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A saucerful of secrets: comparative osteology of the genus Copeoglossum Tschudi, 1845 (Squamata: Scincidae) reveals a new species from Central Brazil 一碟秘密：1845年Copeoglossum Tschudi属的比较骨学（鳞片目：鳞片科）揭示了来自巴西中部的一个新种

IF 1.2 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoologischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-06-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2025.05.008

Julio C. Ferreira-Junior , Davor Vrcibradic , Vinícius Sudré , Paulo Passos

The genus Copeoglossum is widely distributed throughout much of the Amazon basin and other regions of central, northern, and eastern South America, including Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, and Suriname. It also occurs in the Lesser Antilles (Redonda, St. Vincent, the Grenadines, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago). Despite the recent increase in molecular and taxonomic studies on Neotropical skinks, populations of Copeoglossum in northern and eastern South America remain understudied. Here, we examined 380 specimens from 64 localities, representing all currently recognized taxa of the genus Copeoglossum. Specimen preparation included dry skull, clearing and staining, X-ray, and high-resolution computed tomography (μCT). This study provides a detailed anatomical reference for the adult skull of species in the genus Copeoglossum, emphasizing osteological features that may aid in delineating robust species boundaries. Our findings support the recognition of a distinct lineage that does not currently have a formal name (though it has been previously identified in other studies), which we describe herein as a new species based on both cranial osteology and external morphology, as well as molecular evidence. This newly recognized species appears to be endemic to the Cerrado ecoregion, also occurring in transitional areas of Brazil's central-western region.

Copeoglossum属广泛分布在亚马逊河流域的大部分地区以及南美洲中部、北部和东部的其他地区，包括巴西、玻利维亚、哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔、秘鲁、委内瑞拉、圭亚那、法属圭亚那和苏里南。它也发生在小安的列斯群岛（雷东达、圣文森特、格林纳丁斯、格林纳达、特立尼达和多巴哥）。尽管最近对新热带石龙子的分子和分类研究有所增加，但对南美北部和东部的Copeoglossum种群的研究仍然不足。本文对来自64个地区的380个标本进行了研究，这些标本代表了目前已知的所有Copeoglossum属分类群。标本制备包括干颅骨、清除和染色、x线和高分辨率计算机断层扫描（μCT）。本研究为Copeoglossum属物种的成年颅骨提供了详细的解剖学参考，强调了可能有助于描绘强健物种边界的骨学特征。我们的研究结果支持对一个目前没有正式名称的独特谱系的认识（尽管它已经在其他研究中被确定），我们在此将其描述为基于颅骨学和外部形态学以及分子证据的新物种。这种新发现的物种似乎是塞拉多生态区特有的，也出现在巴西中西部地区的过渡地区。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Quantitative evaluation of spatial biometric parameters affecting body shape variation among three freshwater fish species” [Zool. Anz. 315 (2025) 75–88] “影响三种淡水鱼体型变化的空间生物特征参数的定量评估”[Zool]的勘误表。Anz. 315 (2025) 75-88]

IF 1.2 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoologischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2025.03.003

Mohd Sadiq, Lubna Yasmeen, Insha Hassan, Mohammad Afzal Khan

引用次数: 0

Description of a new species of Paraturbanella, new record of Paraturbanella tricaudata and new insights on reproductive traits in Turbanellidae (Gastrotricha:Macrodasyida) 拟蝶属一新种描述、三尾拟蝶属新记录及拟蝶科生殖性状新认识（腹虫目：大腹虫目）

IF 1.2 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoologischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-05-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2025.05.010

Ariane Campos , Thiago Quintão Araújo , M. Antonio Todaro , André Rinaldo Senna Garraffoni

The intertidal zone of a sandy beach in Bahia State, Brazil, yielded a new species that we describe herein based on three distinct microscopy techniques (light, scanning electronic, and confocal), as well as on nuclear and mitochondrial molecular data (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, and COI mtDNA). Specimens of Paraturbanella anastaciae species nova (sp. nov.) bear piston pits, a single caudal cone, and lateral and posterior adhesive tubes arranged in clusters; moreover, the layout of its male reproductive system appears unique. A comparative table with data on the reproductive traits of Paraturbanella species known to date was produced to aid future research. Additionally, we report Paraturbanella tricaudata Campos, Todaro and Garraffoni, 2020 from the state of São Paulo, outside its type locality in Rio de Janeiro State. A multigene approach was used to develop a molecular phylogeny of the family Turbanellidae, which found the genera Turbanella and Paraturbanella to be monophyletic and P. anastaciae sp. nov. clearly distinct from other congeners. Although this is the second species of Paraturbanella described from Brazil, evidence indicate that the knowledge of Neotropical turbanellids biodiversity still needs to be completed.

