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Initial boundary layer state of typical model-scale jet nozzles and its impact on noise 典型模型尺度喷管初始边界层状态及其对噪声的影响
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q3 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/1475472x231199189
K. Zaman
A set of 2-inch diameter nozzles is used to investigate the effect of varying exit boundary layer (BL) states on the radiated noise from high-subsonic jets. It is confirmed that nozzles involving turbulent boundary layers are the quietest while others, involving nominally-laminar BLs, are noisier. A turbulent BL is thicker and there is simply an effect of thickness on noise. A thicker BL results in a decrease in the sound pressure spectral amplitudes due to a less vigorous growth of instability waves in the jet’s shear layer. A nominally-laminar BL, besides being thinner, may also involve significantly higher turbulence intensities, much higher than that in a turbulent BL. Such a BL state, referred to as ‘highly disturbed laminar’, results in the largest noise amplitudes especially on the high-frequency side of the spectrum. This transitional state, often encountered with model scale nozzles, involves a ‘Blasius-like’ mean velocity profile but large velocity fluctuation intensities and intermittency. The higher initial turbulence adds to the increase in high-frequency noise. The results leave little doubt that an anomaly noted with subsonic jet noise databases in the literature is due to similar effects of differences in the initial boundary layer state.
采用一组直径为2英寸的喷嘴,研究了不同出口边界层状态对高亚音速射流辐射噪声的影响。经证实,涉及湍流边界层的喷嘴是最安静的,而其他涉及名义层流BLs的喷嘴噪音更大。湍流边界层较厚,厚度对噪声有简单的影响。由于射流剪切层中不稳定波的增长较弱,较厚的边界层导致声压谱幅值降低。名义上的层流边界层除了更薄之外,还可能涉及明显更高的湍流强度,比湍流边界层高得多。这种边界层状态被称为“高度扰动层流”,导致最大的噪声幅值,特别是在频谱的高频侧。这种过渡状态经常在模型规模的喷嘴中遇到,涉及“类似blasius”的平均速度剖面,但速度波动强度大且间歇性。较高的初始湍流增加了高频噪声的增加。结果表明,文献中亚音速射流噪声数据库记录的异常是由于初始边界层状态差异的类似影响。
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引用次数: 0
Krishan Kumar Ahuja: A brief history and testimonial to the half century of achievements in acoustics 克里山-库马尔-阿胡贾半个世纪声学成就的简史与见证
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q3 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/1475472x231202624
Jeffrey M Mendoza
This paper provides some personal background, technical achievements, and a few testimonials from those who Professor Krishan Kumar Ahuja has worked with throughout his career. I have known Krish as an advisor, a colleague, and as someone I would consider a friend since my graduate school enrollment at Georgia Tech. He not only supported my research in pursuit of an MS and PhD but has been a constant reliable source of technical and professional advice throughout my young career and today, over 30 years later. This paper contains contributions from Krish’s wife Philippa, and from several students and colleagues. It has information from a small subset of many people that Krish has mentored and influenced and worked with over the years. It serves as a starting point for this special edition tribute to Dr Krish Ahuja and his half century of contributions in acoustics. Although Dr. Ahuja’s contributions in jet noise are arguably his most foundational work, he has made significant technical contributions in the areas of cavity noise, engine acoustic liner technologies, rotorcraft and UAV noise, advanced flow and noise measurements and diagnostics, active flow and noise control, and many others. The subsequent papers to follow in this special edition cover a range of topics in areas exemplary to Dr. Ahuja’s career and from authors he has worked with and influenced over the years.
