Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience最新文献_第6页

Measuring early experiences: Challenges and future directions 衡量早期经验：挑战和未来方向。

IF 4.9 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Pub Date : 2025-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101637

Kathryn L. Humphreys, Lucy S. King

The brain’s remarkable plasticity during early development makes it highly responsive to environmental input, with early experiences having lasting effects on functioning and development. Both adversity and variations in normative caregiving experiences influence developmental trajectories. Accurately assessing these diverse experiences is crucial for understanding their role in shaping brain development, yet current measurement approaches face significant challenges that limit our ability to capture the complex, multidimensional nature of children's environmental exposures. This review examines seven key challenges in measuring early experiences: (1) Conflation of exposure and response, (2) Oversimplification of complex experiences, (3) Informant bias and reliability issues, (4) Biomarker overinterpretation and inferential leaps, (5) Limited ecological validity, (6) Genetic confounding, and (7) Limited generalizability across cultures and communities. We discuss how these limitations constrain our understanding of how diverse early experiences shape brain development and propose evidence-based approaches to address each challenge. Emerging frameworks that distinguish between different dimensions of adversity, technological advances in passive monitoring, and genetically-informed research designs offer promising paths forward. By advancing precise, high-dimensional approaches to measuring early experiences, researchers can improve understanding of fundamental neurodevelopmental processes while addressing questions of practical significance in education, mental health, and social policy.

大脑在早期发育阶段的显著可塑性使其对环境输入的反应高度敏感，早期的经历对功能和发育有持久的影响。逆境和规范照料经验的变化都会影响发育轨迹。准确评估这些不同的经历对于理解它们在塑造大脑发育中的作用至关重要，但目前的测量方法面临着重大挑战，限制了我们捕捉儿童环境暴露的复杂、多维性质的能力。本综述探讨了测量早期经验的七个关键挑战：(1)暴露和反应的合并，(2)复杂经验的过度简化，(3)信息偏差和可靠性问题，(4)生物标记物的过度解释和推断飞跃，(5)有限的生态有效性，(6)遗传混淆，以及(7)有限的跨文化和社区的普遍性。我们讨论了这些限制如何限制我们对不同早期经历如何影响大脑发育的理解，并提出了基于证据的方法来解决每个挑战。新兴的框架区分了逆境的不同维度、被动监测的技术进步和基因知情的研究设计，为未来提供了有希望的道路。通过推进精确、高维的方法来测量早期经验，研究人员可以提高对基本神经发育过程的理解，同时解决教育、心理健康和社会政策方面的实际意义问题。

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引用次数: 0

Cortical latency predicts reading fluency from late childhood to early adolescence 皮层潜伏期预测从童年晚期到青春期早期的阅读流畅性

IF 4.9 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Pub Date : 2025-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101616

Fang Wang , Quynh Trang H. Nguyen , Blair Kaneshiro , Anthony M. Norcia , Bruce D. McCandliss

Progressive development of reading comprehension fluency from late childhood to early adolescence is remarkably linked to changes in the temporal dynamics of visual word recognition. EEG/ERP based measures of how an individual participant’s cortical timing for visual word recognition change over development are limited by low reliability. We present a novel approach to this challenge that individually models cortical latency to visual word forms by extracting phase values from Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials (SSVEPs) for each participant. The resulting precise and reliable timing information for neural signatures underlying visual word form processes help account for the development of fluent reading comprehension. Typically developing readers (

n = 68

), aged 8–15 years, viewed streams of four-character stimuli presented at 3 Hz, which evoked large significant power spikes from every participant. Linear phase by frequency functions across harmonics at 3, 6, and 9 Hz were consistent with a delay model, indicating a mean latency of 170 ms. Subject-level latencies revealed (a) high internal consistency (

r = . 94

); (b) stability across variations in character-level (letters, unfamiliar pseudo-characters) and word-form level (words, nonwords, pseudofont strings) manipulations; (c) a linear relationship with age; and most remarkably, (d) a strong relationship with individual variation in the fluency of reading comprehension, that was (e) mediated by word naming speed. Results suggest a promising new approach for investigating the neural basis of reading development across several levels of processes, with temporal precision at the individual level that holds translational significance for promoting population-level fluency in reading comprehension.

