Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105924
Hope Gerlach-Houck , Naomi H. Rodgers
Purpose
The purpose of the current study was to document the pros and cons that adults who stutter may consider when deciding to change how they live with stuttering.
Methods
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 adults who stutter and 12 speech-language pathologists who specialize in stuttering therapy. Participants were asked to identify and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of making a change to how they live with stuttering. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to generate multilevel themes.
Results
Meaningful units were extracted from interview transcripts to develop 37 discrete pros and 15 discrete cons. The pros of change clustered into five organizing themes: enriching one’s social relationships, feeling better in social interactions, developing a healthier sense of self, gaining autonomy, and communicating easier. The cons of change clustered into three organizing themes: experiencing discomfort, expending resources, and recognizing that some things may not change.
Conclusion
This study documented why adults who stutter may or may not seek change. Identifying the pros and cons of behavior change is an important step in understanding why some clients who stutter are ambivalent about, or resistant to, the therapeutic process.
{"title":"The good, the bad, and the ugly: Unpacking the pros and cons associated with change for adults who stutter","authors":"Hope Gerlach-Houck , Naomi H. Rodgers","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105924","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105924","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The purpose of the current study was to document the pros and cons that adults who stutter may consider when deciding to change how they live with stuttering.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 adults who stutter and 12 speech-language pathologists who specialize in stuttering therapy. Participants were asked to identify and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of making a change to how they live with stuttering. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to generate multilevel themes.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Meaningful units were extracted from interview transcripts<span> to develop 37 discrete pros and 15 discrete cons. The pros of change clustered into five organizing themes: enriching one’s social relationships<span><span>, feeling better in social interactions, developing a healthier sense of self, gaining </span>autonomy, and communicating easier. The cons of change clustered into three organizing themes: experiencing discomfort, expending resources, and recognizing that some things may not change.</span></span></p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This study documented <em>why</em><span> adults who stutter may or may not seek change. Identifying the pros and cons of behavior change is an important step in understanding why some clients who stutter are ambivalent about, or resistant to, the therapeutic process.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40597248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Caring for a child who stutters can impose excessive pressure on parents. Caregiver burden affects many aspects of parents' lives. Paying attention to parents in the treatment of children who stutter (CWS) is important because parents play a key role in the treatment of CWS. The aim of the study was to develop the Caregiver Burden Scale for Parents of Children Who Stutter (CBS-PCWS) and investigate the psychometric properties of the CBS-PCWS.
Method
The CBS-PCWS was developed using interviews with 15 parents of CWS and a literature review. The content validity, face validity, construct validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and reliability of the CBS-PCWS were investigated. The content validity was evaluated using 10 experts’ opinions. Face validity was determined using interviews with 10 parents of CWS. The reliability of the CBS-PCWS was evaluated through internal consistency and test-retest reliability.
Results
The scale development resulted in the creation of 137 items. During an expert panel with the presence of the research team, 51 similar items were eliminated. During the qualitative content validity stage, nine items were added to the initial scale. After determining the content and face validity, the number of CBS-PCWS items was reduced to 52 items. In the construct validity stage using EFA with responses from 364 parents, eight items of the CBS-PCWS were removed due to low factor loadings. The results of the EFA indicated that the CBS-PCWS contained five factors: psychological and emotional, personal and physical, support for caregiving, culpability, and socio-communicative. The Cronbach's alpha values of the scale domains were in the 0.78–0.94 range. In addition, the ICC test-retest coefficient for the total score of the CBS-PCWS was 0.93 and for its domains was in 0.91–0.99 range.
Conclusion
The CBS-PCWS has 44 items with five domains and is a valid and reliable scale that can be used for clinical or research purposes. More studies are required to evaluate further psychometric properties of the CBS-PCWS.
