Journal of Fluency Disorders最新文献

Spontaneous and internet-informed parent responses to early stuttering 父母对早期口吃的自发反应和网络信息

IF 2.1 3区医学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Journal of Fluency Disorders

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2026.106199

Georgina Johnson , Rosalee Shenker , Gissella Santayana , Mark Onslow

Purpose

Understanding initial parent responses to early stuttering provides a foundation to build a strong therapeutic alliance, and promotes shared decision-making during intervention, allowing for tailored education and support. In a digital age where health-related decision-making often begins with an internet search, it is important to understand how it might influence their initial responses. Therefore, this study explored how access to internet-based information may influence parent responses to childhood stuttering onset. This helps clinicians to understand knowledge and beliefs parents may bring to initial clinical consultations.

Method

Participants were parents of 2–4-year-olds who did not stutter, and who had no prior experience of stuttering. They were given information about early stuttering and shown five video clips depicting varying degrees of stuttering severity in preschool-age children. They were asked to reflect on five actions they would take if their child began to stutter. These actions were guided by either internet searches or relied on intuition alone. A reflexive thematic analysis was used to examine and interpret patterns in these parent responses.

Conclusions

Compared to parents in the spontaneous response group, internet-informed parents more frequently described self-modification, with adjustments to their own speech and a “wait-and-see” approach. In contrast, spontaneous parent responses more often described speech-focused strategies directed at the child. Results provide insights that inform speech-language pathology practices by helping clinicians (a) align treatment planning with parent perspectives, (b) correct misinformation, and (c) foster stronger therapeutic alliances from the outset.

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the personal impact of cluttering: A scoping review of current evidence 探索杂乱的个人影响：当前证据的范围审查

IF 2.1 3区医学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Journal of Fluency Disorders

Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2026.106197

Sue Garrett , Angela Ballantyne , Tehmina Gladman , Michelle Swift

Introduction

Cluttering is a speech fluency disorder that is frequently undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. While existing research has focused mainly on diagnosis and treatment, little attention has been given to its impact on individuals. This scoping review aimed to present the available evidence on the personal impacts of cluttering.

Inclusion Criteria

Studies were included if they involved individuals with cluttering or caregivers of children with cluttering. The review focused on broad impacts across all cultures and locations. Grey literature, particularly in the form of podcasts, was emphasised.

Methods

Searches were conducted in Medline, CINAHL, Embase, ERIC, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google (for podcast series) between June and October 2024. Abstracts and full texts were screened by two reviewers, with a third checking a subset. Data extraction followed a deductive framework (Physical, Cognitive, Psychological, Communication, Social, Work, Education), with inductive analysis used to identify final themes and subthemes.

Results

Of 174 titles retrieved, 128 were reviewed after removing duplicates. Following full-text screening, 27 records were included - 17 of which were podcasts. People with cluttering face a mix of physical, cognitive, and psychological challenges that affect communication and social interactions. Many fear speaking, avoid communication, experience social isolation and have a negative self-perception. In education and work, cluttering can hinder participation, performance, and career progression.

Conclusion

Cluttering affects many aspects of life. Speech Language Pathologists must address these broader impacts and help to foster supportive educational and home environments to improve outcomes.

杂乱是一种经常未被诊断或误诊的语言流利障碍。虽然现有的研究主要集中在诊断和治疗上，但很少注意到它对个人的影响。这个范围审查的目的是提出现有的证据对个人影响的杂乱。纳入标准如果研究涉及杂乱的个体或杂乱儿童的照料者，则纳入研究。审查的重点是对所有文化和地区的广泛影响。灰色文学，尤其是播客的形式，得到了强调。方法于2024年6月至10月在Medline、CINAHL、Embase、ERIC、Web of Science、Scopus和谷歌（用于播客系列）中进行检索。摘要和全文由两位审稿人筛选，第三位审稿人检查一个子集。数据提取遵循演绎框架（身体、认知、心理、沟通、社会、工作、教育），归纳分析用于确定最终主题和次主题。结果174篇文献中，128篇文献在删除重复文献后进行了复核。在全文筛选之后，收录了27条记录，其中17条是播客。杂乱的人面临着身体、认知和心理上的各种挑战，这些挑战会影响沟通和社会互动。许多人害怕说话，避免交流，经历社会孤立，并有消极的自我认知。在教育和工作中，杂乱会阻碍参与、表现和职业发展。结论杂乱影响生活的许多方面。语言病理学家必须解决这些更广泛的影响，并帮助培养支持性的教育和家庭环境，以改善结果。