从童年晚期到青春期早期，阅读理解流畅性的逐步发展与视觉单词识别的时间动态变化有着显著的联系。基于EEG/ERP的个体参与者视觉词识别皮层时间随发展变化的测量方法可靠性较低。我们提出了一种新的方法来应对这一挑战，即通过提取每个参与者的稳态视觉诱发电位（ssvep）的相位值来单独模拟皮层对视觉词形式的潜伏期。由此产生的精确、可靠的神经信号时序信息有助于解释流畅阅读理解的发展。典型发展的读者（n=68），年龄8-15岁，观看了以3hz呈现的四字刺激流，每个参与者都引起了显著的能量峰值。频率函数在3、6和9 Hz谐波上的线性相位与延迟模型一致，表明平均延迟为170 ms。受试者水平潜伏期显示(a)内部一致性高（r= 0.94）；(b)字符级（字母、不熟悉的伪字符）和词形级（单词、非单词、伪字体字符串）操作的稳定性；(c)与年龄成线性关系；最值得注意的是，阅读理解的流畅性与个体差异有很强的关系，这是由单词命名速度介导的。研究结果为研究阅读发展的神经基础提供了一种有希望的新方法，这种方法在个体水平上具有时间精度，对促进整体水平的阅读理解流畅性具有翻译意义。

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引用次数: 0

Distinct theta oscillation coherence patterns during visual selective attention in children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 在有和没有注意缺陷/多动障碍儿童的视觉选择性注意中，不同的θ振荡连贯模式

IF 4.9 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Pub Date : 2025-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101636

Jialiang Guo , Yuanjun Kong , Bingkun Li , Xiangsheng Luo , Chen Dang , Jipeng Huang , Xuye Yuan , Li Sun , Yan Song

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have problems with visual selective attention. The present study explored the phase coherence connectivity of theta oscillations in 76 typically developing (TD) children and 85 medication-naive children with ADHD (7–13 years) while they performed a visual search task. We identified distinct coherence modulation patterns in the theta frequency band in the TD and ADHD groups, with weaker coherence between the frontal and target-contralateral posterior areas than between the frontal and target-ipsilateral posterior areas. TD children demonstrated significant coherence modulation between frontal and right posterior (FRP) areas, whereas children with ADHD showed predominant modulation between frontal and left posterior (FLP) areas. Trials with greater FLP modulation were associated with faster responses in the ADHD group and more stable responses in the TD group. FLP modulation increased with age in TD children. These findings indicate that the theta coherence modulation between the frontal and posterior areas may reflect the efficient suppression of bottom-up sensory processing to prioritize top-down control. Compared with TD children, children with ADHD develop distinct specialized brain networks for visual attention. The FLP modulation in children with ADHD may signify compensatory maturation of neural networks involved in visual attention processes.

患有注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）的儿童在视觉选择性注意方面存在问题。本研究对76名正常发育（TD）儿童和85名未接受药物治疗的ADHD儿童（7-13岁）在执行视觉搜索任务时theta振荡的相位相干连通性进行了研究。我们在TD和ADHD组中发现了明显的θ波段相干调制模式，额叶和目标-对侧后区之间的相干性弱于额叶和目标-同侧后区之间的相干性。TD儿童在额叶和右后脑（FRP）区域之间表现出显著的相干调节，而ADHD儿童在额叶和左后脑（FLP）区域之间表现出主要的调节。FLP调节更大的试验与ADHD组更快的反应和TD组更稳定的反应相关。TD患儿的FLP调节随年龄增加而增加。这些研究结果表明，前额和后部之间的θ相干调制可能反映了自下而上的感觉加工的有效抑制，以优先考虑自上而下的控制。与TD儿童相比，ADHD儿童具有明显的视觉注意专用脑网络。ADHD儿童的FLP调节可能表明参与视觉注意过程的神经网络的代偿性成熟。

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引用次数: 0

Intergenerational neuroimaging’s present and future: Considering sex as a biological variable to enhance knowledge of brain development through parent–offspring similarity 代际神经成像的现在和未来：考虑性别作为一个生物学变量，通过亲子相似性来增强对大脑发育的认识。