本文介绍了克里希-库马尔-阿胡贾教授的一些个人背景、技术成就,以及他在职业生涯中合作过的人的一些评价。自从我在佐治亚理工学院攻读研究生以来,我就把克里希视为导师、同事和朋友。他不仅支持我攻读硕士和博士学位,而且在我年轻的职业生涯中以及 30 多年后的今天,他一直是我技术和专业建议的可靠来源。本文包含克里希的妻子菲利帕以及几位学生和同事的贡献。本文的信息来自克里希多年来指导、影响和合作过的许多人中的一小部分。它是本特别版向克里希-阿胡贾博士及其半个世纪的声学贡献致敬的起点。虽然 Ahuja 博士在喷气噪声方面的贡献可以说是他最基础的工作,但他在空腔噪声、发动机声学衬垫技术、旋翼机和无人机噪声、先进的流动和噪声测量与诊断、主动流动和噪声控制等领域也做出了重要的技术贡献。本特刊中的后续论文涉及一系列主题,这些主题都是 Ahuja 博士职业生涯中的典范领域,也是他多年来与之共事并受其影响的作者所撰写的。
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引用次数: 0
Beamforming with modified steering vectors for jet noise source location 修正导向矢量的波束形成射流噪声源定位
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q3 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-08-26 DOI: 10.1177/1475472x231199190
R. Dougherty
Prof. Krish Ahuja has a longstanding interest in jet noise source location. His work in this area is grounded in the idea that if the assumed source location is correct, then the sound should obey the inverse square law relative to that point and the phase should be constant along lines originating at that point. He applied this with, conceptually, one microphone in 1985 and two microphones in 1998. In 2006 he commissioned a beamforming system, Array 48, from OptiNav, Inc. His student, Nick Breen, used this to measure subsonic jet noise source location in detail. The NASA-Glenn Research Center also purchased an Array 48. In the current work, a jet noise data set measured by Gary Podboy using Glenn’s array in 2008 is revisited with a new beamforming algorithm, Robust Functional Beamforming, to further support Tam’s two-source model and Breen’s source location. Beamforming with modified steering vectors is performed to measure the parameters of the wavepacket source model from the far field. This process suggested replacing the wavepacket spatial length parameter with a temporal lifetime parameter. Another steering vector modification aimed to measure modes with odd spinning order. It seems to have found them at an apparent location 10 jet diameters removed from the jet, laterally. This is tentatively interpreted as a Mach radius phenomenon like one observed by Csaba Horvath at NASA-Glenn, also using Array 48, to study counter-rotating propeller noise. In an observation unrelated to beamforming, the excess noise measured at 40° from the jet axis as compared with the 90° angle, is fully contained in the first few cross spectral matrix eigenvalues, or Spectral Proper Orthogonal Decomposition modes, in some cases.
Krish Ahuja教授长期以来一直对喷气噪声源位置感兴趣。他在这一领域的工作是基于这样一种想法:如果假设的震源位置是正确的,那么声音应该遵循相对于该点的平方反比定律,并且相位应该沿着起源于该点的线保持恒定。1985年,他在概念上使用了一个麦克风,1998年使用了两个麦克风。2006年,他启用了OptiNav公司的波束形成系统Array 48。他的学生尼克·布林(Nick Breen)用它详细测量了亚音速射流噪声源的位置。美国宇航局格伦研究中心也购买了Array 48。在当前的工作中,Gary Podboy在2008年使用Glenn的阵列测量了一个射流噪声数据集,并使用一种新的波束形成算法,鲁棒功能波束形成,来进一步支持Tam的双源模型和Breen的源位置。采用修正导向矢量的波束形成方法从远场测量波包源模型的参数。该过程建议用时间寿命参数代替波包空间长度参数。另一种转向矢量修正旨在测量奇数旋转顺序的模式。似乎是在距离喷流直径10倍的地方发现的,侧向的。这被暂时解释为马赫半径现象,就像美国宇航局格伦中心的Csaba Horvath观察到的那样,他也使用48号阵列来研究反向旋转的螺旋桨噪音。在与波束形成无关的观测中,与90°角相比,在距离射流轴40°处测量的多余噪声完全包含在前几个交叉谱矩阵特征值中,或者在某些情况下,谱固有正交分解模式。
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引用次数: 0
Impedance models for single and two degree of freedom linings with an improved data base and local non-linearity 基于改进数据库和局部非线性的单自由度和二自由度衬里阻抗模型
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q3 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/1475472X231183153
W. Eversman, M. Drouin
Previously developed predictive models for impedance of single-degree-of-freedom and two-degree-of-freedom acoustic linings driven by a broad band acoustic source are reexamined. Two issues are addressed, the first being improvement of the conventional perforate face sheet impedance model. Data correlations based on flow bench measurements of steady flow pressure drop are reevaluated with emphasis on low flow velocity to improve the consistency of the prediction of linear resistance. In addition, for two-degree-of-freedom linings, face sheet mass reactance is modified to account for the presence of the septum. The second issue addresses the implication that for a non-linear lining, with impedance a function of the local sound pressure level, the installed performance of the lining depends on the local impedance, as opposed to impedance based on the source sound pressure level. This is investigated in the benchmarking of the impedance models by comparison of the acoustic transfer function predicted by a propagation code with the imbedded impedance model and transfer function measurements made in a grazing flow duct test facility. The propagation code is extended to make the non-linear behavior of the lining model dependent on the local acoustic spectrum, introducing an additional level of non-linearity and an iterative application of the propagation code. A principal conclusion is that with no grazing flow both the lining model and grazing flow duct transfer function measurements show a significant effect of local variation of the acoustic spectrum. With increasing grazing flow Mach number, this effect is reduced and effectively disappears at the highest Mach number. With increasing grazing flow Mach number the grazing flow contribution to face sheet resistance dominates and tends to mask the non-linear behavior of the component of resistance not related to grazing flow.