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引用次数: 0

Differential impacts of stuttering and stressful life events on the well-being of children: A comparative analysis 口吃和压力生活事件对儿童幸福感的不同影响：比较分析

IF 2.1 3区医学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Journal of Fluency Disorders

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2026.106196

Molly M. Jacobs , Charles Ellis Jr. , Patrick M. Briley

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to expand upon contributors to negatively impacted well-being among children who stutter (CWS) by examining the outcomes of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and determining the influence of stuttering and stressful life events in children on negatively impacted well-being.

Method

Data from 6122 children aged 3–17 years in the 2022 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) included parent-reported stuttering in the past 12 months, prior experiences of eight stressful life events (SLEs), and a 25-item Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to determine if well-being was mediated by SLEs among CWS testing the hypothesis that SLEs exacerbate the negative influence of stuttering on well-being.

Results

Average SDQ total scores were higher for CWS compared to children who do not stutter (CWNS). CWS also had higher average SDQ subscale scores as well. After controlling for baseline differences, CWS had significantly higher SDQ total and subscale scores. With each additional SLE, the SDQ total and subscale scores increased as well, but interaction terms showed that the impact of SLEs did not differ between CWS and CWNS. Mediation analysis supported these findings indicating that less than 10 % of the direct effect of stuttering on well-being was mediated by SLEs.

Conclusions

Using the SDQ as a measure of well-being, this study showed that CWS experienced significantly more difficulties relative to CWNS and that these differences were not mediated by SLEs.

目的本研究的目的是通过检查口吃儿童的优势和困难问卷（SDQ）的结果，确定口吃和压力生活事件对负面影响的影响，以扩大口吃儿童（CWS）负面影响幸福感的因素。方法对6122名3-17岁儿童进行调查（NHIS），包括过去12个月父母报告的口吃、8项压力性生活事件（SLEs）经历和25项优势与困难问卷（SDQ）。本研究采用结构方程模型（SEM）对口吃儿童的幸福感进行了研究，验证了口吃对幸福感的负面影响加剧的假设。结果口吃儿童的平均SDQ总分高于非口吃儿童。CWS患者的平均SDQ分量表得分也较高。在控制了基线差异后，CWS的SDQ总分和分量表得分显著较高。每增加一个SLE， SDQ总分和子量表得分也会增加，但相互作用项显示SLE的影响在CWS和CWNS之间没有差异。中介分析支持这些发现，表明不到10% %的口吃对幸福感的直接影响是由特殊语言障碍介导的。使用SDQ作为幸福感的衡量标准，本研究表明，CWS相对于CWNS经历了更多的困难，这些差异不是由SLEs介导的。

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引用次数: 0

The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on reading adaptation in adults who stutter 经颅直流电刺激对口吃成人阅读适应的影响

IF 2.1 3区医学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Journal of Fluency Disorders

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2026.106195

Narges Moein , Cindy Nguyen , Douglas Cheyne , Luc De Nil

Background

The reading adaptation effect in stuttering refers to decreased stuttering frequency during repeated readings. This study investigated whether anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left primary motor cortex (M1) enhances reading adaptation in adults who stutter.

Methods

Two consecutive studies were conducted. Study 1 was a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial with twenty adults who stutter (14 males, 6 females) assigned to either an anodal tDCS (2 mA, 20 min) or a sham stimulation group. Participants read a passage five times during stimulation. Study 2 was an exploratory secondary single-case analysis of data from six participants (5 males, 1 female) who demonstrated measurable stuttering during reading (>1 % syllables stuttered) in Study 1. Reading adaptation was quantified as percentage reduction in stuttering frequency from first to fifth reading trial.

