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Models in Engineering Design as Decision-Making Aids 工程设计模型作为决策辅助工具
IF 1.7 3区 工程技术 Q2 EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES Pub Date : 2022-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/19378629.2022.2129061
C. Eckert, R. Hillerbrand
Although models and modeling are central to engineering design, they have received much less attention than models or modeling in the philosophy of science. This paper draws on insights from the philosophical literature on models in science to elucidate models in engineering. Many of the apparent differences are a matter of degree. Models in engineering design do not function solely as representational or more general epistemic vehicles. Rather, models are central to facilitating decision making. This seems to be less pronounced in laboratory practices for scientific research than in engineering design. In engineering, often only the designers understand and determine the relation between the model and its target system. In this, they serve as truth makers and truth keepers. This social process of design is essential to understanding the role of models and modeling from a meta perspective, but is also relevant to engineer when models are reused. A better understanding of these roles can help to illuminate the roles of models in engineering. To illustrate these points, this paper uses the design of a 3D printed kayak as an example that shows how even a fairly modest engineering design project requires the creation of a multitude of different models.
尽管模型和建模是工程设计的核心,但与科学哲学中的模型或建模相比,它们受到的关注要少得多。本文借鉴哲学文献中关于科学模型的见解来阐明工程模型。许多明显的差异只是程度的问题。工程设计中的模型不只是作为表征或更一般的认知工具。相反,模型是促进决策制定的核心。这一点在科学研究的实验室实践中似乎没有在工程设计中那么明显。在工程中,通常只有设计人员了解和确定模型与其目标系统之间的关系。在这一点上,他们充当了真相制造者和真相守护者的角色。这种设计的社会过程对于从元角度理解模型的角色和建模是必不可少的,但是当模型被重用时,它也与工程师相关。更好地理解这些角色可以帮助阐明模型在工程中的角色。为了说明这些观点,本文以3D打印皮划艇的设计为例,展示了即使是相当适度的工程设计项目也需要创建多种不同的模型。
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引用次数: 1
How Philosophical Beliefs about Science Affect Science Education in Academic Engineering Programs: the Context of Construction 科学哲学信仰对高校工程科学教育的影响:建构的语境
IF 1.7 3区 工程技术 Q2 EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES Pub Date : 2022-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/19378629.2022.2125398
M. Boon
Science education in academic engineering programs aims to equip students with scientific knowledge and academic skills to solve complex (socio-)technological problems. This article addresses the critical question of whether traditional science courses effectively prepare for this ability. It starts from the premise that scientific approaches to technological design and development require the ability to construct new scientific knowledge (e.g. scientific models) relevant and adequate to the concrete problem. My central claim is that a dominant view of science, called a physics paradigm of science, hinders the effectiveness of science courses. Next, I propose that an alternative view of science, called an engineering paradigm of science, is better suited to understanding scientific approaches in technological design and development, and to developing more effective science education. The engineering paradigm of science assumes ‘useful’ knowledge as the goal of science, and thus focuses on the construction of scientific knowledge for epistemic purposes in specific contexts such as technological design and development. The philosophy of science can contribute to a better understanding of the epistemic strategies in knowledge construction. I propose to call this domain of study the context of construction.
学术工程课程中的科学教育旨在使学生具备科学知识和学术技能,以解决复杂的(社会)技术问题。本文探讨了传统科学课程是否有效地培养这种能力的关键问题。它的前提是,技术设计和开发的科学方法需要有能力构建与具体问题相关且充分的新科学知识(例如科学模型)。我的中心观点是,一种占主导地位的科学观点,称为科学的物理范式,阻碍了科学课程的有效性。接下来,我提出了另一种科学观,称为科学的工程范式,它更适合于理解技术设计和开发中的科学方法,也更适合于发展更有效的科学教育。科学的工程范式假定“有用的”知识是科学的目标,因此关注在诸如技术设计和开发等特定背景下为认识目的构建科学知识。科学哲学有助于更好地理解知识建构中的认知策略。我建议将这一研究领域称为构建语境。
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引用次数: 1
Engineering Epistemology: Between Theory and Practice 工程认识论:介于理论与实践之间
IF 1.7 3区 工程技术 Q2 EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES Pub Date : 2022-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/19378629.2022.2124025
S. Zwart
or declar-ative knowledge; observations or outcomes of practical physical experiments; scientific laws or theories; functional descriptions; models and computational simulations, action, intervention, optimization or means-end knowledge; practical experiences of individuals and collectives; interdisciplinary problem-solving activities; stakeholders’ perspectives, etc. abstract scientific theorizing and real-world, wicked, technical problem-solving.