对先前开发的由宽带声源驱动的单自由度和两自由度声衬的阻抗预测模型进行了重新检查。解决了两个问题,第一个问题是对传统穿孔面板阻抗模型的改进。基于稳定流压降的流动台架测量的数据相关性被重新评估,重点是低流速,以提高线性阻力预测的一致性。此外,对于两自由度衬里,面板质量电抗进行了修改,以考虑隔膜的存在。第二个问题涉及的含义是,对于非线性衬里,阻抗是局部声压级的函数,衬里的安装性能取决于局部阻抗,而不是基于源声压级的阻抗。在阻抗模型的基准测试中,通过将传播代码预测的声学传递函数与嵌入阻抗模型以及在掠流管道测试设备中进行的传递函数测量进行比较,对这一点进行了研究。对传播代码进行了扩展,使衬砌模型的非线性行为取决于局部声谱,引入了额外的非线性水平和传播代码的迭代应用。一个主要结论是,在没有掠流的情况下,衬砌模型和掠流管道传递函数测量都显示出频谱局部变化的显著影响。随着掠流马赫数的增加,这种影响会减少,并在最高马赫数时有效地消失。随着掠流马赫数的增加,掠流对面板阻力的贡献占主导地位,并倾向于掩盖与掠流无关的阻力分量的非线性行为。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental noise reduction (aeroacoustical enhancement) of a large diameter axial flow cooling fan through a reduction in blade tip clearance 通过减小叶尖间隙对大直径轴流冷却风扇降噪(气动增强)的实验研究
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q3 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/1475472X231183156
Pieter Coenraad Swanepoel, T. Biedermann, S. J. van der Spuy
Aerodynamic and aeroacoustic performance experiments were carried out on four- and eight bladed, 1.542 m diameter, axial flow cooling fans, with constant solidity and hub-to-tip ratio. Tests were conducted in an ISO5801, Type A Fan Test facility. The tip gap (TG) was reduced from 4 mm (0.26% fan diameter) to 2 mm (0.13% fan diameter), to 0 mm, for both fan configurations. The noise profile of each fan configuration at the same TG over the whole volumetric flow rate spectrum was compared to each other. The 4 mm (0.26%) TG is used as a baseline to measure the nett increase or decrease in sound levels. Noise emissions decreased as the TG was reduced. It is discovered that the four bladed fan configuration had lower noise emissions than the eight bladed fan configuration at all blade tip clearances at design flow rate. It is concluded that reducing the TG and number of blades, at constant solidity, reduces sound emissions. The 0 mm TG for the four bladed fan produced the greatest reduction in noise emissions. An increase in fan total-to-static performance is observed when reducing the TG for both fan configurations.