Results

Study 1 showed no statistically significant difference in reading adaptation between anodal and sham groups (Mann-Whitney U = 30, p = 0.137), though a moderate effect size (r = 0.34) suggested a potentially meaningful difference. Study 2 revealed variable individual responses, with three participants showing greater reading adaptation under anodal stimulation and three showing greater adaptation under sham stimulation.

Conclusions

Anodal tDCS over the left M1 did not consistently enhance reading adaptation in adults who stutter, suggesting that the relationship between M1 excitability and reading adaptation is more complex than hypothesized. Future research should investigate alternative neural targets, stimulation parameters, and individual differences in stuttering severity to better understand the effects of neuromodulation on speech motor adaptation in speech disorders.

口吃的阅读适应效应是指在重复阅读过程中口吃频率的降低。本研究探讨了经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）对左初级运动皮层（M1）是否能提高成人口吃患者的阅读适应性。方法连续进行两项研究。研究1是一项随机、双盲、假对照试验，有20名口吃成年人（14名男性，6名女性）被分配到无节点tDCS组（2 mA, 20 min）或假刺激组。在刺激期间，参与者将一篇文章读了五遍。研究2是一项探索性的二次单例分析，对研究1中表现出可测量的阅读口吃（>；1 %音节口吃）的6名参与者（5男1女）的数据进行分析。阅读适应被量化为第一次至第五次阅读试验中口吃频率减少的百分比。结果研究1显示，阳极组和假手术组在阅读适应方面无统计学差异（Mann-Whitney U = 30, p = 0.137），但中等效应量（r = 0.34）表明存在潜在的有意义的差异。研究2显示了不同的个体反应，3名参与者在阳极刺激下表现出更强的阅读适应性，3名参与者在假刺激下表现出更强的阅读适应性。结论左侧M1的颞叶颞叶dcs对口吃成人阅读适应的促进作用并不一致，提示M1兴奋性与阅读适应之间的关系比假设的更为复杂。未来的研究应进一步探讨其他神经靶点、刺激参数和口吃严重程度的个体差异，以更好地了解神经调节对言语障碍患者言语运动适应的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Speaking face-to-face with a virtual avatar to reduce anxiety in students who stutter: Tool development and pilot study results 与虚拟化身面对面交谈以减少口吃学生的焦虑：工具开发和试点研究结果

IF 2.1 3区医学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Journal of Fluency Disorders

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2026.106194

Mathieu Delangle , Anne Moïse-Richard , Anne-Lise Leclercq , David Labbé , Stéphane Bouchard , Sheldon Andrews , Lucie Ménard

Purpose

Speaking in class is challenging for students who stutter. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with exposure in virtual reality (VR) emerges as a promising intervention for treating speaking anxiety in pediatric populations. This pilot study tested if real-time avatar-based VR can elicit anxiety responses while remaining acceptable to youth who stutter.

Method

Twelve students who stutter (aged 9–18) were randomly assigned to a single training session conducted either (1) in VR with a realistic avatar controlled live by their SLP, or (2) in role-play with their SLP, before facing a real actor. We assessed system acceptability, anxiety levels and perceived self-efficacy.

Results

The VR system was well accepted and elicited physiological arousal comparable to real-life interactions. Although participants reported experiencing less anxiety during VR, skin conductance level showed higher arousal; suggesting a divergence between the subjective report and physiological response. Finally, one training session (either in VR or with the SLP) did not produce gains in self-efficacy or decrease in anxiety related to the final real-actor conversation.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates evidence that the potential use of immersive VR could represent an acceptable and viable complementary strategy for SLP treatment, that could control exposure parameters while evoking physiological responses similar to real-life contexts. The differences between subjective and physiological measures suggest that VR is inducing anxiety responses differently than it was perceived. Further research could investigate the use of VR as anxiety interventions for students who stutter and should be explored across multi-session studies to understand their therapeutic effect.

