Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105943
Saul A. Frankford , Shanqing Cai , Alfonso Nieto-Castañón , Frank H. Guenther
Purpose
This study determined whether adults who stutter (AWS) exhibit deficits in responding to an auditory feedback timing perturbation, and whether external timing cues, which increase fluency, attenuate any disruptions due to altered temporal auditory feedback.
Methods
Fifteen AWS and sixteen adults who do not stutter (ANS) read aloud a multisyllabic sentence either with normal pacing or with each syllable paced at the rate of a metronome. On random trials, an auditory feedback timing perturbation was applied, and timing responses were compared between groups and pacing conditions.
Results
Both groups responded to the timing perturbation by delaying subsequent syllable boundaries, and there were no significant differences between groups in either pacing condition. Furthermore, no response differences were found between normally paced and metronome-paced conditions.
Conclusion
These findings are interpreted as showing that 1) AWS respond normally to pure timing perturbations, and 2) metronome-paced speech has no effect on online speech timing control as assessed in the present experiment.
{"title":"Auditory feedback control in adults who stutter during metronome-paced speech I. Timing Perturbation","authors":"Saul A. Frankford , Shanqing Cai , Alfonso Nieto-Castañón , Frank H. Guenther","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105943","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105943","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>This study determined whether adults who stutter (AWS) exhibit deficits in responding to an auditory feedback timing perturbation, and whether external timing cues, which increase fluency, attenuate any disruptions due to altered temporal auditory feedback.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Fifteen AWS and sixteen adults who do not stutter (ANS) read aloud a multisyllabic sentence either with normal pacing or with each syllable paced at the rate of a metronome. On random trials, an auditory feedback timing perturbation was applied, and timing responses were compared between groups and pacing conditions.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Both groups responded to the timing perturbation by delaying subsequent syllable boundaries, and there were no significant differences between groups in either pacing condition. Furthermore, no response differences were found between normally paced and metronome-paced conditions.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>These findings are interpreted as showing that 1) AWS respond normally to pure timing perturbations, and 2) metronome-paced speech has no effect on online speech timing control as assessed in the present experiment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9974758/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10815224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105956
Mark Onslow
This is the third in a series of papers that provides an historical record in this journal of contributions made by the most influential figures in the field of fluency disorders. The paper reflects on the long and productive career of Barry Guitar, documenting his outstanding achievements. The paper is based on interviews with him during 2022. Like no one else in our field, Barry Guitar has an understanding of the experience of stuttering and how to cope with it, and, throughout his career, he has used that understanding to inspire others to cope with it.
{"title":"Barry Guitar: Reflections on a career","authors":"Mark Onslow","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105956","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105956","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This is the third in a series of papers that provides an historical record in this journal of contributions made by the most influential figures in the field of fluency disorders. The paper reflects on the long and productive career of Barry Guitar, documenting his outstanding achievements. The paper is based on interviews with him during 2022. Like no one else in our field, Barry Guitar has an understanding of the experience of stuttering and how to cope with it, and, throughout his career, he has used that understanding to inspire others to cope with it.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9407526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105926
Ehud Yairi , Carol H. Seery
{"title":"","authors":"Ehud Yairi , Carol H. Seery","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105926","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105926","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48143063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105942
Shin Ying Chu , Rachael Unicomb , Jaehoon Lee , Kai Shuo Cho , Kenneth O. St. Louis , Elisabeth Harrison , Grace McConnell
Purpose
This study aims to: (a) measure public attitudes toward stuttering in Malaysia using the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attitudes-Stuttering [POSHA-S], (b) determine how reported attitudes and knowledge related to stuttering compare to existing data, and (c) determine whether there are differences between groups for identified variables.
Method
A total of 250 adults (mean age = 29 years; range = 19–60 years) completed the POSHA–S in English. We compared this sample's attitudes toward stuttering to POSHA-S data from other global samples. General linear modeling examined differences in overall stuttering score, beliefs, and self reaction subscores for demographic variables such as age, gender, marital status, parenting, education, employment status, prior exposure to a person who stutters, multilingual, race, and religion.
Results
The Malaysian participants’ overall stuttering score and the beliefs and self reactions subscores were all considerably lower (i.e., less positive) than the other samples around the world from the POSHA-S database median values. Being male, receiving a higher education, and knowing someone who stutters were linked to having more positive self reactions, but none of those factors was linked to positive or negative beliefs. Those who had previously been exposed to stuttering scored significantly higher than those who had not.