IF 4.9 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Pub Date : 2025-10-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101635

Izumi Matsudaira , Ryo Yamaguchi

Intergenerational neuroimaging, which is used to investigate brain similarities between parent–offspring dyads, promises to elucidate the neural substrates of intergenerational transmission. However, merely identifying similar brain regions or networks between parents and offspring is not sufficient to reveal the mechanisms underlying this transmission. To understand these mechanisms, it is necessary to consider the potential contributions of shared genetic and environmental factors to the development of brain features that are similar between parents and offspring. Sex as a biological variable (SABV), a key factor in intergenerational neuroimaging, provides crucial insights into brain development. Although sex-based differences in brain developmental trajectories have been investigated, the role of SABV in parent–offspring brain similarity has been overlooked. In this narrative review, we summarize the key findings of previous intergenerational neuroimaging studies, grouping them into three categories based on study design: studies of mother–offspring dyads, studies combining fathers and mothers, and studies distinguishing between father–offspring and mother–offspring dyads. Furthermore, we highlight the genetic and environmental factors that may underlie sex-specific parent–offspring brain similarities. Finally, we propose further considerations to clarify the significance of parent–offspring brain similarity in human brain development. Advancements in intergenerational neuroimaging may shed light on mechanisms by which mental health risk is transmitted across generations, potentially providing opportunities for more effective prevention, stratification, and treatment.

代际神经成像，用于研究父母-后代之间的大脑相似性，有望阐明代际传递的神经基础。然而，仅仅确定父母和后代之间相似的大脑区域或网络不足以揭示这种传递的机制。为了理解这些机制，有必要考虑共同的遗传和环境因素对父母和后代之间相似的大脑特征发育的潜在贡献。性别作为生物变量（SABV）是代际神经成像的一个关键因素，为大脑发育提供了重要的见解。虽然已经研究了大脑发育轨迹的性别差异，但SABV在亲子大脑相似性中的作用一直被忽视。在这篇叙述性综述中，我们总结了以往代际神经影像学研究的主要发现，并根据研究设计将它们分为三类：母亲-后代的研究，父亲和母亲结合的研究，以及区分父亲-后代和母亲-后代的研究。此外，我们强调遗传和环境因素可能是性别特异性的父母-后代大脑相似性的基础。最后，我们提出进一步的考虑，以阐明亲子大脑相似性在人类大脑发育中的意义。代际神经影像学的进步可能会揭示精神健康风险跨代传递的机制，可能为更有效的预防、分层和治疗提供机会。

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引用次数: 0

Tracking functional brain networks in preterm and term infants using precision mapping 使用精确映射追踪早产儿和足月儿的脑功能网络。

IF 4.9 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Pub Date : 2025-10-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101629

Diego Derman, Silvina L. Ferradal

Preterm birth is a known risk factor for neurodevelopmental disabilities, but early neurobehavioral assessments and structural imaging often fail to predict long-term outcomes. This limitation underscores the need for alternative biomarkers that reflect early brain organization. Resting-state functional connectivity offers a powerful tool to track functional brain organization by characterizing resting-state networks (RSNs), potentially offering more sensitive biomarkers. However, most fMRI studies in infant populations use group-level analyses that average subject-specific data across several weeks of development, reducing sensitivity to subtle, time-sensitive deviations from typical brain trajectories, particularly in higher-order association networks. Using a recently introduced precision mapping approach, we estimated individual resting-state networks (RSNs) in a large cohort of term and preterm neonates from the developing Human Connectome Project. RSN connectivity strength increased linearly with age at scan, with primary sensory networks maturing earlier and higher-order association networks, including the default mode network (DMN), showing more gradual but pronounced changes, evolving from an immature organization in preterm infants to a more adult-like pattern in term-born infants. Longitudinal data from a subset of preterm infants confirmed ongoing network development shortly after birth. Despite this maturation, preterm infants did not reach the connectivity levels of term-born infants by term-equivalent age. These findings demonstrate that individualized RSN mapping captures heterogeneous developmental trajectories in the neonatal brain and highlights higher-order association networks, particularly the DMN, as promising early markers for monitoring neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonates.