在巴西巴伊亚州沙滩的潮间带发现了一个新物种，我们在此基于三种不同的显微镜技术（光、扫描电子和共聚焦）以及核和线粒体分子数据（18S rDNA、28S rDNA和COI mtDNA）对其进行了描述。小鸟属的标本种nova（十一月种）有活塞坑，一个单一的尾锥，和簇生的侧面和后面的粘着管；此外，它的雄性生殖系统的布局也很独特。制作了一份与迄今为止已知的Paraturbanella物种生殖特征数据的比较表，以帮助未来的研究。此外，我们报告了2020年来自圣保罗州的Paraturbanella tricaudata Campos， Todaro和Garraffoni，位于巴西里约热内卢州的类型地点之外。采用多基因方法对鸡科的分子系统发育进行了研究，发现鸡属和副鸡属是单系的，而鸡属与其他同系物明显不同。虽然这是在巴西发现的第二种Paraturbanella，但有证据表明，对新热带turbanellids生物多样性的认识仍有待完善。

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引用次数: 0

Addressing the phenotypic plasticity in Boleophthalmus boddarti (Pallas, 1770) from Sundarbans of West Bengal using integrative taxonomy 利用综合分类学研究西孟加拉邦孙德尔本斯Boleophthalmus boddarti （Pallas, 1770）的表型可塑性

IF 1.2 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoologischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-05-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2025.05.009

Ankita Vishwakarma , T.S. Nagesh , Mahender Singh , T.J. Abraham , U.K. Sarkar , Golam Ziauddin

Mudskippers are considered as borderline organisms whose systematics are debatable because of plasticity in their morphological classification. Hence, their biology, systematics and evolutionary studies have attracted several researchers nowadays. The present work sorts to characterize the Boddart's goggle-eyed goby Boleophthalmus boddarti sampled from Sundarbans of West Bengal from May 2023 to February 2024, employing an integrative taxonomy approach using morphometry and two molecular genes: cytochrome c oxidase subunit (COI) and ribosomal RNA (16S). Fourteen morphometric parameters were measured for 102 specimens and the data were subjected to univariate ANOVA and principal component analysis. The standard deviation ranged from low i.e., 0.11 to 0.40 for eight parameters, medium 0.46 to 0.70 for four parameters and high 1.70 to 1.95 for two parameters. Low and medium standard deviations in parameters indicated the low variability among data clustering more are around the mean closely. Principal component analysis determined those two components, PC1 and PC2, accounted for 78.41 % of the observed variation. Positive correlation seen in plots 1 and 2 between standard length, total length, second dorsal fin length, anal fin length, head length, pre-dorsal length, head depth, first dorsal fin length and body depth. A molecular marker used for the reconstruction of the phylogenetic trees revealed that species followed monophyletic clade in concordance with the specimens of Bangladesh. Interspecific genetic distance ranged from 0.121 to 0.170 while intraspecific distance ranged from 0.002 to 0.016 for COI and for 16S interspecific genetic distances varied from 0.147 to 0.597 while intraspecific ranged from 0.000 to 0.004. The result showed all specimens belong to one species and no speciation seen among populations of three zones of Sundarbans.