Conclusion
Malaysians may have less positive attitudes toward stuttering than Westerners. More needs to be done to make society more accepting of people who stutter. Future research should aim to find ways to educate and to raise public awareness about stuttering.
{"title":"Public attitudes toward stuttering in Malaysia","authors":"Shin Ying Chu , Rachael Unicomb , Jaehoon Lee , Kai Shuo Cho , Kenneth O. St. Louis , Elisabeth Harrison , Grace McConnell","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105942","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105942","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>This study aims to: (a) measure public attitudes toward stuttering in Malaysia using the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attitudes-Stuttering [POSHA-S], (b) determine how reported attitudes and knowledge related to stuttering compare to existing data, and (c) determine whether there are differences between groups for identified variables.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>A total of 250 adults (mean age = 29 years; range = 19–60 years) completed the POSHA–S in English. We compared this sample's attitudes toward stuttering to POSHA-S data from other global samples. General linear modeling examined differences in overall stuttering score, beliefs, and self reaction subscores for demographic variables such as age, gender, marital status, parenting, education, employment status, prior exposure to a person who stutters, multilingual, race, and religion.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The Malaysian participants’ overall stuttering score and the beliefs and self reactions subscores were all considerably lower (i.e., less positive) than the other samples around the world from the POSHA-S database median values. Being male, receiving a higher education, and knowing someone who stutters were linked to having more positive self reactions, but none of those factors was linked to positive or negative beliefs. Those who had previously been exposed to stuttering scored significantly higher than those who had not.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Malaysians may have less positive attitudes toward stuttering than Westerners. More needs to be done to make society more accepting of people who stutter. Future research should aim to find ways to educate and to raise public awareness about stuttering.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10323671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105940
Charley F. Adams
{"title":"","authors":"Charley F. Adams","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105940","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136967928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105928
Saul A. Frankford , Shanqing Cai , Alfonso Nieto-Castañón , Frank H. Guenther
Purpose
Prior work has shown that Adults who stutter (AWS) have reduced and delayed responses to auditory feedback perturbations. This study aimed to determine whether external timing cues, which increase fluency, resolve auditory feedback processing disruptions.
Methods
Fifteen AWS and sixteen adults who do not stutter (ANS) read aloud a multisyllabic sentence either with natural stress and timing or with each syllable paced at the rate of a metronome. On random trials, an auditory feedback formant perturbation was applied, and formant responses were compared between groups and pacing conditions.
Results
During normally paced speech, ANS showed a significant compensatory response to the perturbation by the end of the perturbed vowel, while AWS did not. In the metronome-paced condition, which significantly reduced the disfluency rate, the opposite was true: AWS showed a significant response by the end of the vowel, while ANS did not.
Conclusion
These findings indicate a potential link between the reduction in stuttering found during metronome-paced speech and changes in auditory motor integration in AWS.
{"title":"Auditory feedback control in adults who stutter during metronome-paced speech II. Formant Perturbation","authors":"Saul A. Frankford , Shanqing Cai , Alfonso Nieto-Castañón , Frank H. Guenther","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105928","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105928","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Prior work has shown that Adults who stutter (AWS) have reduced and delayed responses to auditory feedback perturbations. This study aimed to determine whether external timing cues, which increase fluency, resolve auditory feedback processing disruptions.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Fifteen AWS and sixteen adults who do not stutter (ANS) read aloud a multisyllabic sentence either with natural stress and timing or with each syllable paced at the rate of a metronome. On random trials, an auditory feedback formant perturbation was applied, and formant responses were compared between groups and pacing conditions.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>During normally paced speech, ANS showed a significant compensatory response to the perturbation by the end of the perturbed vowel, while AWS did not. In the metronome-paced condition, which significantly reduced the disfluency rate, the opposite was true: AWS showed a significant response by the end of the vowel, while ANS did not.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>These findings indicate a potential link between the reduction in stuttering found during metronome-paced speech and changes in auditory motor integration in AWS.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10734917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105925
Tara Darmody , Sue O’Brian , Kris Rogers , Mark Onslow , Chris Jacobs , Alison McEwen , Robyn Lowe , Ann Packman , Ross Menzies
Background
Information about genetic influence is useful to when counselling parents or caregivers who have infants and children at risk for stuttering. Yet, the most comprehensive family aggregate database to inform that counselling is nearly four decades old (Andrews et al., 1983). Consequently, the present study was designed to provide a contemporary exploration of the relationship between stuttering and family history.