{"title":"Development and evaluation of the psychometric properties of the caregiver burden scale for parents of children who stutter (CBS-PCWS)","authors":"Mahsa Mehdizadeh Behtash , Banafshe Mansuri , Masoomeh Salmani , Seyed Abolfazl Tohidast , Reyhaneh Zarjini , Ronald Callaway Scherer","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105921","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105921","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p><span><span>Caring for a child who stutters can impose excessive pressure on parents. Caregiver burden affects many aspects of parents' lives. Paying attention to parents in the </span>treatment of children who stutter (CWS) is important because parents play a key role in the treatment of CWS. The aim of the study was to develop the Caregiver Burden Scale for Parents of Children Who Stutter (CBS-PCWS) and investigate the </span>psychometric properties of the CBS-PCWS.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p><span>The CBS-PCWS was developed using interviews with 15 parents of CWS and a literature review. The content validity, </span>face validity<span>, construct validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and reliability of the CBS-PCWS were investigated. The content validity was evaluated using 10 experts’ opinions. Face validity was determined using interviews with 10 parents of CWS. The reliability of the CBS-PCWS was evaluated through internal consistency and test-retest reliability.</span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The scale development resulted in the creation of 137 items. During an expert panel with the presence of the research team, 51 similar items were eliminated. During the qualitative content validity stage, nine items were added to the initial scale. After determining the content and face validity, the number of CBS-PCWS items was reduced to 52 items. In the construct validity stage using EFA with responses from 364 parents, eight items of the CBS-PCWS were removed due to low factor loadings. The results of the EFA indicated that the CBS-PCWS contained five factors: psychological and emotional, personal and physical, support for caregiving, culpability, and socio-communicative. The Cronbach's alpha<span> values of the scale domains were in the 0.78–0.94 range. In addition, the ICC test-retest coefficient for the total score of the CBS-PCWS was 0.93 and for its domains was in 0.91–0.99 range.</span></p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The CBS-PCWS has 44 items with five domains and is a valid and reliable scale that can be used for clinical or research purposes. More studies are required to evaluate further psychometric properties of the CBS-PCWS.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40673755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105920
Kenneth J. Logan
{"title":"","authors":"Kenneth J. Logan","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105920","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137116073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105927
Michael P. Boyle
{"title":"","authors":"Michael P. Boyle","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105927","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137116075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105922
Patricia M. Zebrowski
{"title":"","authors":"Patricia M. Zebrowski","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105922","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137116074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105906
Prabhat , Ellen Rombouts , Pascal Borry
Discovering developmental stuttering’s biological explanation has been an enduring concern. Novel advances in genomics and neuroscience are making it possible to isolate and pinpoint genetic and brain differences implicated in stuttering. This is giving rise to a hope that, in the future, dysfluency could be better managed if stuttering’s biological basis could be better understood. Concurrent to this, there is another hope rising: a hope of a future where differing fluencies would not be viewed through a reductive lens of biology and associated pathologies. The central aim of this paper is to edge out ethical implications of novel research into stuttering’s biological explanation. In doing so, the paper proposes to look beyond the bifurcation sketched by the medical and social model of disability. The paper demonstrates how the scientific hope of discovering stuttering’s biological explanation acts as an accessory of disablement due to the language of ‘lack’ and ‘deficit’ employed in reporting scientific findings and proposes participatory research with people who stutter as an antidote to manage this disablement.
{"title":"The disabling nature of hope in discovering a biological explanation of stuttering","authors":"Prabhat , Ellen Rombouts , Pascal Borry","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105906","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105906","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Discovering developmental stuttering’s biological explanation has been an enduring concern. Novel advances in genomics and neuroscience<span> are making it possible to isolate and pinpoint genetic and brain differences implicated in stuttering. This is giving rise to a hope that, in the future, dysfluency could be better managed if stuttering’s biological basis could be better understood. Concurrent to this, there is another hope rising: a hope of a future where differing fluencies would not be viewed through a reductive lens of biology and associated pathologies. The central aim of this paper is to edge out ethical implications of novel research into stuttering’s biological explanation. In doing so, the paper proposes to look beyond the bifurcation sketched by the medical and </span></span>social model of disability. The paper demonstrates how the scientific hope of discovering stuttering’s biological explanation acts as an accessory of disablement due to the language of ‘lack’ and ‘deficit’ employed in reporting scientific findings and proposes participatory research with people who stutter as an antidote to manage this disablement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42417382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105907
Narges Moein , Reyhane Mohamadi , Reza Rostami , Michael Nitsche , Reza Zomorrodi , Amir Ostadi
Background
Stuttering is a disorder that begins in childhood and can persist into adulthood. In the present study, it was hypothesized that the combined intervention of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and Delayed Auditory Feedback (DAF) would cause greater improvement in speech fluency in comparison to the intervention with DAF alone.
Methods
A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled clinical trial was conducted to investigate the effects of the combined intervention. Fifty adults with moderate to severe stuttering (25 females, 25 males, Mean age=26.92, SD=6.23) were randomly allocated to the anodal or sham tDCS group. In the anodal tDCS group, participants received DAF combined with anodal tDCS (1 mA), while the sham tDCS group was exposed to sham tDCS simultaneously with DAF. In this study, a 60-ms delay was used for DAF intervention, and tDCS was applied over the left superior temporal gyrus. Each individual participated in six 20-minute intervention sessions (held on six consecutive days). Speech fluency was assessed before and after the intervention.
Results
In the anodal tDCS group, the scores of the Stuttering Severity Instrument, Overall Assessment of the Speaker’s Experience of Stuttering questionnaire, and the percentage of stuttered syllable reduced significantly (from average baseline rates of 8.45%, across three tasks, to 5.36% at the follow-up assessment) after the intervention.
Conclusion
The results of this study suggest that delivery of anodal tDCS when combined with DAF may enhance stuttering reduction effects for six weeks following the intervention.
