV) by the eigenvalue decomposition of the reconstructed desired signal covariance matrix. The projection method is utilized to redesign the signal interference-plus-noise covariance matrix. Furthermore, the beamforming weight vector is calculated with the two parameters obtained before and used as the label of the RAB-RCNN model, The trained model can rapidly and precisely output the predicted beamforming weight vector without complex matrix operations, including the matrix inversion of the signal covariance matrix, so that the calculation time can be reduced for beamforming. Simulations demonstrate the robustness of the presented approach against SV mismatches due to the direction-of-arrival estimation error, sensor position error, and local scattering interference.
{"title":"Robust adaptive beamforming via residual convolutional neural network","authors":"Fulai Liu, Dongbao Qin, Xubin Li, Yufeng Du, Xiuquan Dou, Ruiyan Du","doi":"10.1017/s175907872300140x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s175907872300140x","url":null,"abstract":"Aiming at the problem that the covariance matrix includes the desired signal and the signal steer vector mismatches will degrade the beamforming performance, an effective robust adaptive beamforming (RAB) approach is presented in this paper based on a residual convolutional neural network (RAB-RCNN). In the presented method, the RAB-RCNN model is designed by introducing a residual unit, which can extract the deeper features from the signal sample covariance matrix. Residual noise elimination and interferences power estimation are utilized to reconstruct the desired signal covariance matrix, and correct the mismatched steering vector (SV) by the eigenvalue decomposition of the reconstructed desired signal covariance matrix. The projection method is utilized to redesign the signal interference-plus-noise covariance matrix. Furthermore, the beamforming weight vector is calculated with the two parameters obtained before and used as the label of the RAB-RCNN model, The trained model can rapidly and precisely output the predicted beamforming weight vector without complex matrix operations, including the matrix inversion of the signal covariance matrix, so that the calculation time can be reduced for beamforming. Simulations demonstrate the robustness of the presented approach against SV mismatches due to the direction-of-arrival estimation error, sensor position error, and local scattering interference.","PeriodicalId":49052,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138566564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.1017/s1759078723001393
Seied Ali Banihashem, Pejman Mohammadi, Yashar Zehforoosh
In this paper, a compact unidirectional antenna consisting of a planar electric dipole and a shortened connecting element is introduced. This antenna is excited by a Γ-shaped feeding line. A wide impedance bandwidth in the frequency range of 1.3–3.3 GHz is observed in the output performance. Sufficient main lobe and low level back lobe have been introduced as other characteristics of the structure, based on radiation patterns. The antenna design process is evaluated step-by-step and using parametric study based on the antenna geometry. One of the main features of the desired antenna is the realization of circular polarization in a high percentage of the operational bandwidth 1.5–3.3 GHz. The radiation patterns of the orthogonal planes E-field and H-field along with the left-handed and right-handed circular polarization patterns for the desired antenna have been extracted and analyzed. A three-dimensional structure in the form of stacked stepped disks (SSD) is introduced to increase overall performance of antenna. There is an acceptable similarity between the E-field and H-field page patterns, which shows the accuracy of the design process. On the other hand, for studying the circular polarization, left-handed and right-handed patterns based on the main beam direction and orthogonal polarization level have acceptable performance. The maximum overall gain of the antenna in the designed frequency band is near to 13 dB.
