Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience最新文献_第2页

Corrigendum to “Previous institutionalization is associated with elevated functional connectivity between the nucleus accumbens and amygdala during aversive learning” [Dev. Cognit. Neurosci. 76 (2025), 101617] “先前的制度化与厌恶学习期间伏隔核和杏仁核之间的功能连接升高有关”的更正[Dev. Cognit]。神经科学，76(2025),101617。

IF 4.9 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101665

Benjamin M. Rosenberg , João F. Guassi Moreira , Adriana S. Méndez Leal , Natalie M. Saragosa-Harris , Elizabeth Gaines , Wesley J. Meredith , Clare F. McCann , Saché M. Coury , Yael Waizman , Emilia Ninova , Jennifer A. Silvers

引用次数: 0

Decreased sleep is linked longitudinally and directionally to alterations in the brain’s intrinsic functional architecture 睡眠减少在纵向和方向上都与大脑内在功能结构的改变有关

IF 4.9 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Pub Date : 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101668

M. Fiona Molloy , Aman Taxali , Mike Angstadt , Katherine Toda-Thorne , Katherine L. McCurry , Alexander Weigard , Omid Kardan , Camille Lehrmann , Joshua Vens , Cleanthis Michael , Mary M. Heitzeg , Chandra Sripada

Previous cross-sectional studies demonstrated that reduced sleep is associated with widespread changes in the brain’s intrinsic functional architecture. The present study extends this work by clarifying links between sleep and the developing brain during adolescence both longitudinally (across two years) and directionally (does reduced sleep cause connectivity changes or are connectivity changes the cause of reduced sleep?). Our novel approach combines the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, a longitudinal observational study of 11,878 youth, and a second sample of 76 adult participants scanned after a typical night of sleep and after a sleep deprivation causal manipulation. First, in the ABCD dataset, we identified a robust and generalizable neurosignature of reduced sleep. Second, in an independent sample of ABCD participants, we demonstrate that greater reductions in sleep duration across two years are significantly related to greater expression of this neurosignature. Third, in the sleep deprivation dataset, we show that expression of the ABCD reduced sleep neurosignature is significantly increased within individuals following sleep deprivation, and that neurosignatures of reduced sleep from the two samples exhibit significant spatial correspondence. These results clarify links between sleep and the developing brain and provide novel evidence that changes in sleep produce characteristic brain functional connectivity changes across adolescence.

之前的横断面研究表明，睡眠减少与大脑内在功能结构的广泛变化有关。目前的研究扩展了这项工作，从纵向（跨越两年）和方向（睡眠减少会导致连通性改变还是连通性改变导致睡眠减少？）两方面阐明了睡眠与青春期大脑发育之间的联系。我们的新方法结合了青少年大脑认知发展（ABCD）研究，这是一项对11878名青少年的纵向观察研究，以及76名成人参与者的第二个样本，他们在一个典型的睡眠之夜和睡眠剥夺因果操纵后进行扫描。首先，在ABCD数据集中，我们确定了睡眠减少的稳健且可推广的神经特征。其次，在ABCD参与者的独立样本中，我们证明了两年内睡眠时间的减少与这种神经特征的表达显著相关。第三，在睡眠剥夺数据集中，我们发现ABCD睡眠减少神经特征的表达在睡眠剥夺后显着增加，并且来自两个样本的睡眠减少神经特征表现出显著的空间对应性。这些结果阐明了睡眠与发育中的大脑之间的联系，并提供了新的证据，证明睡眠的变化会在整个青春期产生典型的大脑功能连接变化。

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引用次数: 0

The association between longitudinal changes in inter-hemispheric IPS functional connectivity and math gains depends on children’s age and task requirements 半球间IPS功能连接的纵向变化与数学成绩之间的关联取决于儿童的年龄和任务要求