Methods
Data were sourced from the Australian Stuttering Research Centre, comprising 739 participants who presented for assessment, treatment, or investigation of stuttering. Reported family history data were acquired from pedigrees collected during assessment. We sought to establish the relation of the following variables to family history of stuttering: incidence, proband sex, parent sex, stuttering severity, age, reported age of stuttering onset, and impact of stuttering. Data were analysed with chi-square tests for independence, logistic and linear regression models.
Results
Results were broadly consistent with existing data, but the following findings were novel. Males and females who stutter have the same increased odds of having a father who stutters relative to a mother who stutters. Males had later stuttering onset than females, with genetic involvement in this effect. There was a greater impact of stuttering for females than males with a family history of stuttering.
Conclusion
These findings have clinical applications. Speech-language pathologists may have infant or child clients known to them who are at risk of beginning to stutter. Information from the present study can be applied to counselling parents or caregivers of such children about stuttering and family history.
有关遗传影响的信息对有口吃风险的婴儿和儿童的父母或照顾者提供咨询是有用的。然而,最全面的家庭汇总数据库已经有近40年的历史了(Andrews et al., 1983)。因此,本研究旨在为口吃与家族史之间的关系提供当代探索。方法数据来自澳大利亚口吃研究中心,包括739名参与者,他们接受了口吃的评估、治疗或调查。报告的家族史数据来自评估期间收集的家系。我们试图建立以下变量与口吃家族史的关系:发病率、先证者性别、父母性别、口吃严重程度、年龄、报告的口吃发病年龄和口吃的影响。采用卡方检验、logistic回归模型和线性回归模型对数据进行分析。结果结果与现有数据大致一致,但以下发现是新颖的。与口吃的母亲相比,口吃的男性和女性的父亲口吃的几率是相同的。男性的口吃发病比女性晚,这与基因有关。有口吃家族史的女性比男性受口吃影响更大。结论本研究结果具有临床应用价值。语言病理学家可能有他们认识的婴儿或儿童来访者,他们有开始口吃的风险。本研究提供的信息可用于向这些儿童的父母或照顾者提供有关口吃和家族史的咨询。
{"title":"Stuttering, family history and counselling: A contemporary database","authors":"Tara Darmody , Sue O’Brian , Kris Rogers , Mark Onslow , Chris Jacobs , Alison McEwen , Robyn Lowe , Ann Packman , Ross Menzies","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105925","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105925","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p><span>Information about genetic influence is useful to when counselling parents or caregivers who have infants and children at risk for stuttering. Yet, the most comprehensive family aggregate database to inform that counselling is nearly four decades old (Andrews et al., 1983). Consequently, the present study was designed to provide a contemporary exploration of the relationship between stuttering and </span>family history.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Data were sourced from the Australian Stuttering Research Centre, comprising 739 participants who presented for assessment, treatment, or investigation of stuttering. Reported family history data were acquired from pedigrees collected during assessment. We sought to establish the relation of the following variables to family history of stuttering: incidence, proband sex, parent sex, stuttering severity, age, reported age of stuttering onset, and impact of stuttering. Data were analysed with chi-square tests for independence, logistic and linear regression models.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Results were broadly consistent with existing data, but the following findings were novel. Males and females who stutter have the same increased odds of having a father who stutters relative to a mother who stutters. Males had later stuttering onset than females, with genetic involvement in this effect. There was a greater impact of stuttering for females than males with a family history of stuttering.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>These findings have clinical applications. Speech-language pathologists may have infant or child clients known to them who are at risk of beginning to stutter. Information from the present study can be applied to counselling parents or caregivers of such children about stuttering and family history.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40720099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105918
Nathan V. Mallipeddi , Sivan Aulov , Hector R. Perez
Purpose
To determine the relationships between (1) stuttering severity and (2) avoidance of speaking on patient centeredness of healthcare system interactions in a sample of persons who stutter.
Methods
This quantitative study utilized cross-sectional electronic surveys to assess the experiences of one-hundred-twenty-two adults who stutter in the United States with primary care physicians. The surveys evaluated: (1) self-reported stuttering severity and avoidance of speaking; and (2) self-reported patient-centeredness of healthcare interactions. We used multivariate linear regression to model relationships between independent and dependent variables, controlling for age, gender, patient-provider relationship duration, race/ethnicity, the presence of comorbid conditions, and household income.
Results
Patient self-reported avoidance of speaking was significantly negatively associated with self-reported patient-centeredness of healthcare interactions. Patient self-reported stuttering severity was not significantly associated with patient-centeredness.