弹涂鱼被认为是一种边缘生物，由于其形态分类的可塑性，其系统分类学存在争议。因此，它们的生物学、系统学和进化研究如今吸引了许多研究者。本文采用形态学和细胞色素c氧化酶亚基（COI）和核糖体RNA （16S）两种分子基因的综合分类方法，对2023年5月至2024年2月在西孟加拉邦孙德尔本斯采集的波达特护眼虾虎鱼Boleophthalmus boddarti进行了分类。对102个标本的14个形态计量参数进行了测量，并对数据进行了单因素方差分析和主成分分析。标准偏差低，8个参数为0.11 ~ 0.40；中，4个参数为0.46 ~ 0.70；高，2个参数为1.70 ~ 1.95。参数的低和中标准差表明数据聚类之间的变异性较低，更接近平均值。主成分分析表明，PC1和PC2占观测变异的78.41%。在图1和图2中，标准体长、总体长、第二背鳍长、肛鳍长、头长、前背长、头深、第一背鳍长和体深呈正相关。用于系统发育树重建的分子标记显示，物种遵循与孟加拉国标本一致的单系进化枝。COI和16S的种间遗传距离为0.121 ~ 0.170，种内遗传距离为0.002 ~ 0.016，种间遗传距离为0.147 ~ 0.597，种内遗传距离为0.000 ~ 0.004。结果表明，所有标本均属于同一种，在孙德尔本斯3个带的种群间未见物种形成。

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引用次数: 0

Taxonomic novelties within Brazilian pea crab species: a new genus for Pinnixa latissima Coelho, 1997 and reallocation of Pinnixa gracilipes Coelho, 1997 (Pinnotheridae, Pinnixinae) 巴西豌豆蟹的分类学新异：平蟹科（Pinnotheridae, Pinnixa pinatissima Coelho）一新属（1997）和扁蟹科（Pinnotheridae, pinnitiae）的再分配（1997）

IF 1.2 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoologischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-05-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2025.05.007

Felipe C. Balbino , Ana F. Tamburus , Fernando L. Mantelatto

Coelho (1997) described three new species of Pinnixa for the Brazilian coast, two of which have remained in the genus until now. Both species, Pinnixa gracilipes and Pinnixa latissima, have never been addressed in taxonomic studies since. Recent phylogenetic and taxonomic studies of the subfamily Pinnixinae have led to new perspectives that resulted in the description of new genera and allocation of some species of Pinnixa to other genera. Given this context, the present study reassesses the taxonomic status of P. gracilipes and P. latissima using morphological data. A new genus Brasilixa gen. nov. is formally described and named herein to accommodate P. latissima, which can be distinguished from other pinnixine genera by the relative width of the carapace, the arc-shaped cardiac ridge, the morphology of the third maxilliped and the presence of spines on the basi-ischium of pereopods 4 and 5. Pinnixa gracilipes is reallocated to Rathbunixa based on shared similarities including the well-defined carapace regions, the presence of a triangular elevation on the cardiac region, slender pereopods and similar male first gonopod morphology. A key to genera and species of Pinnixinae of Brazil is also presented.

Coelho（1997）描述了巴西海岸的三种新Pinnixa，其中两种至今仍属于该属。这两个物种，长尾松和阔尾松，从未在分类学研究中得到解决。近年来对鳖亚科的系统发育和分类学研究为鳖亚科的新属描述和某些种的归属开辟了新的视角。在此背景下，本研究利用形态学资料重新评估了细叶青和扁叶青的分类地位。本文正式描述并命名了一个新属Brasilixa gen. 11 .，以容纳P. latisima，它可以通过甲壳的相对宽度、弧形心脏脊、第三上颌部的形态以及准足目动物4和5的基坐骨上的刺的存在与其他松毛虫属区分开来。Pinnixa gracilipes被重新分配给Rathbunixa，基于共同的相似性，包括明确的甲壳区域，心脏区域三角形凸起的存在，细长的准足类和相似的雄性第一性腺形态。还给出了巴西平尼蝇科属和种的检索表。

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引用次数: 0

Systematics of the genus Dilta Strand, 1911 (Machilidae) in the Canary Islands (NW Africa, Spain) with comments on the phylogeny of Microcoryphia (Insecta) 加那利群岛（西北非洲，西班牙）Dilta Strand属的系统分类学（马基利亚科）——兼论微毛虫（昆虫科）的系统发育

IF 1.2 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoologischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-05-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2025.05.005

Iñigo Palacios–Martinez, Yolanda Jiménez-Ruiz, Pau Otero-Ferre, Mario García-París