IF 4.9 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101666

Macarena Suárez-Pellicioni , Gavin Price , James R. Booth

The role of the approximate number system (ANS) in scaffolding symbolic mathematics remains unresolved. A prior neuroimaging study from our group (Suárez-Pellicioni & Booth, 2018) found no significant longitudinal effects of ANS acuity—indexed by intraparietal sulcus (IPS) activation—on gains in math fluency. However, the absence of age-specific analyses and exclusive focus on fluency, which emphasizes retrieval, may have contributed to these null findings. To address these limitations, the present study examined whether age moderates the relationship between inter-hemispheric IPS functional connectivity during a non-symbolic comparison task and math skill. Specifically, we tested: (1) baseline associations at Time 1 (T1); (2) whether T1 connectivity predicts gains in math skill over time (scaffolding hypothesis); and (3) whether changes in connectivity relate to longitudinal gains. Forty-eight children completed a dot comparison task in the scanner at T1 and again two years later. Standardized measures of subtraction skill and math fluency were collected at both time points. We measured general psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) between IPS seeds and contralateral IPS regions. For subtraction skill, we found no evidence of a concurrent association at T1 or predictive effects of T1 connectivity moderated by age. However, changes in connectivity over time revealed an age-dependent pattern: younger children showed gains linked to increased right-left parietal connectivity, while older children showed gains with decreased connectivity. This suggests a developmental shift from effortful integration to more efficient processing. Effects were specific to subtraction, not fluency.

近似数系统（ANS）在脚手架符号数学中的作用尚未得到解决。我们小组之前的一项神经影像学研究（Suárez-Pellicioni & Booth, 2018）发现，通过顶叶内沟（IPS）激活来衡量的ANS灵敏度对数学流畅性的提高没有显著的纵向影响。然而，缺乏针对特定年龄的分析，以及只关注强调检索的流利性，可能导致了这些无效的发现。为了解决这些局限性，本研究考察了年龄是否会调节非符号比较任务中半球间IPS功能连接与数学技能之间的关系。具体来说，我们测试了：(1)时间1 （T1）的基线关联；(2) T1连接是否预测数学技能随时间的增长（脚手架假设）；(3)连通性的变化是否与纵向增益有关。48名儿童在T1和两年后在扫描仪上完成了点比较任务。在两个时间点收集减法技能和数学流畅性的标准化测量。我们测量了IPS种子和对侧IPS区域之间的一般心理生理相互作用（gPPI）。对于减法技能，我们没有发现T1同时关联的证据，也没有发现T1连通性随年龄而减弱的预测效应。然而，随着时间的推移，连通性的变化揭示了一种与年龄相关的模式：年幼的孩子表现出与左右顶叶连接增加相关的收益，而年长的孩子表现出与连接减少相关的收益。这表明从努力整合到更有效处理的发展转变。效果是针对减法的，而不是流畅性。

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引用次数: 0

Associations between prenatal paracetamol exposure and brain development from ages 4–16: A longitudinal MRI study 产前扑热息痛暴露与4-16岁大脑发育之间的关系：一项纵向MRI研究

IF 4.9 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101667

Stine Kleppe Krogsrud , Hedvig Nordeng , James M. Roe , Janne von Koss Torkildsen , Mollie E. Wood , Eivind Ystrom

Research has raised concerns regarding the potential impact of prenatal paracetamol exposure on fetal neurodevelopment. This is the first longitudinal study to investigate whether such exposure is related to structural brain development and cognitive abilities during childhood and adolescence. The sample includes 447 children aged 4.1–16.2 years with 905 MRI scans. The study is based on The Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Study (MoBa), and uses data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. The exposure variable is mothers’ self-reported use of paracetamol from prenatal and postnatal questionnaires. Among 447 children (229 girls; mean age 8.38 years), 193 (43.2 %) were prenatally exposed. Days of exposure range from 1 to 128 (mean 8.2). Vertex-wise linear mixed effect models showed that exposed children (n = 193; 393 scans) had slightly smaller cortical surface area and volume in some regions compared to non-exposed children. These results were seemingly driven by long-term exposed children (≥14 days in utero; n = 35; 72 scans, and exposed in all three trimesters, n = 21; 44 scans). However, group differences in brain structure were small with largely overlapping distributions, and the observational design and risk of unmeasured confounding preclude causal inference. Thus, the clinical significance remains uncertain. For cognitive abilities, results were reassuring showing no significant effect of prenatal paracetamol exposure on working memory capacity or IQ scores.