对口吃的学生来说，在课堂上讲话是一项挑战。认知行为疗法（CBT）与虚拟现实（VR）暴露是治疗儿童语言焦虑的一种有前途的干预措施。这项初步研究测试了基于虚拟现实的实时虚拟现实是否能引起焦虑反应，同时仍能被口吃的年轻人接受。方法12名9-18岁的口吃学生被随机分配到一个单独的训练课程中，在面对真实演员之前，(1)在VR中由他们的SLP实时控制一个真实的化身，或(2)在角色扮演中由他们的SLP进行角色扮演。我们评估了系统的可接受性、焦虑程度和自我效能感。结果虚拟现实系统被广泛接受，并引发了与现实生活互动相当的生理唤醒。尽管参与者报告在VR过程中焦虑程度较低，但皮肤电导水平显示出更高的唤醒；表明主观报告和生理反应之间存在分歧。最后，一个训练课程（无论是VR还是SLP）并没有提高自我效能感，也没有减少与最后的真人对话相关的焦虑。本研究表明，沉浸式VR的潜在应用可能是SLP治疗的一种可接受且可行的补充策略，它可以控制暴露参数，同时引发类似于现实环境的生理反应。主观测量和生理测量之间的差异表明，虚拟现实引起的焦虑反应与感知到的不同。进一步的研究可以调查使用虚拟现实作为口吃学生的焦虑干预措施，并且应该在多阶段研究中进行探索，以了解其治疗效果。

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引用次数: 0

Advances in stuttering research and discourse: A preface to the selected papers from the 2024 World Congress on Stuttering and Cluttering. 口吃研究和话语的进展：2024年世界口吃和杂乱大会论文选集序言。

IF 2.1 3区医学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Journal of Fluency Disorders

Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106190

Katie L Winters, Dillon G Pruett

引用次数: 0

Investigating Saudi secondary school teachers’ knowledge of stuttering and experiences with adolescents who stutter 调查沙特中学教师对口吃的知识和对青少年口吃的经验。

IF 2.1 3区医学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Journal of Fluency Disorders

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2026.106193

Einas Alharbi , Sally Hewat , Joanne Walters , Vera Tse , Rachael Unicomb

Purpose

While numerous studies have evaluated primary school teachers’ understanding of stuttering, the knowledge of secondary school teachers, particularly in Saudi Arabia, remains underexplored. This descriptive cross-sectional survey study aimed to assess the knowledge and experiences of Saudi Arabian secondary school teachers who were currently working with, or had previously worked with, adolescents who stutter.

Method:

A total of 90 Saudi Arabian secondary school teachers participated in an online survey divided into three sections. Section one collected participant demographic information. In the second section, the Arabic version of the Alabama Stuttering Knowledge Test was used to evaluate secondary school teachers’ knowledge of stuttering. The third section, developed through a review of relevant literature, explored secondary school teachers’ experience working with adolescents who stutter.

Results

The overall mean knowledge score was 13.73. Most participants expressed high confidence in their abilities to work with and support adolescents who stutter. Most participants did not believe that having adolescents who stutter in their classrooms affected their teaching style or their interactions with them. Participants utilised diverse approaches to promote inclusiveness in the classroom and support adolescents who stutter. Furthermore, most participants frequently rated the effectiveness of various strategies for managing stuttering in the classroom as “very effective”.

Conclusion

Saudi Arabian secondary school teachers hold misconceptions about the causes of stuttering and lack collaboration with speech-language pathologists. This indicates a need for targeted training programmes to expand their knowledge and equip them with effective approaches to support adolescents who stutter in educational settings.

目的：虽然有许多研究评估了小学教师对口吃的理解，但中学教师的知识，特别是在沙特阿拉伯，仍未得到充分探索。这项描述性横断面调查研究旨在评估沙特阿拉伯中学教师的知识和经验，这些教师目前正在或曾经与口吃青少年一起工作。方法：共有90名沙特阿拉伯中学教师参与了一项分为三个部分的在线调查。第一部分收集了参与者的人口统计信息。第二部分采用阿拉伯文版《阿拉巴马州口吃知识测验》对中学教师的口吃知识进行测评。第三部分，通过对相关文献的回顾，探讨中学教师在处理口吃青少年方面的经验。结果：总体平均知识得分为13.73分。大多数参与者对自己帮助和支持口吃青少年的能力表示高度自信。大多数参与者不相信在课堂上有口吃的青少年会影响他们的教学风格或与他们的互动。与会者采用多种方法促进课堂包容性，并为口吃的青少年提供支持。此外，大多数参与者经常将课堂上管理口吃的各种策略的有效性评为“非常有效”。结论：沙特阿拉伯中学教师对口吃的病因存在误解，缺乏与语言病理学家的合作。这表明需要有针对性的培训方案，以扩大他们的知识，并使他们掌握有效的方法，以支持在教育环境中口吃的青少年。