本文介绍了一种由平面电偶极子和缩短的连接元件组成的紧凑型单向天线。该天线由Γ形馈电线激励。输出性能在 1.3-3.3 GHz 频率范围内具有较宽的阻抗带宽。根据辐射模式，还引入了足够的主叶和低电平后叶作为该结构的其他特征。根据天线的几何形状，利用参数研究对天线设计过程进行了逐步评估。理想天线的主要特征之一是在 1.5-3.3 千兆赫的高比例工作带宽内实现圆极化。我们提取并分析了正交平面 E 场和 H 场的辐射模式，以及理想天线的左旋和右旋圆极化模式。为了提高天线的整体性能，引入了堆叠阶梯盘（SSD）形式的三维结构。E 场和 H 场页面图案之间的相似度可以接受，这表明了设计过程的准确性。另一方面，在研究圆极化时，基于主波束方向和正交极化水平的左手和右手图案具有可接受的性能。天线在设计频段内的最大整体增益接近 13 dB。
{"title":"Magnetic-electric dipole circularly polarized antenna with unidirectional radiation pattern with improved characteristics","authors":"Seied Ali Banihashem, Pejman Mohammadi, Yashar Zehforoosh","doi":"10.1017/s1759078723001393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1759078723001393","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a compact unidirectional antenna consisting of a planar electric dipole and a shortened connecting element is introduced. This antenna is excited by a Γ-shaped feeding line. A wide impedance bandwidth in the frequency range of 1.3–3.3 GHz is observed in the output performance. Sufficient main lobe and low level back lobe have been introduced as other characteristics of the structure, based on radiation patterns. The antenna design process is evaluated step-by-step and using parametric study based on the antenna geometry. One of the main features of the desired antenna is the realization of circular polarization in a high percentage of the operational bandwidth 1.5–3.3 GHz. The radiation patterns of the orthogonal planes E-field and H-field along with the left-handed and right-handed circular polarization patterns for the desired antenna have been extracted and analyzed. A three-dimensional structure in the form of stacked stepped disks (SSD) is introduced to increase overall performance of antenna. There is an acceptable similarity between the E-field and H-field page patterns, which shows the accuracy of the design process. On the other hand, for studying the circular polarization, left-handed and right-handed patterns based on the main beam direction and orthogonal polarization level have acceptable performance. The maximum overall gain of the antenna in the designed frequency band is near to 13 dB.","PeriodicalId":49052,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138566842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.1017/s1759078723001381
Rajrup Saha, Avishek Das, Durbadal Mandal, Rajib Kar
This article introduces an innovative approach to antenna array design, focusing on synthesizing the optimal radiation pattern for fifth-generation (5G) communication. The authors have designed a reliable linear and elliptical antenna array (EEA) of dipole elements by employing sailfish optimization (SFO). 5G technology promises transformative improvements in wireless communication with high data rates, expanded capacity, minimal latency, and exceptional service quality. The crux of 5G lies in the precision of antenna array design, aiming for an emission pattern with minimal side lobe levels (SLLs) and a narrow half-power beam width (HPBW). A narrower HPBW is essential for efficient long-range communication, whereas reducing the SLLs enhances signal clarity. The SFO optimizes the current excitation of each antenna element for reducing the mutual coupling effects and lowering the SLL and HPBW values in linear and EEAs. This paper uses the exact excitation to each element to show the linear antenna arrays (LAA) (10-, 16-element) design examples and EAA (8-, 12-, 20-element) structures. The LAA and EAA design examples obtained with the SFO algorithm establish the advancement in SLL suppression over the uniform antenna array and the methods proclaimed in the recent article.