早产是已知的神经发育障碍的危险因素，但早期的神经行为评估和结构成像往往不能预测长期结果。这一限制强调了对反映早期大脑组织的替代生物标志物的需求。静息状态功能连接提供了一个强大的工具，通过表征静息状态网络（rsn）来跟踪功能性大脑组织，可能提供更敏感的生物标志物。然而，大多数针对婴儿群体的fMRI研究使用的是群体水平的分析，即在几个星期的发育过程中平均受试者特定数据，从而降低了对典型大脑轨迹的细微、时间敏感偏差的敏感性，特别是在高阶关联网络中。使用最近引入的精确映射方法，我们估计了来自发展中的人类连接组计划的大量足月和早产儿的个体静息状态网络（rsn）。RSN连通性强度随扫描年龄的增长呈线性增长，初级感觉网络成熟得更早，高阶关联网络（包括默认模式网络（DMN））的变化更缓慢但明显，从早产儿的不成熟组织演变为足月婴儿的更像成年人的模式。来自一组早产儿的纵向数据证实，出生后不久，网络就在持续发展。尽管这种成熟，早产儿没有达到足月等龄足月婴儿的连通性水平。这些发现表明，个性化的RSN图谱捕获了新生儿大脑的异质发育轨迹，并突出了高阶关联网络，特别是DMN，作为监测新生儿神经发育结果的有希望的早期标记。

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引用次数: 0

Meaningful Associations Redux: Quantifying and interpreting effect size in the context of the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study 意义关联Redux：量化和解释青少年大脑和认知发展研究背景下的效应大小。

IF 4.9 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101630

Anthony Steven Dick , Jonathan S. Comer , Mohammadreza Bayat , Marilyn Curtis , Timothy Hayes , Shannon M. Pruden , Samuel W. Hawes , Raul Gonzalez , Angela R. Laird , Paulo A. Graziano

The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study represents a pioneering initiative that aims to unravel the complexities of behavioral and neural development in youth. In this paper, we address the challenges inherent in extracting meaningful insights from the extensive data compiled by the ABCD initiative. Our focus is on advocating for best practices in reproducible research, interpretation of effect size, and reporting of principled results. Central to this discourse is a detailed examination of effect sizes within the expansive ABCD dataset, and how they can be meaningfully interpreted in the context of large-scale research. We describe the hurdles associated with transitioning from conventional small-sample studies to the opportunities and challenges of large samples, including the phenomenon of statistically significant but practically trivial effects. To promote transparent and rigorous inference, we present a four-part framework to evaluate observed effects: researchers should define a smallest effect size of interest (SESOI), compare estimates to relevant benchmarks, test whether observed effects exceed meaningful thresholds (e.g., through equivalence testing), and visualize results to enhance interpretation and communication. Applying this framework yields a clearer, more cumulative understanding of effect size interpretation and contributes substantively to the refinement of scientific practices within adolescent brain and cognitive development research.

青少年大脑认知发展（ABCD）研究代表了一项开创性的倡议，旨在揭示青少年行为和神经发展的复杂性。在本文中，我们解决了从ABCD计划编制的大量数据中提取有意义的见解所固有的挑战。我们的重点是倡导可重复研究的最佳实践，解释效应大小，并报告原则性结果。本文的核心内容是对广泛的ABCD数据集中的效应大小进行详细检查，以及如何在大规模研究的背景下对它们进行有意义的解释。我们描述了从传统的小样本研究过渡到大样本的机遇和挑战所带来的障碍，包括统计上显着但实际上微不足道的影响现象。为了促进透明和严格的推断，我们提出了一个由四部分组成的框架来评估观察到的效应：研究人员应该定义兴趣最小效应大小（SESOI），将估计与相关基准进行比较，测试观察到的效应是否超过有意义的阈值（例如，通过等效检验），并将结果可视化以加强解释和交流。应用这一框架可以更清晰、更累积地理解效应大小的解释，并对改进青少年大脑和认知发展研究中的科学实践做出实质性贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Working memory-related brain activations and deactivations linked with adolescent substance use via alexithymia 通过述情障碍与青少年物质使用相关的工作记忆相关的大脑激活和失活。