或解密知识;实际物理实验的观察结果或结果;科学规律或理论;功能描述;模型和计算模拟、行动、干预、优化或手段最终知识;个人和集体的实践经验;跨学科解决问题活动;利益相关者的观点等抽象的科学理论和现实世界中的、邪恶的、技术性的问题解决。
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引用次数: 1
Engineering Laboratory Experiments – a Typology 工程实验室实验-类型学
IF 1.7 3区 工程技术 Q2 EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES Pub Date : 2022-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/19378629.2022.2126783
S. Zwart
With the introduction of large commercial industrial laboratories at the end of the nineteenth century, many types of experiments were institutionalized that do not aim at testing hypotheses. This paper builds a typology of experiments in techno-science, by analysing more than two hundred and fifty real-life technical projects. This resulted in four testing types (tests of hypotheses, of designs, of means-end knowledge, and of models or software), three determining types (developing working principles, preferred actions, and determining values of variables or relationships between variables) and one trial-and-error type of pure exploration. The typology is developed by working back and forth between thick descriptions of the experiments including their goals, and the development of six criteria of differentiation, to wit: determining versus testing; measurement scales of (in)dependent variables; intrinsic versus instrumental value of the outcomes; proximate function of the outcome; distant role of the outcome in the embedded project; the descriptive or normative character of the proximate or distant outcomes. The typology opens up inspiring methodological and philosophical research questions.
随着19世纪末大型商业工业实验室的引入,许多类型的实验都制度化了,它们的目的不是为了检验假设。本文通过分析250多个现实生活中的技术项目,构建了技术科学实验的类型学。这导致了四种测试类型(假设测试、设计测试、目的知识测试和模型或软件测试)、三种确定类型(开发工作原则、首选行为和确定变量或变量之间关系的值)和一种试错类型的纯探索。类型学是通过在包括实验目标在内的大量实验描述和六个区分标准的发展之间来回工作而发展起来的,即:决定与测试;因变量(in)的测量尺度;结果的内在价值和工具价值;结果的近似函数;结果在嵌入式项目中的远距离作用;结果:近期或远期结果的描述性或规范性特征类型学开启了鼓舞人心的方法论和哲学研究问题。
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引用次数: 1
Objects as Carriers of Engineering Knowledge 作为工程知识载体的对象
IF 1.7 3区 工程技术 Q2 EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES Pub Date : 2022-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/19378629.2022.2121213
M. Stacey, C. Eckert
The role of previous products in evolutionary engineering design is often neglected. In design discourse, references to objects provide terse expressions of complex information that cannot easily be expressed otherwise. Previous artifacts serve in conjunction with more general engineering knowledge to enable designers and design teams in engineering companies to work in ways that would be very difficult or impossible without them. They trigger the retrieval and active construction of personal knowledge, but also provide a scaffold for sharing knowledge and using it collectively. For companies, their products encapsulate and carry a significant part of the collective knowledge of the organization.