{"title":"An efficient linear and elliptical antenna array design using sail fish optimization","authors":"Rajrup Saha, Avishek Das, Durbadal Mandal, Rajib Kar","doi":"10.1017/s1759078723001381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1759078723001381","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces an innovative approach to antenna array design, focusing on synthesizing the optimal radiation pattern for fifth-generation (5G) communication. The authors have designed a reliable linear and elliptical antenna array (EEA) of dipole elements by employing sailfish optimization (SFO). 5G technology promises transformative improvements in wireless communication with high data rates, expanded capacity, minimal latency, and exceptional service quality. The crux of 5G lies in the precision of antenna array design, aiming for an emission pattern with minimal side lobe levels (SLLs) and a narrow half-power beam width (HPBW). A narrower HPBW is essential for efficient long-range communication, whereas reducing the SLLs enhances signal clarity. The SFO optimizes the current excitation of each antenna element for reducing the mutual coupling effects and lowering the SLL and HPBW values in linear and EEAs. This paper uses the exact excitation to each element to show the linear antenna arrays (LAA) (10-, 16-element) design examples and EAA (8-, 12-, 20-element) structures. The LAA and EAA design examples obtained with the SFO algorithm establish the advancement in SLL suppression over the uniform antenna array and the methods proclaimed in the recent article.","PeriodicalId":49052,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138569794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.1017/s1759078723001459
Puja Kumari, Santanu Dwari
Future smart reconfigurable antennas (RAs) (Haupt R-L and Lanagan M (2013) Reconfigurable antennas. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 55, 49–61) will likely be fully multipurpose and controlled by software and equipped with machine learning skills that can discern and respond to alterations in the radio frequency environment. Cognitive radio utilizations will be accomplished using a new generation of antenna technology and communication protocols. The effective use of frequencies and the use of polarization diversity and radiation pattern reconfigurability to send data over existing congested frequencies will be major advantages for such applications. The usage of antennas that can be reconfigured in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels will enhance channel capacity while simultaneously improving channel efficiency and lowering costs (Christodoulou C-G, Tawk Y, Lane S-A and Erwin S-R (2012) Reconfigurable antennas for wireless and space applications. Proceedings of the IEEE 100, 2250–2261). There are a lot of antennas used both at the transmitter and at the receiver front end in a MIMO system. The benefit of employing such arrangements is that different types of information can be conveyed at a similar time, boosting the spectral efficiency of communication in a multipath situation. The coding rate, modulation level, and transmission signaling method of a MIMO system can all be changed in response to changing channel circumstances and user needs. In a MIMO context, polarization reconfigurable/frequency-reconfigurable/radiation pattern RA increase the degree of freedom and enhancing the system’s performance. The usage of such antennas greatly enhances capacity by enabling a choice of various polarization configurations and pattern diversity. Antenna arrays that can be reconfigured are also an appealing MIMO system solution that needs to retain robust communication channels, particularly in portable gadgets where the area is limited.
未来的智能可重构天线（RA）（Haupt R-L 和 Lanagan M (2013) Reconfigurable antennas.IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 55, 49-61）很可能完全多用途，由软件控制，并配备机器学习技能，能够辨别和应对无线电频率环境的变化。认知无线电的利用将通过新一代天线技术和通信协议来实现。有效利用频率、使用极化分集和辐射模式可重构性在现有的拥挤频率上发送数据，将是此类应用的主要优势。在多输入多输出（MIMO）信道中使用可重新配置的天线将提高信道容量，同时提高信道效率并降低成本（Christodoulou C-G、Tawk Y、Lane S-A 和 Erwin S-R（2012 年）《用于无线和空间应用的可重新配置天线》。电气和电子工程师学会论文集》100，2250-2261）。在多输入多输出系统中，发射器和接收器前端都使用了大量天线。采用这种安排的好处是，不同类型的信息可以在同一时间传递，从而提高多径情况下的通信频谱效率。多输入多输出系统的编码率、调制水平和传输信令方法都可以根据信道环境和用户需求的变化而改变。在多输入多输出系统中，极化可重构/频率可重构/辐射模式 RA 增加了系统的自由度，提高了系统的性能。使用这类天线可以选择各种极化配置和模式多样性，从而大大提高容量。可重新配置的天线阵列也是一种极具吸引力的多输入多输出系统解决方案，因为它需要保留稳健的通信信道，尤其是在面积有限的便携式小工具中。