采用四叶和八叶、直径1.542 m的轴流冷却风扇,在定固体度和轴尖比条件下进行了气动和气动声学性能实验。测试在ISO5801 A型风扇测试设施中进行。两种风扇配置的叶尖间隙(TG)都从4mm(0.26%风扇直径)减小到2mm(0.13%风扇直径),再减小到0 mm。在相同的热重下,在整个体积流量谱上,对每种风扇配置的噪声分布进行了比较。4mm (0.26%) TG被用作测量声级净增加或减少的基线。随着TG的降低,噪声排放也随之降低。研究发现,在设计流量下,在所有叶尖间隙下,四叶风扇结构的噪声排放比八叶风扇结构的噪声排放低。在一定的固体度下,减少热重和叶片数量可以减少声发射。4叶片风扇的0毫米TG产生了最大的噪音排放减少。当降低两种风扇配置的TG时,可以观察到风扇总静态性能的增加。
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引用次数: 1
Guest editor biography 客座编辑传记
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q3 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/1475472X231183612
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引用次数: 0
Research on the influence of check valve on noise performance of variable frequency scroll refrigeration compressor 单向阀对变频涡旋制冷压缩机噪声性能影响的研究
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q3 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/1475472X231183157
Wenzhuo Zhang, Bingqian Li, Weiguo Yan, Zhen Wang, Xiaoqian Yang, Hong-kun Li, Jianguo Chen, Jin Xu
Check valve is one of the core components of the scroll refrigeration compressor, which can directly affect its efficiency, life, and noise performance. Traditional check valve is the reed valve. This paper deeply studies the dynamic characteristics of reed valve and reveals the main reason of the valve noise under different rotation speeds. The large noise is mainly attributing to the large pressure pulsation as well as fast circulation velocity of fluid and the severe slapping of the reed plate on the valve seat, which is influenced by the high pressure ratio of the working condition and stiffness of the reed valve. In order to reduce the noise of the check valve, the circular valve is designed to replace reed valve in this paper. At each rotation speed, the circular valve shows a continuous exhaust process, which avoids the slapping of the valve plate on the valve seat. More importantly, the exhaust is smooth and the pressure pulsation as well as the flow rate of the fluid is reduced significantly leading to the low aerodynamic noise. Therefore, compared with the reed valve compressor, the sound pressure level of the circular valve compressor at 1800, 4200, and 6600 rpm is decreased by 3.0, 5.2, and 0.3 dB, respectively.
单向阀是涡旋式制冷压缩机的核心部件之一,直接影响其效率、寿命和噪声性能。传统的止回阀是簧片阀。深入研究了簧片阀的动态特性,揭示了不同转速下产生噪声的主要原因。噪声大的主要原因是压力脉动大,流体循环速度快,簧片对阀座的拍打严重,受工况压力比高和簧片刚度的影响。为了降低单向阀的噪声,本文设计了圆阀代替簧片阀。在每个转速下,圆形阀呈现连续的排气过程,避免了阀板对阀座的拍打。更重要的是,排气平滑,大大降低了压力脉动和流体的流量,从而降低了气动噪声。因此,与簧片阀压缩机相比,圆形阀压缩机在1800、4200、6600 rpm时的声压级分别降低了3.0、5.2、0.3 dB。
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引用次数: 0
Numerical study of acoustic source localization of rotor using a novel discrete noise analysis strategy 一种新的离散噪声分析策略用于转子声源定位的数值研究
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q3 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/1475472X231185068
Weicheng Bao, Xi Chen, Qi-jun Zhao, Dazhi Sun
In order to obtain the influence mechanism of the rotor noise and the local aerodynamic variation under different operating conditions, a novel discrete noise analysis strategy for the acoustic source localization is established. The analysis strategy has two aspects including the blade division method and the noise contribution calculation method. Firstly, the body-fitted rotor blade grids are preprocessed and refined at the division position before the flowfield simulation. Then, based on the flowfield result, the blade grids are divided into several blocks in the chordwise and spanwise directions, and the acoustic pressure of each block is predicted. Finally, a discriminant function for the contribution of the block to the rotor noise is proposed, and the acoustic source localization is carried out. The URANS equations and FW-H equations are used to capture high-fidelity flowfield and rotor acoustic pressure. Parameters such as the block position in different direction on the rotor blade and the collective pitches are quantified, and the relationship between air flow and aeroacoustics is discussed in detail. Some conclusions are obtained by analyzing the BO105 model rotor in hover. The acoustic pressure produced by the leading edge of the upper surface could cancel about 50% acoustic pressure of the remainder of these blocks. Increasing the force at this position will be benefit to the noise reduction. Acoustic source distribution is closely linked to the flow separation near the blade tip: the main acoustic source moves toward around 0.9 R section of the blade in the spanwise direction, and it moves from the leading edge towards the trailing edge in the chordwise direction.