Conclusion
Our findings present evidence that internal non-observable behaviors among persons who stutter, such as avoiding speaking, are associated with negative impact on healthcare interactions. Speech-language pathologists may want to discuss healthcare challenges with their clients and elicit communication barriers to inspire positive interactions within the healthcare system.
{"title":"Associations between stuttering avoidance and perceived patient-centeredness of health care interactions","authors":"Nathan V. Mallipeddi , Sivan Aulov , Hector R. Perez","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105918","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105918","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>To determine the relationships between (1) stuttering severity and (2) avoidance of speaking on patient centeredness of healthcare system interactions in a sample of persons who stutter.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p><span>This quantitative study utilized cross-sectional electronic surveys to assess the experiences of one-hundred-twenty-two adults who stutter in the United States with primary care physicians. The surveys evaluated: (1) self-reported stuttering severity and avoidance of speaking; and (2) self-reported patient-centeredness of healthcare interactions. We used multivariate </span>linear regression<span> to model relationships between independent and dependent variables, controlling for age, gender, patient-provider relationship duration, race/ethnicity, the presence of comorbid conditions, and household income.</span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Patient self-reported avoidance of speaking was significantly negatively associated with self-reported patient-centeredness of healthcare interactions. Patient self-reported stuttering severity was not significantly associated with patient-centeredness.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Our findings present evidence that internal non-observable behaviors<span> among persons who stutter, such as avoiding speaking, are associated with negative impact on healthcare interactions. Speech-language pathologists may want to discuss healthcare challenges with their clients and elicit communication barriers to inspire positive interactions within the healthcare system.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40591695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aims to develop a short Japanese version of the Self-Stigma of Stuttering Scale (4S), which assesses the self-stigma of adults who stutter (AWS) in a self-completed form, and evaluate its psychometric properties and reliability and validity.
Methods
After translating the original 4S scale into Japanese (4S-J) through a forward-backward translation process, it was administered to 123 Japanese adults who stutter. A short version of the 4S-J was developed through factor analysis and eliminating items with low loadings to original factors. Reliability was verified by calculating internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Participants also completed the Japanese-translated version of the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale, and Subjective Happiness Scale to verify construct validity. As a secondary analysis, our results regarding psychological properties of the short version of the 4S were then compared to those of studies from other countries.
Results
Sixteen items were selected for the short version of the scale (4S-J-16), and confirmatory factor analysis verified the original structure of the 4S. We obtained good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Regarding construct validity, our results showed similar correlation with the other selected scales. The value of all scores on the stigma scale in the Japanese cohort was significantly higher than that in the foreign cohort.
Conclusions
Overall, the 4S-J-16 has good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity with a three-factor structure of self-stigma in Japanese AWS. The findings suggest that Japanese cultural background increases the stigma scores, thereby enabling us to briefly assess the psychosocial issues of AWS.
{"title":"Development of a short Japanese version of the Self-Stigma of Stuttering Scale (4S-J-16): Translation and evaluation of validity and reliability","authors":"Daichi Iimura , Yuika Koyama , Hiroko Kondo , Akira Toyomura , Michael Boyle","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105917","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105917","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>This study aims to develop a short Japanese version of the Self-Stigma of Stuttering Scale (4S), which assesses the self-stigma of adults who stutter (AWS) in a self-completed form, and evaluate its psychometric properties and reliability and validity.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p><span>After translating the original 4S scale into Japanese (4S-J) through a forward-backward translation process, it was administered to 123 Japanese adults who stutter. A short version of the 4S-J was developed through factor analysis and eliminating items with low loadings to original factors. Reliability was verified by calculating internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Participants also completed the Japanese-translated version of the </span>Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale, and Subjective Happiness Scale to verify construct validity. As a secondary analysis, our results regarding psychological properties of the short version of the 4S were then compared to those of studies from other countries.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Sixteen items were selected for the short version of the scale (4S-J-16), and confirmatory factor analysis verified the original structure of the 4S. We obtained good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Regarding construct validity, our results showed similar correlation with the other selected scales. The value of all scores on the stigma scale in the Japanese cohort was significantly higher than that in the foreign cohort.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Overall, the 4S-J-16 has good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity with a three-factor structure of self-stigma in Japanese AWS. The findings suggest that Japanese cultural background increases the stigma scores, thereby enabling us to briefly assess the psychosocial issues of AWS.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40398929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}