研究引起了人们对产前扑热息痛暴露对胎儿神经发育的潜在影响的关注。这是第一次纵向研究这种暴露是否与儿童和青少年时期的大脑结构发育和认知能力有关。样本包括447名4.1-16.2岁的儿童，进行了905次MRI扫描。该研究基于挪威母亲、父亲和儿童研究（MoBa），并使用了挪威医疗出生登记处的数据。暴露变量是母亲在产前和产后问卷中自我报告使用扑热息痛的情况。在447名儿童中（229名女孩，平均年龄8.38岁），193名（43.2% %）产前暴露。暴露天数为1至128天（平均8.2天）。顶点线性混合效应模型显示，与未暴露儿童相比，暴露儿童（n = 193；393次扫描）在某些区域的皮质表面积和体积略小。这些结果似乎是由长期暴露的儿童（≥14天子宫内，n = 35；72次扫描，并在所有三个月暴露，n = 21；44次扫描）驱动的。然而，大脑结构的组间差异很小，分布重叠很大，观察设计和未测量混杂的风险排除了因果推理。因此，临床意义仍不确定。在认知能力方面，结果令人放心，显示出产前接触扑热息痛对工作记忆能力或智商得分没有显著影响。

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引用次数: 0

Neurodevelopmental correlates of emotion regulation in adolescence: An accelerated longitudinal study 青少年情绪调节的神经发育相关性：一项加速的纵向研究

IF 4.9 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101664

Galit Karpov , Sara A. Heyn , Justin D. Russell , Taylor J. Keding , Ryan J. Herringa

Background

Adolescence is a period that coincides with a peak in both the onset of psychopathology and a sensitive period for neural development. One transdiagnostic characteristic of psychopathology is impaired emotion regulation (ER), a process with both implicit (automatic) and explicit (voluntary) underpinnings. The current study aims to better understand the normative neurodevelopment of these two components of ER in adolescents.

Methods

139 youth (aged 10–20 years) completed ER assessment during fMRI at baseline and one-year follow-up. Implicit and explicit ER were examined using an emotional N-Back and a cognitive reappraisal task, respectively. Linear-mixed effects modeling was used to identify regions of the frontal cortex (Schaefer atlas) and the amygdala and hippocampus (Tian atlas) whose activity was predicted by ER- and age-related variables, covaried for sex, childhood adversity, and psychopathology symptoms.

Results

Regions that displayed change across age were localized to the salience/ventral attention network in the right hemisphere. For implicit ER, mid-insula activity showed changes during early adolescence (∼10 years old), such that activity to negative stimuli increased during this time before plateauing. For explicit ER, the posterior insula, Rolandic Operculum, and paracentral lobule showed linear decreases in activity across the entire age range, where the decrease occurred at a faster rate in response to neutral relative to negative stimuli.

Conclusions

Functional changes in frontal circuits related to emotional attention may encode the development of ER during neurodevelopment. Maturation of these circuits seem to reach completion by mid-adolescence for implicit ER, but explicit ER continues developing across adolescence.