IF 4.9 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101634

Benjelene D. Sutherland , Lauren D. Hill-Bowen , Elisa M. Trucco , Angela R. Laird , Matthew T. Sutherland

Introduction

Adolescent substance use (SU) rates remain high, speaking to continued need for enhanced insight into etiological factors. While working memory-related task performance and brain activity have been highlighted as potential predictors, mechanistic links to SU remain unclear. One possible link explored here is alexithymia, which is characterized by difficulty describing, identifying, and recognizing emotions and associated with altered prefrontal cortex (PFC) and superior temporal gyrus (STG) activity.

Methods

Adolescents (n = 137) from a longitudinal study completed a n-back working memory (WM) task during fMRI scanning at baseline. Utilizing serial mediation models, we considered the interrelations between WM-related brain activity (i.e., lateral PFC [lPFC], STG), task performance (i.e., d-prime), Toronto Alexithymia Scale scores (i.e., difficulty describing feelings), and self-reported SU variables at follow-up. Six models estimated the influence of lPFC/STG activity on e-cigarette, cannabis, and alcohol use via task performance and alexithymia.

Results

In the absence of serial mediation, we observed a simple mediation effect linking brain activity and SU via alexithymia. Specifically, less lPFC WM-related activation was linked with higher alexithymia which, in turn, predicted more e-cigarette use assessed over a year later. Conversely, less STG deactivation was linked with higher alexithymia, which predicted more e-cigarette use. Significant indirect effects were not detected in the cannabis or alcohol models.

Conclusions

These outcomes highlight alexithymia as a mechanistic link between WM abilities and e-cigarette use. Functional alterations in WM-related brain regions may render some adolescents prone to difficulty communicating feelings and potential nicotine use to modulate emotions or connect socially.

青少年物质使用（SU）率仍然很高，说明继续需要加强对病因因素的了解。虽然与工作记忆相关的任务表现和大脑活动已被强调为潜在的预测因素，但与SU的机制联系仍不清楚。本文探讨的一个可能的联系是述情障碍，其特征是难以描述、识别和识别情绪，并与前额叶皮层（PFC）和颞上回（STG）活动的改变有关。方法：来自纵向研究的青少年（n = 137）在基线fMRI扫描期间完成了n-back工作记忆（WM）任务。利用串行中介模型，我们考虑了wm相关的大脑活动（即侧PFC， STG），任务表现（即d-prime），多伦多述情量表得分（即描述感觉的难度）和自我报告的SU变量之间的相互关系。六个模型通过任务表现和述情障碍估计了lPFC/STG活动对电子烟、大麻和酒精使用的影响。结果：在没有串行中介的情况下，我们观察到通过述情障碍将脑活动与SU联系起来的简单中介效应。具体来说，lPFC wm相关激活的减少与述情障碍的增加有关，而述情障碍反过来又预示着一年后评估的电子烟使用的增加。相反，较少的STG失活与较高的述情障碍有关，这预示着更多的电子烟使用。在大麻或酒精模型中未发现显著的间接影响。结论：这些结果强调述情障碍是WM能力和电子烟使用之间的机制联系。脑白质相关区域的功能改变可能导致一些青少年容易出现情感交流困难，并可能使用尼古丁来调节情绪或社交联系。

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引用次数: 0

Linking reinforcement learning, working memory, and choice dynamics to age and symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescence 将强化学习、工作记忆和选择动态与年龄和青春期焦虑和抑郁症状联系起来。

IF 4.9 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101626

Erik R. Frogner , Andreas Dahl , Rikka Kjelkenes , Torgeir Moberget , Anne G.E. Collins , Lars T. Westlye , Mads L. Pedersen