{"title":"Reconfigurable MIMO antenna: previous advancements and the potential for future wireless communication","authors":"Puja Kumari, Santanu Dwari","doi":"10.1017/s1759078723001459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1759078723001459","url":null,"abstract":"Future smart reconfigurable antennas (RAs) (Haupt R-L and Lanagan M (2013) Reconfigurable antennas. <jats:italic>IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine</jats:italic> 55, 49–61) will likely be fully multipurpose and controlled by software and equipped with machine learning skills that can discern and respond to alterations in the radio frequency environment. Cognitive radio utilizations will be accomplished using a new generation of antenna technology and communication protocols. The effective use of frequencies and the use of polarization diversity and radiation pattern reconfigurability to send data over existing congested frequencies will be major advantages for such applications. The usage of antennas that can be reconfigured in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels will enhance channel capacity while simultaneously improving channel efficiency and lowering costs (Christodoulou C-G, Tawk Y, Lane S-A and Erwin S-R (2012) Reconfigurable antennas for wireless and space applications. <jats:italic>Proceedings of the IEEE</jats:italic> 100, 2250–2261). There are a lot of antennas used both at the transmitter and at the receiver front end in a MIMO system. The benefit of employing such arrangements is that different types of information can be conveyed at a similar time, boosting the spectral efficiency of communication in a multipath situation. The coding rate, modulation level, and transmission signaling method of a MIMO system can all be changed in response to changing channel circumstances and user needs. In a MIMO context, polarization reconfigurable/frequency-reconfigurable/radiation pattern RA increase the degree of freedom and enhancing the system’s performance. The usage of such antennas greatly enhances capacity by enabling a choice of various polarization configurations and pattern diversity. Antenna arrays that can be reconfigured are also an appealing MIMO system solution that needs to retain robust communication channels, particularly in portable gadgets where the area is limited.","PeriodicalId":49052,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138566556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A dual-band angular-stable transmissive linear to circular polarization converter based on metasurface is proposed and demonstrated in this work. The converter consists of three layers. The top and bottom layers are formed by an array of double split-ring layers. The unit cell of the central layer contains a square loop nesting a slant dipole. The split-rings create two resonances, enabling dual-band operation. The slant dipole and square loop are useful for improving the quality of circular polarization conversion. It is shown that the proposed polarization converter converts the incident linearly polarized wave into circularly polarized wave with opposite polarization modes over the frequency ranges of 8.77–10.58 and 17.59–19.88 GHz. The angular stability is up to 60° for 3 dB axial ratio. Moreover, the thickness of unit cell has a wavelength below 0.06 at the lower band. Compared with other designs in the literature, the structure bears merits of wideband response, high angular stability, and low-profile property within dual-band operational region. To validate the design, a sample prototype was designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulated ones.
{"title":"Dual-band transmissive linear to circular polarization converter with angular-stable and orthogonal polarizations","authors":"Bianmei Zhang, Chen Wang, Shuo Yu, Xiaofan Yang, Zhibin Fang, Xiaoming Liu","doi":"10.1017/s1759078723001460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1759078723001460","url":null,"abstract":"A dual-band angular-stable transmissive linear to circular polarization converter based on metasurface is proposed and demonstrated in this work. The converter consists of three layers. The top and bottom layers are formed by an array of double split-ring layers. The unit cell of the central layer contains a square loop nesting a slant dipole. The split-rings create two resonances, enabling dual-band operation. The slant dipole and square loop are useful for improving the quality of circular polarization conversion. It is shown that the proposed polarization converter converts the incident linearly polarized wave into circularly polarized wave with opposite polarization modes over the frequency ranges of 8.77–10.58 and 17.59–19.88 GHz. The angular stability is up to 60° for 3 dB axial ratio. Moreover, the thickness of unit cell has a wavelength below 0.06 at the lower band. Compared with other designs in the literature, the structure bears merits of wideband response, high angular stability, and low-profile property within dual-band operational region. To validate the design, a sample prototype was designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulated ones.","PeriodicalId":49052,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies","volume":"169 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138566553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.1017/s1759078723001447
Bilal Amin, Grazia Cappiello, Marcin J. Kraśny, Eoghan Dunne, Aoife Lowery, Michael Conall Dennedy, Punit Prakash, Adnan Elahi, Martin O’Halloran