青少年时期是精神病理学发病的高峰期，也是神经发育的敏感期。精神病理学的一个跨诊断特征是情绪调节受损（ER），这是一个具有内隐（自动）和外显（自愿）基础的过程。目前的研究旨在更好地了解这两种ER成分在青少年中的规范性神经发育。方法139例青年（10 ~ 20岁）在基线和1年随访期间通过fMRI完成ER评估。内隐ER和外显ER分别采用情绪N-Back和认知重评任务进行检验。线性混合效应模型用于识别额叶皮质（Schaefer图谱）、杏仁核和海马体（Tian图谱）的区域，这些区域的活动可通过内质网和年龄相关变量预测，并与性别、童年逆境和精神病理症状共变。结果表现出不同年龄变化的区域集中在右半球的显著/腹侧注意网络。对于内隐内质网，中岛活动在青春期早期（~ 10岁）表现出变化，因此对负刺激的活动在此期间增加，然后趋于稳定。对于外显ER，脑岛后叶、罗兰底盖和中央旁小叶的活动在整个年龄范围内呈线性下降，其中中性刺激的下降速度比消极刺激快。结论在神经发育过程中，与情绪注意相关的额叶神经回路的功能改变可能编码了内质网的发育。这些回路的成熟似乎在青春期中期达到隐式内质网的完成，但显式内质网在整个青春期继续发展。

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引用次数: 0

Precision functional mapping of the individual human brain near birth 人类大脑在出生时的精确功能图。

IF 4.9 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101663

Alyssa K. Labonte , Julia Moser , M. Catalina Camacho , Jiaxin Cindy Tu , Muriah D. Wheelock , Timothy O. Laumann , Evan M. Gordon , Damien A. Fair , Chad M. Sylvester

Cortical areas are a fundamental organizational property of the brain, but their development in humans is not well understood. Key unanswered questions include whether cortical areas are fully established near birth, the extent of individual variation in the arrangement of cortical areas, and whether any such individual variation in cortical area location is greater in later-developing association areas as compared to earlier-developing sensorimotor areas. To address these questions, we used functional MRI to collect precision functional mapping (PFM) data in eight individual neonates (mean 42.7 weeks postmenstrual age) over 2–5 days (mean 77.9 min of low motion data per subject [framewise displacement <0.1]). Each subject’s dataset was split into two roughly equal halves of data from different days of data collection to measure within-subject reliability and across-subject similarity. Whole-brain patterns of functional connectivity (FC) reached a mean within-subject, across-day reliability of r = 0.78 with 41.9 min of data. Across subject similarity of whole-brain FC was r = 0.62 on average and significantly lower than within-subject similarity (t = 5.9, p < 0.001). Using established methods to identify transitions in FC across the cortical surface, we identified sets of cortical areas for each individual that were subject-specific and highly reliable across split-halves (mean z = 4.4, SD=1.4). The arrangement of cortical areas was thus individually specific across the entire cortical surface, and this individual specificity did not vary as a function of the sensorimotor-association axis. This study establishes the feasibility of neonatal PFM and suggests that cortical area arrangement is individually specific and largely established shortly following birth.

皮质区是大脑的基本组织属性，但它们在人类中的发育尚不清楚。未解决的关键问题包括大脑皮层区域是否在出生时就完全建立，大脑皮层区域排列的个体差异程度，以及大脑皮层区域位置的个体差异是否在发育较晚的联想区比发育较早的感觉运动区更大。为了解决这些问题，我们使用功能性MRI收集了8名新生儿（平均经后42.7周）在2-5天内（平均77.9 分钟）的精确功能映射（PFM）数据[框架位移]

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引用次数: 0

The development of BNST intrinsic functional connectivity from 8 to 23 years of age: A PNC cohort study 8 - 23岁间脑脊椎骨固有功能连通性的发展：一项PNC队列研究

IF 4.9 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101661

Elizabeth A. Flook , Nicole L. Zabik , Brandee Feola , Baxter Rogers , Jennifer Urbano Blackford

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a small subcortical region that plays a critical role in a wide array of functions, including emotion processing, reward processing, and social interactions. The BNST intrinsic functional network has been well characterized in adults. Despite evidence that BNST connectivity changes during development, maturation of the BNST network has been understudied. To address this gap, we investigated age-related changes in BNST intrinsic connectivity in youth aged 8 – 23 years using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC), a large cross-sectional dataset. We measured intrinsic connectivity within a BNST network and across the whole brain, testing for effects of age, sex, and age x sex. The BNST ROI network analysis revealed a significant decrease with age for BNST-hypothalamus connectivity and, in boys, BNST-amygdala connectivity. The whole-brain results showed that BNST connectivity was largely established by middle childhood, though there were notable increases in BNST connectivity with motor and planning regions and decreases with age in BNST-subcortical connectivity. These data suggest a shift from subcortical to control-related BNST connectivity with age during this dynamic maturational window.