Phylogenetic inferences based on morphological and genetic data often exhibit discrepancies due to evolutionary convergences, complicating the accurate determination of evolutionary relationships. In Microcoryphia, the lack of comprehensive genetic studies has left significant gaps some of which we try to address in this work. We conducted molecular analyses using mitochondrial and nuclear markers on specimens from Morocco, the Iberian Peninsula, and the Canary and Balearic Islands, representing the two known families and 10 genera within the order. During our study, we revised the nomenclature of the studied taxa, and established three new synonymies (Machilis fastuosa Lucas, 1846 = Machilis bimaculata Lucas, 1846 n. syn. = Machilis crassicornis Lucas, 1846 n. syn. = Machilis italicus Grassi, 1887 n. syn.) and a new combination, Dilta fastuosa (Lucas, 1846) comb. nov. In the Canary Islands, our sampling led to the discovery of three new species of the genus Dilta Strand, 1911 with morphological and molecular distinctive traits that differentiate them from other congeneric species (Dilta (Budilta) tilosina Palacios-Martínez & García-París sp. nov.; Dilta (Budilta) benahoarense Palacios-Martínez & García-París sp. nov.; and Dilta (Budilta) islabonita Palacios-Martínez & García-París sp. nov.). The phylogenetic analyses herein suggest that a hidden rapid evolutionary radiation of Dilta took place in the Canary Islands archipelago. Ours findings show the necessity for a comprehensive taxonomic review of the family Machilidae, integrating molecular and morphological data to resolve existing inconsistencies and provide a clearer understanding of their evolutionary history.

基于形态和遗传数据的系统发育推断往往由于进化趋同而表现出差异，使进化关系的准确确定复杂化。在微萎缩症中，缺乏全面的遗传研究留下了重大的空白，其中一些我们试图在这项工作中解决。我们对来自摩洛哥、伊比利亚半岛、加那利群岛和巴利阿里群岛的标本进行了线粒体和核标记的分子分析，代表了该目中的两个已知科和10个属。在研究过程中，我们对所研究分类群的命名进行了修订，并建立了3个新同义词（Machilis fastuosa Lucas, 1846 = Machilis bimaculata Lucas, 1846 n. syn = Machilis crassicornis Lucas, 1846 n. syn = Machilis italicus Grassi, 1887 n. syn.）和一个新组合Dilta fastuosa (Lucas, 1846) comb。11 .在加那利群岛，我们的采样导致发现了三个新的Dilta Strand属物种，1911，具有形态学和分子特征，将它们与其他同属物种(Dilta (Budilta) tilosina Palacios-Martínez &；García-París十一月；Dilta (Budilta) benahoarense Palacios-Martínez &；García-París十一月；和Dilta (Budilta) islabonita Palacios-Martínez &；García-París .十一月)。系统发育分析表明，Dilta的一个隐藏的快速进化辐射发生在加那利群岛。我们的研究结果表明，有必要对马基利亚科进行全面的分类审查，整合分子和形态数据，以解决现有的不一致，并提供更清晰的了解其进化史。

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引用次数: 0

Three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetric-based geometric morphometric analysis of the skull in the social vole (Cricetidae: Microtus) 基于三维摄影测量的群居田鼠（田鼠科）颅骨几何形态测量学分析

IF 1.2 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoologischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-05-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2025.05.006

Ahmet Yesari Selçuk , Alaettin Kaya , Haluk Kefelioğlu

Geometric morphometric analysis has significantly advanced the study of size and shape variation of the mammalian skull. In this study, we used photogrammetry to build three-dimensional models of Microtus skulls to investigate the shape variation of five species using the geometric morphometric approach. We hypothesized that three-dimensional (3D) skull shape data would accurately discriminate between closely related species. Canonical analysis of variance revealed a similar level of species classification based on both 2D and 3D shape data. These findings indicate the precision and accuracy of the photogrammetric method (3D geometric morphometric) in morphologically similar and taxonomically problematic groups, such as Microtus. In species with similar diploid chromosome numbers (Microtus guentheri-M. hartingi and Microtus anatolicus-M. schidlovskii) and in groups in which linear morphometric analyses (Discriminant function analysis and MANOVA) could not distinguish between species (Microtus dogramacii, Microtus schidlovskii, and M. guentheri), the photogrammetry-based 3D GM analyses showed a high level of correct classification rates, demonstrated differences between groups in the cluster dendrogram, and showed significant differences in the shape of the skulls.