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引用次数: 0

The effect of cognitive behavioral therapy-based practices on social anxiety and stuttering severity in children who stutter 认知行为疗法对口吃儿童社交焦虑和口吃严重程度的影响

IF 2.1 3区医学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Journal of Fluency Disorders

Pub Date : 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106192

Sabri Toğluk , Yahya Aktu

Purpose

Children who stutter (CWS) often face communication challenges in social settings, which may lead to increased social anxiety and exacerbate stuttering severity. This pilot study examines the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)-based interventions in reducing social anxiety and stuttering severity among CWS.

Methods

This pilot study employed a one-group pretest-posttest experimental design without a control group. Seventeen children aged 7–12 from a low socioeconomic area in Southeastern Türkiye participated in an eight-week CBT-based program that included cognitive restructuring, exposure tasks, and homework. Data were analyzed using Linear Mixed Effects Models (LMM), with CBT intervention defined as a fixed effect and individual variation as a random effect. Separate LMM analyses were conducted for social anxiety and stuttering severity.

Results

The LMM results revealed statistically significant reductions in both social anxiety and stuttering severity following the CBT-based intervention. Baseline levels of social anxiety and stuttering severity significantly predicted follow up outcomes, and the intervention led to meaningful decreases across both measures.

Conclusion

As a pilot study, these results highlight the potential of CBT-based interventions to reduce both social anxiety and stuttering severity in CWS. These results point to the potential utility of individualized early intervention strategies, including psychiatric nursing practices, within clinical and educational contexts to address the multifaceted nature of developmental stuttering.

目的口吃儿童在社交环境中经常面临沟通困难，这可能导致社交焦虑增加，加剧口吃的严重程度。本初步研究考察了基于认知行为疗法（CBT）的干预措施在减少CWS患者社交焦虑和口吃严重程度方面的有效性。方法本研究采用单组前测后测试验设计，不设对照组。来自东南部 rkiye低社会经济地区的17名7-12岁的儿童参加了为期八周的基于cbt的项目，包括认知重构、暴露任务和家庭作业。采用线性混合效应模型（LMM）分析数据，将CBT干预定义为固定效应，个体差异定义为随机效应。对社交焦虑和口吃严重程度分别进行LMM分析。结果LMM结果显示，在基于cbt的干预后，社交焦虑和口吃严重程度都有统计学上的显著降低。社交焦虑和口吃严重程度的基线水平显著预测了随访结果，干预导致两项指标的显著下降。结论作为一项试点研究，这些结果强调了基于cbt的干预措施在减少CWS患者社交焦虑和口吃严重程度方面的潜力。这些结果指出了个性化早期干预策略的潜在效用，包括精神病学护理实践，在临床和教育背景下解决发展性口吃的多面性。

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引用次数: 0

Quality of life in preschoolers who stutter and do not stutter: An exploratory study 学龄前口吃和非口吃儿童的生活质量：一项探索性研究。

IF 2.1 3区医学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Journal of Fluency Disorders

Pub Date : 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106191

Erika Queiroga Werkhaizer Soares , Denise Brandão de Oliveira e Britto , Stela Maris Aguiar Lemos

This study aimed to assess the quality of life of children aged 2-who stutter and who do not stutter. We compared the quality-of-life scores between the two groups and analysed the relationship between their scores and sociodemographic data. We conducted a cross-sectional observational analytical study utilising a non-probabilistic convenience sample of 74 children in the specified age range. Data were collected using structured interviews (sample characterisation script), the Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria, and the Pediatric Questionnaire on Quality of Life (Generic Version 4.0). The Stuttering Severity Instrument (SSI-4) was used to classify the severity of stuttering. The collected data underwent descriptive, associative, and multivariate analyses. Association analyses were conducted between the dimensions of quality of life and total quality of life and the variables socioeconomic background, age, gender, family history of recovered and persistent stuttering, maternal education, and child education, as well as between stuttering severity and quality of life scores. No significant association was found between quality of life and stuttering as perceived by parents. Additionally, no association was observed between stuttering severity and quality of life in children with a confirmed diagnosis of stuttering. Therefore, the impact of stuttering on the quality of life appears to be unrelated to the onset of symptoms but, more likely, to negative communicative experiences during its development.