Adrenal gland-induced hypertension, also known as secondary hypertension, is a medical condition caused by an underlying adrenal pathology, most typically adrenocortical adenomas. Current clinical practices involve pharmacotherapy or surgical resection to treat adrenal gland diseases that cause hypertension. However, due to the limitations of these treatment options, microwave ablation (MWA) has emerged as a promising minimally invasive alternative. An accurate understanding of the dielectric properties of adrenal glands would support the further development and optimization of MWA technology for treating adrenal tumors. Only a few studies have examined the dielectric properties of both human and animal adrenal glands, and the sample sizes of these studies have been relatively small. Therefore, further dielectric data of human and animal adrenal glands are warranted. This paper presents the ex vivo dielectric properties of the ovine adrenal glands (medulla and cortex) and summarizes the published literature on dielectric data of adrenal glands from porcine, bovine, ovine, and human samples in the microwave frequency range to analyze the consistency and reliability of the reported data. The dielectric properties of the ovine adrenal glands (N = 8) were measured using an open-ended coaxial probe measurement technique at frequencies ranging from 0.5 to 8.5 GHz. This study also investigated the temperature-dependent dielectric properties of the ovine adrenal medulla ranging from 37 to 64°C at frequencies ranging from 0.5 to 8.5 GHz. The dielectric properties of the ovine adrenal medulla measured in this study were found to be consistent with the literature. Moreover, the review suggests that variations exist in the dielectric properties of the adrenal medulla and cortex among species. The study also found that the dielectric properties of the adrenal medulla decrease with increasing temperature, similar to other tissues for which temperature-dependent dielectric data have been reported. This summary of dielectric data of adrenal glands and the temperature-dependent dielectric properties of the ovine adrenal medulla will accelerate the development of MWA technologies for hypertension treatment.
{"title":"Adrenal ablation as a treatment for hypertension: analyzing the dielectric properties of adrenal glands for microwave ablation technologies","authors":"Bilal Amin, Grazia Cappiello, Marcin J. Kraśny, Eoghan Dunne, Aoife Lowery, Michael Conall Dennedy, Punit Prakash, Adnan Elahi, Martin O’Halloran","doi":"10.1017/s1759078723001447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1759078723001447","url":null,"abstract":"Adrenal gland-induced hypertension, also known as secondary hypertension, is a medical condition caused by an underlying adrenal pathology, most typically adrenocortical adenomas. Current clinical practices involve pharmacotherapy or surgical resection to treat adrenal gland diseases that cause hypertension. However, due to the limitations of these treatment options, microwave ablation (MWA) has emerged as a promising minimally invasive alternative. An accurate understanding of the dielectric properties of adrenal glands would support the further development and optimization of MWA technology for treating adrenal tumors. Only a few studies have examined the dielectric properties of both human and animal adrenal glands, and the sample sizes of these studies have been relatively small. Therefore, further dielectric data of human and animal adrenal glands are warranted. This paper presents the <jats:italic>ex vivo</jats:italic> dielectric properties of the ovine adrenal glands (medulla and cortex) and summarizes the published literature on dielectric data of adrenal glands from porcine, bovine, ovine, and human samples in the microwave frequency range to analyze the consistency and reliability of the reported data. The dielectric properties of the ovine adrenal glands (<jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 8) were measured using an open-ended coaxial probe measurement technique at frequencies ranging from 0.5 to 8.5 GHz. This study also investigated the temperature-dependent dielectric properties of the ovine adrenal medulla ranging from 37 to 64°C at frequencies ranging from 0.5 to 8.5 GHz. The dielectric properties of the ovine adrenal medulla measured in this study were found to be consistent with the literature. Moreover, the review suggests that variations exist in the dielectric properties of the adrenal medulla and cortex among species. The study also found that the dielectric properties of the adrenal medulla decrease with increasing temperature, similar to other tissues for which temperature-dependent dielectric data have been reported. This summary of dielectric data of adrenal glands and the temperature-dependent dielectric properties of the ovine adrenal medulla will accelerate the development of MWA technologies for hypertension treatment.","PeriodicalId":49052,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138569722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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