以前的产品在进化工程设计中的作用经常被忽视。在设计话语中,对物体的引用提供了复杂信息的简洁表达,而这些信息在其他方面是不容易表达的。以前的工件与更通用的工程知识相结合,使工程公司的设计师和设计团队能够在没有它们的情况下以非常困难或不可能的方式工作。它们触发了个人知识的检索和积极构建,但也为共享知识和集体使用知识提供了一个支架。对于公司来说,他们的产品封装并承载了组织集体知识的重要组成部分。
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引用次数: 1
Thank You to 2021 Reviewers 感谢2021位审稿人
IF 1.7 3区 工程技术 Q2 EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/19378629.2022.2063343
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引用次数: 0
Gender Equality Paradise Revisited: The Dynamics of Gender Disbalance in Russian Engineering from the Late Soviet Time to the 2010s 性别平等天堂再访:苏联后期至2010年代俄罗斯工程中的性别失衡动态
IF 1.7 3区 工程技术 Q2 EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/19378629.2022.2047059
N. Rudenko, Irina Antoshchuk, Roman Maliushkin, L. Zemnukhova
The Soviet Union, during the late socialist period, is believed to have achieved impressive progress in making gender equality in STEM come true. The collapse of the Soviet Union and rapid transition to the market economy, accompanied by destruction of industrial production and economic decline, brought unprecedented challenges to the engineering profession. How has the post-socialist transition affected gender (dis)balance? We use rich, unique, and previously unexplored big data from a Russian-speaking social network, VKontakte, to answer this question. Our primary finding is that there have been negative gender dynamics since the late Soviet times, the gender gap has widened, and gender inequality in engineering has become more acute. Women’s presence in the profession has considerably decreased. Gender segregation, both vertical and horizontal, in higher education and at the workplace has solidified. We found minor gender discrepancies in job mobility patterns, and even slightly declining mobility since Soviet time. However, changing mobility patterns does not seem to have affected the gender imbalance positively. We find partial support for the leaky pipeline argument in higher engineering education and paid employment. We conclude that the 1990s was a period of harsh masculinization and intensifying gender inequality in engineering in Russia, and the current situation is still under the influence of these trends.
在社会主义后期,苏联被认为在实现STEM领域的性别平等方面取得了令人印象深刻的进展。苏联解体和迅速向市场经济转型,伴随着工业生产的破坏和经济的衰退,给工程专业带来了前所未有的挑战。后社会主义转型如何影响性别失衡?我们使用来自俄语社交网络VKontakte的丰富、独特且未被开发的大数据来回答这个问题。我们的主要发现是,自苏联后期以来,存在消极的性别动态,性别差距扩大,工程领域的性别不平等变得更加严重。从事这一职业的妇女大大减少了。高等教育和工作场所的性别隔离,无论是纵向的还是横向的,都已经固化。我们发现,在工作流动模式上存在较小的性别差异,甚至自苏联时期以来流动性略有下降。然而,流动模式的改变似乎并没有对性别不平衡产生积极影响。我们在高等工程教育和有偿就业中找到了部分支持管道泄漏的论点。我们得出结论,20世纪90年代是俄罗斯工程领域男性化严重、性别不平等加剧的时期,目前的情况仍然受到这些趋势的影响。
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引用次数: 1
Creativity vs Commercialization: Russian Engineers, Their Inspiration and Innovation Process 创意与商业化:俄罗斯工程师及其启示和创新过程
IF 1.7 3区 工程技术 Q2 EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/19378629.2022.2042002
O. Bychkova
Many Russians believe that local engineers are very creative. Historically, however, the numerous inventions created by Russian innovators have rarely ended up as commercialized products. Are Russian engineers indeed creative in comparison to their foreign colleagues? What motivations are associated with this creativity? Is such a shared conception of creativity a barrier to the nation’s development of innovations? I propose to answer these questions using interviews with Russian technopreneurs. For comparison with the Russian case, I will use another set of interviews with technopreneurs collected in three countries—South Korea, Taiwan and Finland—each of which can be characterized by different cultural contexts and level of technological development. I summarize the main findings of a collective research project, which employs Luc Boltanski and Laurent Thévenot’s idea of ‘economies of worth.’ The study demonstrates that the basic mixes of ‘orders of worth’ are varied across the selected countries. In Russia, this mix includes the industrial, the inspired and the market orders; in Taiwan, the market, the industrial and the domestic; in South Korea, the industrial, the domestic and the market; and in Finland, the project-base, the industrial and the market. Focusing on detailed analysis of the worlds of justification among Russian technopreneurs, the article argues that, contrary to the Finnish, South Korean, and Taiwanese cases, creativity and inspiration, together with values of producing technologies for their own sake, are prevailing motivations for Russian engineers. That can explain obstacles in the way of successful commercialization and technological development in the country.