几何形态计量学分析极大地推进了哺乳动物颅骨大小和形状变化的研究。在这项研究中，我们利用摄影测量学建立了鼠颅骨的三维模型，利用几何形态测量学方法研究了五个物种的形状变化。我们假设三维（3D）颅骨形状数据可以准确区分近亲物种。典型方差分析显示，基于二维和三维形状数据的物种分类水平相似。这些发现表明了摄影测量方法（三维几何形态测量）在形态相似和分类上有问题的类群（如鼠）中的精度和准确性。在具有相似二倍体染色体数目的种中(田鼠- m。hartingi和Microtus anatolicus-M。在线性形态测量分析（判别函数分析和方差分析）无法区分物种的群体中（dogramacii、schidlovskii和M. guentheri），基于摄影测量的3D GM分析显示了高水平的正确分类率，显示了聚类树突图中不同群体之间的差异，并显示了颅骨形状的显着差异。

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引用次数: 0

New insights into the comparative retinal microstructure-visual daily activity relationship among three Egyptian snakes: Diurnal Psammophis sibilans and Psammophis schokari, and both diurnal and nocturnal Spalerosophis diadema 三种埃及蛇：白天活动的sibilans和schokari以及白天和夜间活动的Spalerosophis diadema的视网膜显微结构-视觉日常活动关系的新见解

IF 1.2 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoologischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2025.05.003

Doaa Gewily , Ramadan Kandyel , Fatma Madkour , Mohamed Abumandour , Om Prakash Choudhary , Aya H. Tantawy , Walaa Shalaby

Background

The retina is adapted to the visual activity of vertebrates, and this study attempts to clarify the retinal morphological features between three snakes with different visual activities.

Methods

The retina of three Egyptian snakes of different visual activities (circadian activity)—diurnal Psammophis sibilans, diurnal Psammophis schokari, and frequently diurnal active and little nocturnal active Spalerosophis diadema—have been investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy.

Results

The study examined the morphology of photoreceptors in three snakes and their retinal structure to understand their adaptation to different life modes. Our results showed that diurnal snakes have cone-type photoreceptors, while nocturnal snakes have rod-type photoreceptors. The vascular retina consists of two layers: the outer pigmented epithelium and the inner neural layer, which consists of nine layers as described in other snakes. The pigmented epithelium consists of a single cellular layer that extends externally to the photoreceptor layer. The photoreceptor cell layer in P. sibilans comprised single and double cones, while P. schokari and S. diadema had only a single cone, but in P. schokari, this single cone had two types (small and large). The photoreceptor layer in S. diadema is thicker than in P. sibilans and P. schokari. There are a lot of differences between the layer thicknesses of the studied snakes.

Conclusion

Our findings revealed that the retinal microstructure in the three snakes was linked to their visual activity.

视网膜适应脊椎动物的视觉活动，本研究试图阐明三种不同视觉活动蛇的视网膜形态特征。方法采用光镜和透射电子显微镜观察了三种不同视觉活动（昼夜活动）的埃及蛇——白天活动的sibilans、白天活动的schokari和夜间活动频繁的diadeaspalerosophis的视网膜。结果研究了三种蛇的光感受器形态和视网膜结构，以了解它们对不同生活方式的适应。结果表明，白天活动的蛇具有锥型光感受器，而夜间活动的蛇具有杆状光感受器。血管视网膜由两层组成：外层色素上皮和内层神经层，内层神经层由其他蛇的九层组成。色素上皮由单个细胞层组成，向外延伸至感光层。sibilans的感光细胞层由单和双锥体组成，而p.s okari和s.s diadema只有一个锥体，但在p.s okari中，这个单锥体有小和大两种类型。棘球绦虫的感光层比棘球绦虫和schokari棘球绦虫更厚。被研究的蛇的层厚度有很多不同。结论三种蛇的视网膜结构与它们的视觉活动有关。

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引用次数: 0

Tyletelmis Hinton, 1972 (Coleoptera: Elmidae) loses its monotypic status: genus revision, new species, and morphological phylogeny 叶蝉，1972（鞘翅目：叶蝉科）单型地位的丧失：属修订、新种及形态系统发育

IF 1.2 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoologischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2025.04.001