终纹床核（BNST）是一个小的皮层下区域，在包括情绪处理、奖励处理和社会互动在内的一系列功能中发挥关键作用。在成人中，BNST的内在功能网络已经得到了很好的表征。尽管有证据表明BNST连接在发育过程中会发生变化，但BNST网络的成熟尚未得到充分研究。为了解决这一差距，我们利用费城神经发育队列（PNC）的静息状态功能磁共振成像扫描，研究了8 - 23岁青年BNST内在连通性的年龄相关变化。我们测量了BNST网络和整个大脑的内在连通性，测试了年龄、性别和性别对其的影响。BNST ROI网络分析显示，随着年龄的增长，bst -下丘脑连通性显著下降，而在男孩中，bst -杏仁核连通性显著下降。全脑结果显示，脑中脑皮层连接主要在儿童中期建立，尽管脑中脑皮层与运动和规划区域的连通性显著增加，而皮层下的连通性随着年龄的增长而下降。这些数据表明，在这个动态的成熟窗口期，随着年龄的增长，从皮层下到控制相关的BNST连接发生了转变。

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引用次数: 0

Contributions of neighborhood violent crime and perceived neighborhood safety to cognition and mental health in the adolescent brain cognitive development study 青少年大脑认知发展研究中邻里暴力犯罪和邻里安全感对认知和心理健康的影响

IF 4.9 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Pub Date : 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101660

Patrick M. Lindsley , Nourhan M. Elsayed , Deanna M. Barch

Introduction

This study investigates how objective neighborhood violence and perceived neighborhood safety (PNS) relate to adolescent mental health, cognitive performance, and brain structure. We examined whether PNS moderated the effects of neighborhood violence, explored neural correlates of PNS, tested longitudinal relationships, and assessed sociodemographic and psychological predictors of PNS.

Methods

Data from the ABCD Study (n = 11,865) were used to examine associations between PNS, violent crime, and youth outcomes. Measures included youth and caregiver surveys, FBI crime data, NIH Toolbox cognitive tasks, and MRI-based brain volume metrics in stress-related regions.

Results

PNS, but not objective violence, was associated with fewer mental health symptoms and better cognitive performance. PNS was also related to sociodemographic variables and greater right amygdala volume. Longitudinally, baseline PNS predicted later cognitive performance, while baseline mental health and working memory predicted future PNS, indicating bidirectional effects.

Discussion

Perceived safety, rather than objective crime, was linked to adolescent mental health, cognition, and brain structure. PNS was influenced by sociodemographic and psychological factors, and mental health predicted declines in safety perception. These findings emphasize the developmental importance of subjective environmental experiences.

本研究探讨了客观邻里暴力和感知邻里安全（PNS）与青少年心理健康、认知表现和大脑结构的关系。我们研究了PNS是否能缓和邻里暴力的影响，探索了PNS的神经相关性，测试了PNS的纵向关系，并评估了PNS的社会人口学和心理预测因子。方法使用ABCD研究（n = 11865）的数据来检查PNS、暴力犯罪和青少年结局之间的关系。测量包括青少年和照顾者调查、FBI犯罪数据、NIH工具箱认知任务和基于核磁共振成像的压力相关区域脑容量指标。结果spns与较少的心理健康症状和更好的认知表现相关，但与客观暴力无关。PNS还与社会人口学变量和右侧杏仁核体积增大有关。纵向上，基线PNS预测后来的认知表现，而基线心理健康和工作记忆预测未来的PNS，表明双向效应。与青少年心理健康、认知和大脑结构相关的是感知安全，而非客观犯罪。PNS受社会人口学和心理因素的影响，心理健康预示着安全感知的下降。这些发现强调了主观环境体验对发展的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Bidirectional associations between self-referential processing and depressive symptoms in early adolescents: A two-wave EEG study 青少年早期自我参照加工与抑郁症状的双向关联：一项双波脑电图研究。