Adolescence is a sensitive period characterized by significant neurocognitive development, with important implications for learning and decision-making. Working memory and reinforcement learning are essential for decision making and real-life dynamic adaptation to the environment and are often affected in individuals with anxiety and depression. Using a cognitive computational approach, we investigated associations between working memory, reinforcement learning, age, and symptoms of generalized anxiety and depression in 193 adolescents aged 12–24 years. Participants completed the Reinforcement Learning Working Memory (RLWM) task. To gain insight into the dynamics underlying instrumental learning behavior, we employed a computational model that combines the RLWM model with a Linear Ballistic Accumulator (RLWM-LBA), to quantify processes related to working memory and reinforcement learning, as well as choice dynamics underlying reaction times. We observed an age-related increase in task performance, but no differences depending on symptoms. Bayesian regression models revealed strong evidence for an association between age and the start point variability parameter of the LBA module, suggesting reduced choice stochasticity in older adolescents. In line with the behavioral findings, we found anecdotal to moderate evidence for no associations between RLWM-LBA parameters and symptom sum scores. Lastly, we trained regression models testing the utility of RLWM-LBA parameters for predicting age and symptom burden, yielding poor predictive performance. This study highlights differences in choice dynamics underlying age-related improvements in instrumental learning, while finding that cognitive differences identified in case-control studies did not generalize to symptom variation in this sample from the general adolescent population.

青春期是神经认知发育的敏感时期，对学习和决策具有重要意义。工作记忆和强化学习对于决策和现实生活中对环境的动态适应至关重要，并且经常受到焦虑和抑郁个体的影响。使用认知计算方法，我们调查了193名12-24岁青少年的工作记忆、强化学习、年龄和广泛性焦虑和抑郁症状之间的关系。参与者完成了强化学习工作记忆（RLWM）任务。为了深入了解工具学习行为背后的动态，我们采用了一个将RLWM模型与线性弹道累加器（RLWM- lba）相结合的计算模型，来量化与工作记忆和强化学习相关的过程，以及反应时间背后的选择动态。我们观察到与年龄相关的任务表现增加，但没有取决于症状的差异。贝叶斯回归模型显示，年龄与LBA模块的起始点变异性参数之间存在关联，表明年龄较大的青少年的选择随机性降低。与行为学研究结果一致，我们发现RLWM-LBA参数与症状总和评分之间没有关联的轶事到中等证据。最后，我们训练回归模型来测试RLWM-LBA参数在预测年龄和症状负担方面的效用，但预测效果不佳。本研究强调了器乐学习中与年龄相关的进步背后的选择动力差异，同时发现在病例对照研究中发现的认知差异并没有推广到来自一般青少年人群的样本的症状变化。

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引用次数: 0

Causal dynamics of memory circuits in mathematical development from childhood to adulthood 从童年到成年数学发展中记忆回路的因果动力学。

IF 4.9 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101628

Ruizhe Liu , Hyesang Chang , Yuan Zhang , Vinod Menon

Mathematical cognition engages a distributed brain network, but the causal dynamics of information flow within it, particularly how memory circuits interact with other brain regions across development, remain unknown. We examined causal dynamic interactions in typically developing children and adolescents/young adults (AYA) using fMRI during three tasks involving mental arithmetic and symbolic and non-symbolic number comparison. Using multivariate dynamic state-space identification modeling, we found that causal dynamic interactions differed between children and AYA across all three tasks, especially during arithmetic processing. The left medial temporal lobe (MTL) served as a causal signaling hub in AYA across all three tasks, but not in children. The left angular gyrus (AG) maintained consistent hub-like properties during arithmetic task across development. Compared to AYA, children exhibited heightened causal interactions in both the MTL and AG. Moreover, network hub properties of these regions correlated with individual’s mathematical achievement specifically during arithmetic processing. Together, we found that the MTL transitioned from heightened, context-dependent, interactions in childhood to a stable causal hub in adulthood, while the AG maintained as a hub during arithmetic processing across development. This dissociation between memory systems, coupled with their task-specific relationship to mathematical abilities, provides novel insights into how brain networks mature to support mathematical cognition.