{"title":"Investigation of the effect of delayed auditory feedback and transcranial direct current stimulation (DAF-tDCS) treatment for the enhancement of speech fluency in adults who stutter: A randomized controlled trial","authors":"Narges Moein , Reyhane Mohamadi , Reza Rostami , Michael Nitsche , Reza Zomorrodi , Amir Ostadi","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105907","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p><span>Stuttering is a disorder that begins in childhood and can persist into adulthood. In the present study, it was hypothesized that the combined intervention of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and Delayed </span>Auditory Feedback (DAF) would cause greater improvement in speech fluency in comparison to the intervention with DAF alone.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled clinical trial was conducted to investigate the effects of the combined intervention. Fifty adults with moderate to severe stuttering (25 females, 25 males, Mean age=26.92, SD=6.23) were randomly allocated to the anodal or sham tDCS group. In the anodal tDCS group, participants received DAF combined with anodal tDCS (1 mA), while the sham tDCS group was exposed to sham tDCS simultaneously with DAF. In this study, a 60-ms delay was used for DAF intervention, and tDCS was applied over the left superior temporal gyrus. Each individual participated in six 20-minute intervention sessions (held on six consecutive days). Speech fluency was assessed before and after the intervention.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In the anodal tDCS group, the scores of the Stuttering Severity Instrument, Overall Assessment of the Speaker’s Experience of Stuttering questionnaire, and the percentage of stuttered syllable reduced significantly (from average baseline rates of 8.45%, across three tasks, to 5.36% at the follow-up assessment) after the intervention.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The results of this study suggest that delivery of anodal tDCS when combined with DAF may enhance stuttering reduction effects for six weeks following the intervention.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136434466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This narrative systematic review in line with PRISMA guidelines aims to investigate the implementation quality of previously published group comparison clinical trials of stuttering interventions for children and adolescents (under age 18 years).
Methods
We searched for publications in the databases Eric, PsychInfo, PubMed and Web of Science using the search terms ‘stutt*’ or ‘stamm*’and ‘intervention’, ‘trial’ or ‘treatment’. We reviewed the implementation elements reported in studies and how these elements were used to report intervention outcomes.
Results
3,017 references published between 1974–2019 were identified. All references were screened for eligibility using predefined selection criteria resulting in 21 included studies. The implementation quality details reported varied between studies. Existing studies most commonly lacked details about the support system provided to SLPs administering the interventions and monitoring of treatment fidelity both in the clinical setting and in the home environment. Support systems for participant’s parents and treatment dosage were generally well reported. Dosage was the most common implementation quality element considered in analyses of treatment effect and within discussions of findings.
Conclusion
Findings highlight the need for future clinical trials of stuttering interventions to closely adhere to systematic guidelines for reporting implementation quality to ensure reliability of trial outcomes. A checklist for reporting clinical trials of non-pharmacological stuttering interventions is proposed.
目的:根据PRISMA指南,本综述旨在调查先前发表的儿童和青少年(18岁以下)口吃干预组比较临床试验的实施质量。方法我们在Eric、PsychInfo、PubMed和Web of Science数据库中检索出版物,检索词为“stutt*”或“stamm*”,以及“intervention”、“trial”或“treatment”。我们回顾了研究中报告的实施要素以及如何使用这些要素来报告干预结果。结果共检索到1974-2019年间发表的文献3017篇。使用预定义的选择标准筛选所有参考文献的合格性,最终纳入21项研究。各研究报告的实施质量细节各不相同。现有的研究通常缺乏关于在临床环境和家庭环境中向特殊家庭家庭提供的支持系统的细节,这些支持系统管理干预措施和监测治疗的保真度。参与者父母的支持系统和治疗剂量一般都有很好的报道。剂量是治疗效果分析和结果讨论中考虑的最常见的实施质量因素。结论研究结果强调,未来的口吃干预临床试验需要严格遵循报告实施质量的系统指南,以确保试验结果的可靠性。提出了一份报告非药物口吃干预临床试验的清单。
{"title":"Systematic review of implementation quality of non-pharmacological stuttering intervention trials for children and adolescents","authors":"Hilde Hofslundsengen , Melanie Kirmess , Linn Stokke Guttormsen , Kari-Anne Bottegaard Næss , Elaina Kefalianos","doi":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2021.105884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfludis.2021.105884","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>This narrative systematic review in line with PRISMA guidelines aims to investigate the implementation quality of previously published group comparison clinical trials of stuttering interventions for children and adolescents (under age 18 years).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We searched for publications in the databases Eric, PsychInfo, PubMed and Web of Science using the search terms ‘stutt*’ or ‘stamm*’and ‘intervention’, ‘trial’ or ‘treatment’. We reviewed the implementation elements reported in studies and how these elements were used to report intervention outcomes.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>3,017 references published between 1974–2019 were identified. All references were screened for eligibility using predefined selection criteria resulting in 21 included studies. The implementation quality details reported varied between studies. Existing studies most commonly lacked details about the support system provided to SLPs administering the interventions and monitoring of treatment fidelity both in the clinical setting and in the home environment. Support systems for participant’s parents and treatment dosage were generally well reported. Dosage was the most common implementation quality element considered in analyses of treatment effect and within discussions of findings.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Findings highlight the need for future clinical trials of stuttering interventions to closely adhere to systematic guidelines for reporting implementation quality to ensure reliability of trial outcomes. A checklist for reporting clinical trials of non-pharmacological stuttering interventions is proposed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094730X21000632/pdfft?md5=aef844e01fa3138d515d711a592c9d8a&pid=1-s2.0-S0094730X21000632-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10324771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}