为了获得不同工况下转子噪声和局部气动变化的影响机理,建立了一种新的声源定位离散噪声分析策略。分析策略包括叶片划分方法和噪声贡献计算方法两个方面。首先,在流场模拟前的分割位置对贴体转子叶片网格进行预处理和细化;然后,根据流场结果,将叶片网格在弦向和展向上划分为几个块,并对每个块的声压进行预测。最后,提出了块体对转子噪声贡献的判别函数,并进行了声源定位。采用URANS方程和FW-H方程对流场和转子声压进行高保真捕获。量化了转子叶片上不同方向的块位置和总节距等参数,详细讨论了气流与气动声学的关系。通过对BO105模型旋翼悬停状态的分析,得出了一些结论。上表面前缘产生的声压可以抵消其余区块50%左右的声压。增加这个位置的力将有利于减少噪音。声源分布与叶尖附近的流动分离密切相关,主声源沿展向向叶片0.9 R左右截面移动,沿弦向从前缘向尾缘移动。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of geometrical parameters and additional mass on the acoustic and vibration control of the bilayer resonant metamaterials 几何参数和附加质量对双层谐振超材料声学和振动控制的影响
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q3 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/1475472X231183158
Bingfei Liu, Yangjie Hao, Ping Chen
Due to the advantages of lightweight, small size, high stiffness, and adjustable parameters, plate metamaterials have shown great practical application value in the field of acoustic vibration control in engineering. For low-frequency vibration and noise control, an annular slotted bilayer plate metamaterial is designed, which can realize sound insulation and vibration reduction at 100–150 Hz (low-frequency range). By changing the geometric parameters of the annular slotted bilayer plate, the structural parameters of the additional mass, the material parameters, and its distribution position, the acting frequency band is reduced and the band gap of sound insulation and vibration reduction is widened. The integral metamaterial panels of circular and square PA12 were fabricated by 3D printing technology, and then, the acoustic and vibration characteristics were tested in the ZK1030 impedance tube system and Polytec full-field scanning laser vibration measurement system, respectively. The results show that the structure has the best performance by varying the resonant ring thickness of the lattice structure, controlling the wave incidence angle to 0°, and pointing force excitation in the X direction. However, when the mass of the additional mass block is certain, the distribution position of the mass block has less effect. The experimental result was reasonably consistent with the simulation analysis result. This work can provide a reference for the design of bilayer plate acoustic metamaterials with low-frequency broadband acoustic insulation and low-damping vibration based on periodic structures in engineering.
由于板材超材料具有重量轻、体积小、刚度高、参数可调等优点,在工程声振动控制领域显示出很大的实际应用价值。针对低频振动和噪声控制,设计了一种环形开槽双层板超材料,可实现100 - 150hz(低频范围)的隔声减振。通过改变环形开槽双层板的几何参数、附加质量的结构参数、材料参数及其分布位置,减小作用频带,扩大隔声减振带隙。采用3D打印技术制备了圆形和方形PA12整体超材料板,分别在ZK1030阻抗管系统和Polytec全场扫描激光振动测量系统中测试了其声学和振动特性。结果表明,通过改变晶格结构的谐振环厚度,控制波入射角为0°,并将力激励指向X方向,该结构具有最佳的性能。然而,当附加质量块的质量一定时,质量块的分布位置影响较小。实验结果与仿真分析结果基本一致。该工作可为工程中基于周期结构的低频宽带隔声低阻尼双层板声超材料的设计提供参考。
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引用次数: 0
Acoustic wave radiation from a coaxial pipe with partial lining and inner perforated screen 带有部分内衬和内孔筛网的同轴管的声波辐射
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q3 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/1475472X231183152
Ayse Tiryakioglu, B. Tiryakioglu
In this study, the analysis of sound waves from a coaxial pipe with a perforated screen and a partial acoustic absorbing lining is investigated. The geometry under consideration consists of an infinite pipe placed in a semi-infinite cylindrical pipe such that the inner surface of the outer pipe is covered with a partial acoustic absorbing lining. Because of the partial lining, the solution is obtained with both the Jones’ method and the Mode-Matching method. The effects of the problem parameters such as perforated screen and partial lining on the radiation phenomenon are presented.
在本研究中,研究了带有穿孔筛网和部分吸声内衬的同轴管的声波分析。所考虑的几何形状包括一个无限长管道,该管道位于半无限长圆柱形管道中,使得外管道的内表面覆盖有部分吸声内衬。由于存在局部衬砌问题,采用Jones方法和模式匹配方法求解。给出了穿孔筛网和局部衬砌等问题参数对辐射现象的影响。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
International Journal of Aeroacoustics
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