本研究旨在评估两岁口吃和非口吃儿童的生活质量。我们比较了两组的生活质量得分，并分析了他们的得分与社会人口统计数据之间的关系。我们进行了一项横断面观察性分析研究，利用74名特定年龄范围的儿童的非概率方便样本。使用结构化访谈（样本特征描述脚本）、巴西经济分类标准和儿科生活质量问卷（通用版4.0）收集数据。使用口吃严重程度量表（SSI-4）对口吃的严重程度进行分类。收集的数据进行了描述性、关联性和多变量分析。对生活质量维度和总生活质量维度与社会经济背景、年龄、性别、恢复性和持续性口吃家族史、母亲教育、儿童教育等变量以及口吃严重程度与生活质量评分之间的相关性进行分析。父母所认为的生活质量和口吃之间没有明显的联系。此外，在确诊为口吃的儿童中，没有观察到口吃严重程度与生活质量之间的关联。因此，口吃对生活质量的影响似乎与症状的发作无关，而更有可能与发展过程中的消极交流经历有关。

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引用次数: 0

Development of a stand-alone eHealth treatment: iCamperdown 独立电子健康治疗的发展：iCamperdown

IF 2.1 3区医学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Journal of Fluency Disorders

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106189

Constance Alateras , Susan O’Brian , Mark Onslow , Anna Hearne , Brenda Carey , Ross Menzies , Ann Packman , Robyn Lowe

Purpose

eHealth treatments have been developed for a range of conditions. They provide an accessible, cost-effective, and convenient model for clients and families to access treatment. The aim of this paper is to provide details and results of user testing of an eHealth speech treatment for adults who stutter: iCamperdown.

Method

An iterative user-testing process was conducted using a think-aloud method and structured questionnaires. End users were adults who stutter and speech-language pathologists (SLPs).

Results

Based on user feedback, the program underwent several modifications. Changes made to the program included functional enhancements. These include automatic activation of audio instructions on each page to improve navigation, aesthetic modifications to improve acceptability such as rearranging of information, changes to instructions provided to users to improve clarity, and enhancing the quality of audio recordings to increase efficiency.

Conclusion

The iCamperdown program is now ready to be evaluated with a Phase I clinical trial, focussing on evaluating safety, compliance, and preliminary outcomes. Further clinical trialing could investigate baseline predictors and treatment moderators to identify which individuals are most likely to benefit from the program. iCamperdown has advantages and disadvantages, which we explore. We explore the prospect of automating iCamperdown with advanced machine learning techniques. Potentially, the iCamperdown Program for stuttering reduction, with translation into other world languages besides English, could be a transformative change to SLP practices internationally.

目的针对一系列疾病已经开发出保健治疗方法。它们为客户和家庭提供了一种可获得、具有成本效益和方便的治疗模式。这篇论文的目的是提供电子健康治疗成人口吃的细节和结果。方法采用有声思考法和结构化问卷进行迭代用户测试过程。最终用户是口吃的成年人和语言病理学家（slp）。基于用户反馈，程序进行了几次修改。对程序所做的更改包括功能增强。这些措施包括在每个页面上自动激活音频指令以改进导航，对美学进行修改以提高可接受性，如重新排列信息，更改提供给用户的指令以提高清晰度，以及提高音频记录的质量以提高效率。iCamperdown项目现在已经准备好进行I期临床试验，重点是评估安全性、依从性和初步结果。进一步的临床试验可以调查基线预测因子和治疗调节因子，以确定哪些个体最有可能从该计划中受益。我们将探讨iCamperdown的优点和缺点。我们探索了用先进的机器学习技术自动化iCamperdown的前景。iCamperdown减少口吃的项目，通过翻译成英语以外的其他世界语言，可能会对国际上的口吃实践产生革命性的变化。

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引用次数: 0