许多俄罗斯人认为当地的工程师非常有创造力。然而,从历史上看,俄罗斯创新者创造的众多发明很少最终成为商业化产品。与外国同事相比,俄罗斯工程师真的有创造力吗?这种创造力的动机是什么?这样一个共同的创造力概念是国家创新发展的障碍吗?我建议通过对俄罗斯技术企业家的采访来回答这些问题。为了与俄罗斯的案例进行比较,我将使用另一组对收集在韩国、台湾和芬兰三个国家的技术企业家的采访,其中每一个国家都有不同的文化背景和技术发展水平。我总结了一个集体研究项目的主要发现,该项目采用了Luc Boltanski和Laurent Thévenot的“价值经济”理念该研究表明,“价值订单”的基本组合在选定的国家各不相同。在俄罗斯,这种混合包括工业订单、灵感订单和市场订单;在台湾,市场、产业和国内;在韩国,工业、国内和市场;以及芬兰的项目基地、工业和市场。文章重点分析了俄罗斯技术企业家的正当性世界,认为与芬兰、韩国和台湾的情况相反,创造力和灵感,以及为自己的利益生产技术的价值观,是俄罗斯工程师的主要动机。这可以解释该国成功商业化和技术发展的障碍。
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引用次数: 1
Critical Thinking and Judgment on Engineer's Work: Its Integration in Engineering Education 工程师工作的批判性思维与判断:在工程教育中的整合
IF 1.7 3区 工程技术 Q2 EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/19378629.2022.2042003
Héctor Gustavo Giuliano, L. Giri, F. Nicchi, W. Weyerstall, Lydia Fabiana Ferreira Aicardi, Martín Parselis, Federico Vasen
In the present work we develop some core ideas to strengthen the inclusion of humanistic knowledge in scientific and technical education sustained in the mainstream definition of engineering provided by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET). In order to achieve such a goal we developed a novel formal definition of the term ‘judgment’ to enlighten the conceptual links between technical rationality and critical thinking in the context of the engineering profession. The analysis intends to overcome some obstacles still present when integrating humanities in engineering training rather than including them as a mere afterthought.
在目前的工作中,我们发展了一些核心思想,以加强人文知识在科学和技术教育中的包容,这些教育是由工程技术认证委员会(ABET)提供的主流工程定义所维持的。为了实现这一目标,我们对“判断”一词进行了新的正式定义,以启发工程专业背景下技术理性与批判性思维之间的概念联系。分析的目的是克服目前在工程教育中融入人文学科的一些障碍,而不是把人文学科作为事后的想法。
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引用次数: 2
Editorial 编辑
IF 1.7 3区 工程技术 Q2 EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/19378629.2022.2057124
Cyrus C. M. Mody
of which began—or, really, a active phase—on February resistance, logistical morale, The of this is it the various that led the to this in the former Yugoslavia, Iraq, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Syria, Yemen, and so on—reaching back, of to the Cold War and the many ‘hot’ wars that the superpower confrontation spawned. It is well beyond my to tease out the complicated history behind Rus-sia’s invasion of its neighbor. Nor do I want to risk trivializing this war by relating it to topics that I, and this journal’s contributors, do know something about. Still, the engineering dimensions of this war both illustrate and perhaps some key engineering studies insights, and highlight some topics that our field could do more to address.
这是导致前南斯拉夫,伊拉克,格鲁吉亚,亚美尼亚,阿塞拜疆,叙利亚,也门等地出现这种情况的各种原因,追溯到冷战和超级大国对抗催生的许多“热战”。要梳理出俄罗斯入侵邻国背后的复杂历史,我是远远不够的。我也不想冒险将这场战争与我和本刊撰稿人确实了解的话题联系起来,从而使它变得无足轻重。尽管如此,这场战争的工程维度既说明了,也可能是一些关键的工程研究见解,并突出了我们的领域可以做得更多的一些主题。
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引用次数: 0
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Engineering Studies
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