数学认知涉及到一个分布式的大脑网络，但其中信息流的因果动态，特别是记忆回路在发展过程中如何与其他大脑区域相互作用，仍然未知。本研究利用功能磁共振成像（fMRI）研究了正常发育儿童和青少年/年轻人（AYA）在心算、符号和非符号数字比较三个任务中的因果动态相互作用。使用多元动态状态空间识别模型，我们发现儿童和人工智能之间的因果动态交互在所有三个任务中都存在差异，特别是在算术处理过程中。左侧内侧颞叶（MTL）在所有三个任务中都是AYA的因果信号中枢，但在儿童中不是。在整个发育过程中，左角脑回（AG）在算术任务中保持一致的中心状性质。与AYA相比，儿童在MTL和AG中表现出更高的因果相互作用。此外，这些区域的网络集线器特性与个体在算术处理过程中的数学成绩有显著的相关性。总之，我们发现MTL从童年时期高度的、情境依赖的相互作用转变为成年期稳定的因果中心，而AG在整个发展过程中仍然是算术处理的中心。这种记忆系统之间的分离，加上它们与数学能力的特定任务关系，为大脑网络如何成熟到支持数学认知提供了新的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Brain functional connectivity, but not neuroanatomy, captures the interrelationship between sex and gender in preadolescents 大脑功能连接，而不是神经解剖学，捕捉了青春期前的性和性别之间的相互关系。

IF 4.9 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101624

Athanasia Metoki , Roselyne J. Chauvin , Evan M. Gordon , Timothy O. Laumann , Benjamin P. Kay , Babatunde Adeyemo , Samuel R. Krimmel , Scott Marek , Anxu Wang , Andrew N. Van , Noah J. Baden , Vahdeta Suljic , Kristen M. Scheidter , Julia Monk , Forrest I. Whiting , Nadeshka J. Ramirez-Perez , Deanna M. Barch , Aristeidis Sotiras , Nico U.F. Dosenbach

Understanding sex differences in the adolescent brain is crucial, as they relate to sex-specific neurological and psychiatric conditions. Predicting sex from adolescent brain data may reveal how these differences influence neurodevelopment. Recently, attention has shifted toward socially-identified gender (distinct from sex assigned at birth) recognizing its explanatory power. This study evaluates whether resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC), cortical thickness, or cortical volume better predicts sex and sex/gender alignment (congruence between sex and gender) in preadolescents. Using Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study data and machine learning, rsFC predicted sex more accurately (85 %) than cortical thickness (76 %) and cortical volume (70 %). Brain regions most predictive of sex belonged to association (default mode, dorsal attention, parietal memory) and visual networks. The rsFC classifier trained on sex/gender aligned youth classified more accurately unseen youth with sex/gender alignment (n = 2013) than unalignment (n = 1116). The female rsFC sex profile was positively associated with sex/gender alignment, while in males, there was a negative association. However, neither brain modality predicted sex/gender alignment. These findings suggest that while rsFC predicts sex in the adolescent brain more accurately, it does not directly capture sex/gender alignment, underscoring the need for further investigation into the neural underpinnings of gender.

了解青少年大脑中的性别差异是至关重要的，因为它们与性别特异性的神经和精神疾病有关。从青少年大脑数据预测性别可能揭示这些差异是如何影响神经发育的。最近，人们的注意力转向了社会认同的性别（不同于出生时的性别），认识到它的解释力。本研究评估静息状态功能连接（rsFC）、皮质厚度或皮质体积是否能更好地预测青春期前的性别和性别/性别一致性（性别与性别之间的一致性）。利用青少年大脑认知发展（ABCD）研究数据和机器学习，rsFC预测性别的准确性（85 %）高于皮质厚度（76 %）和皮质体积（70 %）。最能预测性别的大脑区域属于联想（默认模式、背侧注意、顶叶记忆）和视觉网络。在性别/性别一致的青少年上训练的rsFC分类器对未见过的性别/性别一致的青少年（n = 2013）的分类比未见过的青少年（n = 1116）更准确。女性rsFC性别特征与性别/性别一致性呈正相关，而男性则呈负相关。然而，这两种大脑模式都无法预测性别/性别一致性。这些发现表明，虽然rsFC能更准确地预测青少年大脑中的性别，但它并不能直接捕捉到性别/性别的一致性，这强调了对性别的神经基础进行进一步研究的必要性。

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