André S. Fernandes , Thiago T.S. Polizei , Neusa Hamada

Tyletelmis is currently an exclusive Amazonian genus, known only from its type species Tyletelmis mila Hinton, 1972, and represents one of the last taxa described by the renowned entomologist H. E. Hinton. This genus is one of the 12 remaining monotypic genera of Neotropical elmids and has not been taxonomically studied since its original description. Here, we present a review of Tyletelmis, in which the genus and its type species are redescribed, and four new species from Brazil are described: Tyletelmis assai sp. nov., Tyletelmis pupunha sp. nov., Tyletelmis tucuman sp. nov., and Tyletelmis buriti sp. nov. The first three new species occur in the Amazon biome, while the last one occurs in both the Amazon and the Cerrado (central Brazilian savanna) biome. The morphology of the genus is illustrated and described in detail for the first time. Our morphological phylogenetic analysis recovered Tyletelmis as monophyletic, and the relationships among its species are discussed. A diagnosis and a phylogeny-based species key are provided, along with a map showing their known distribution.

Tyletelmis目前是亚马逊独有的属，仅从其模式种Tyletelmis mila Hinton， 1972年，代表着著名昆虫学家h.e. Hinton描述的最后分类群之一。本属是新热带elmids现存的12个单型属之一，自其最初描述以来尚未对其进行分类研究。摘要本文对巴西的泰莱姆斯（Tyletelmis assai sp. nov.）、泰莱姆斯（Tyletelmis pupunha sp. nov.）、泰莱姆斯（Tyletelmis tucuman sp. nov.）和泰莱姆斯（Tyletelmis buriti sp. nov.）进行了研究，并对该属及其模式种进行了重新描述。前3种新种出现在亚马逊地区，后1种出现在亚马逊和塞拉多（巴西中部热带草原）地区。本文首次对该属植物的形态作了详细的描述。我们的形态系统发育分析恢复了柱头草为单系植物，并讨论了其种间的关系。提供了诊断和基于系统发育的物种键，以及显示其已知分布的地图。

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引用次数: 0

Morphological and molecular analysis of four indicator species of Chironomus (Chironominae) larvae from Korea with morphological identification trait on Mouth part 四种具有口部形态鉴定特征的朝鲜手摇蝇幼虫的形态与分子分析

IF 1.2 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoologischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2025.05.004

Hyunsu Yoo , Jae-Won Park , T.Y. Suman , Ihn-Sil Kwak

Chironomid larvae are important bioindicators of freshwater ecosystems and health, but their morphological similarities often hinder species-level identification. This study employed a combined morphological and molecular approach to differentiate four common Chironomus species: Chironomus flaviplumus, Chironomus dorsalis, Chironomus nipponensis, and Chironomus plumosus. Morphological analysis revealed distinct head appendage features: C. dorsalis possesses unique mentum lateral teeth alignment, while C. flaviplumus and C. nipponensis share a distinct mandible type, and C. flaviplumus and C. plumosus have a unique pecten-epipharyngis tooth type. Phylogenetic Bayesian inference and molecular data produced a divided clade for each species group, confirming their distinct evolutionary lineagesPairwise genetics distances revealed ranges similar to previous intra- and inter-specific variation research, further supporting species delimitation. This study demonstrates the utility of combining morphological and molecular methods for accurate species identification. It paves the way for developing a pictorial key for Chironomus species, facilitating more precise biomonitoring of freshwater ecosystems.

摇蚊幼虫是淡水生态系统和健康状况的重要生物指标，但其形态相似性往往阻碍物种水平的鉴定。本研究采用形态与分子相结合的方法对四种常见的Chironomus flaviplumus、Chironomus dorsalis、Chironomus nipponensis和Chironomus plumosus进行了鉴定。形态学分析表明，C. dorsalus具有独特的颏侧齿，C. flaviplumus和C. nipponensis具有独特的下颌骨类型，C. flaviplumus和C. plumosus具有独特的pecten- epynis齿型。系统发育的贝叶斯推断和分子数据为每个物种群体划分了一个分支，证实了它们独特的进化谱系，而鸟类遗传距离显示的范围与之前的种内和种间变异研究相似，进一步支持了物种划分。本研究证明了形态学和分子学相结合的方法对准确的物种鉴定的实用性。它为开发Chironomus物种的图像钥匙铺平了道路，促进了淡水生态系统的更精确的生物监测。

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引用次数: 0