IF 4.9 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101658

Pan Liu, Jaron X.Y. Tan

The transition into adolescence is a critical period that features rapid development of the self and elevated depressive symptoms. Maladaptive self-referential processing is an identified cognitive risk factor that predicts the development of depression; elevated depressive symptoms may also reinforce maladaptive patterns of self-referential processing. However, longitudinal data that speak to the directional associations between these two constructs are limited: extant research has focused on simple behavioral measures of self-referential processing, and no work has examined the directional relationships between the neural substrates of self-referential processing and depressive symptoms. In this study, 115 community-dwelling youths (66 girls; Mean age/SD =11.00/1.16 years) completed an EEG version of the Self-Referent Encoding Task (SRET) and reported their depressive symptoms at baseline and approximately a year later. A larger anterior late positive potential (LPP) elicited by negative self-referential processing at T1 predicted higher depressive symptoms a year later, with baseline symptoms controlled for. Further, depressive symptoms at T1 predicted higher drift rate during negative self-referential processing at T2, with baseline drift rate controlled for. We provided novel evidence concerning the bidirectional relationships between self-referential processing and depressive symptoms in early adolescence, with differential patterns observed in different indices of self-referential processing (neural or behavioral).

进入青春期是自我快速发展和抑郁症状加剧的关键时期。适应不良的自我参照加工是预测抑郁症发展的认知危险因素；抑郁症状的升高也可能强化自我参照处理的不适应模式。然而，说明这两个构念之间的定向关联的纵向数据是有限的：现有的研究主要集中在自我参照加工的简单行为测量上，没有工作检查自我参照加工的神经基质与抑郁症状之间的定向关系。在这项研究中，115名社区青年（66名女孩，平均年龄/SD =11.00/1.16岁）完成了脑电图版本的自我参照编码任务（SRET），并在基线和大约一年后报告了他们的抑郁症状。在基线症状得到控制的情况下，T1时由负性自我参照加工诱发的较大的前晚期正电位（LPP）预测一年后较高的抑郁症状。此外，T1时的抑郁症状预测T2时负性自我参照加工的漂移率更高，基线漂移率控制为。我们为青少年早期自我参照加工与抑郁症状之间的双向关系提供了新的证据，在不同的自我参照加工指数（神经或行为）中观察到不同的模式。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing pediatric MRI research protocols: Utilizing developmentally appropriate principles and incorporating certified child life specialists 加强儿童核磁共振研究方案：利用发展适当的原则，并纳入认证的儿童生活专家。

IF 4.9 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101659

Lauren Holley , Cala Hefferan , Diane Bales , Assaf Oshri , Charles Geier

Children participating in MRI research often encounter emotionally and physically demanding protocols, yet research environments often do not incorporate the same emotional safeguards commonly found in clinical settings. In the past quarter-century, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) emerged as a foundational tool for examining brain structure and function across the lifespan. Working with a Certified Child Life Specialist (CCLS) and adopting the child life principles of assessment, preparation, education, rapport building, play, family-centered care, environmental planning, and community engagement into research protocols can significantly enhance pediatric research protocols and study outcomes. Practical guidance is offered for implementing emotionally safe practices across various phases of research, from recruitment to post-visit debriefing for each developmental age group.

参与MRI研究的儿童经常会遇到情感和身体上的苛刻协议，然而研究环境通常不包括临床环境中常见的情感保障。在过去的四分之一世纪里，功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）成为了一种检查大脑结构和功能的基本工具。与认证儿童生活专家（CCLS）合作，并将评估、准备、教育、建立关系、游戏、以家庭为中心的护理、环境规划和社区参与等儿童生活原则纳入研究方案，可以显著提高儿科研究方案和研究成果。为在研究的各个阶段实施情感安全实践提供了实用指导，从招募到每个发育年龄组的访问后汇报。

引用次数: 0