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A confident learning-based support vector machine for robust ground classification in noisy label environments 基于自信学习的支持向量机,用于在噪声标签环境中进行稳健的地面分类
IF 6.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.tust.2024.106128
Xin-Yue Zhang , Xiao-Ping Zhang , Hong-Gan Yu , Quan-Sheng Liu
Geological labels obtained from field exploration have potential errors due to technique limitations and subjective interference, leading to noisy labels when developing ground-machine interaction models for TBM tunneling. The present study proposes a novel confident learning-based support vector machine (CL-SVM) to eliminate label noise, thereby improving the accuracy and credibility of ground classification. The proposed model optimizes confidence values for each label and recognizes those with low confidence values as potential noise. Its effectiveness and superiority are confirmed through a noise test. The results indicate that the maximum acceptable noise ratio of the CL-SVM is 35%, while that of the conventional SVM is only 10%. In addition, the CL-SVM consistently emerges as a superior performer compared to the SVM in noisy label environments. The CL-SVM is further verified through its application on a class-imbalanced dataset collected from a metro tunnel project in Wuhan, China. Here, the accuracy metric F1-score for the most noise-interfered class is significantly improved from 0.7273 to 0.88. To enhance the model’s practical value, a confidence criterion is established to evaluate the credibility of individual predictions, which requires reliable predictions to have higher confidence values than specified thresholds. Without prior knowledge of true sample labels, this criterion distinguishes mispredictions from correct predictions with a remarkable precision of 99.08%. In summary, the proposed CL-SVM exhibits significantly better robustness to noisy labels than conventional models, demonstrating great potential for ground perception in tunnel projects.
由于技术限制和主观干扰,野外勘探获得的地质标签可能存在误差,从而导致在为 TBM 隧道开发地机相互作用模型时出现噪声标签。本研究提出了一种新颖的基于置信学习的支持向量机(CL-SVM)来消除标签噪声,从而提高地面分类的准确性和可信度。所提出的模型优化了每个标签的置信度值,并将置信度值低的标签识别为潜在噪声。通过噪声测试证实了该模型的有效性和优越性。结果表明,CL-SVM 可接受的最大噪声比为 35%,而传统 SVM 的噪声比仅为 10%。此外,与 SVM 相比,CL-SVM 在嘈杂的标签环境中始终表现出色。通过将 CL-SVM 应用于从中国武汉地铁隧道项目中收集的类不平衡数据集,我们进一步验证了 CL-SVM。在该数据集上,受噪声干扰最严重类别的准确度指标 F1 分数从 0.7273 显著提高到 0.88。为了提高模型的实用价值,建立了一个置信度标准来评估单个预测的可信度,该标准要求可靠的预测具有高于指定阈值的置信度值。在事先不知道真实样本标签的情况下,该标准可以区分错误预测和正确预测,精确度高达 99.08%。总之,所提出的 CL-SVM 对噪声标签的鲁棒性明显优于传统模型,在隧道工程的地面感知方面显示出巨大的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Failure mechanism of deep-buried and large cross-section subway station tunnel: Geo-mechanical model test and numerical investigation 深埋大断面地铁车站隧道的破坏机理:地质力学模型试验和数值研究
IF 6.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.tust.2024.106148
Deng Gao , Yusheng Shen , Pengfa Zhou , Andi Gou , Mingyu Chang , Jun Dong , Kang Wu
In some megacities, urban subway and municipal engineering are developing in the tendency of large cross-section and great buried depth, which brings a series of challenges to the design and construction of underground engineering. The mechanical characteristics and failure mechanism of tunnels have been paid more and more attention. Based on Xietaizi Subway Station tunnel in Chongqing, China, the paper carried out a geo-mechanical model test to simulated partial excavation processes of the large cross-section tunnel, integrating the resultant disturbances from partial excavation. The deformation and stress characteristics of the tunnel under different buried depths are analyzed, and the failure mechanism of large cross-section tunnel lining is investigated. The reliability of the research results is verified by the geo-mechanical model test and numerical simulation. The results indicate that under the pressure of the surrounding rock, the tunnel lining adjusts its internal forces primarily through deformation before transitioning to cracking, and retains earing capacity after the first crack appears. The tunnel structure experiences a process characterized by ‘elasticity-plasticity-injury-failure’. The tunnel section exhibits a ‘flattening’ deformation trend. The invert cracks are primarily distributed within a range of 0.5 times the tunnel span, while the vault cracks are mainly concentrated at the mid-span. Ultimately, the tunnel structure is compromised by the fracture of the invert’s middle section.
在一些特大城市,城市地铁和市政工程正朝着大断面、大埋深的趋势发展,这给地下工程的设计和施工带来了一系列挑战。隧道的力学特性和破坏机理越来越受到重视。本文以中国重庆斜台子地铁站隧道为研究对象,结合局部开挖产生的扰动,对大断面隧道的局部开挖过程进行了地质力学模型试验模拟。分析了隧道在不同埋深下的变形和应力特征,研究了大断面隧道衬砌的破坏机理。通过地质力学模型试验和数值模拟验证了研究结果的可靠性。结果表明,在围岩的压力作用下,隧道衬砌在过渡到开裂之前主要通过变形来调整其内力,在出现第一条裂缝后仍能保持其承载能力。隧道结构经历了一个以 "弹性-塑性-损伤-破坏 "为特征的过程。隧道断面呈现出 "扁平化 "变形趋势。倒裂缝主要分布在隧道跨度的 0.5 倍范围内,而拱顶裂缝主要集中在跨度中部。最终,隧道结构因洞中段的断裂而受到破坏。
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引用次数: 0
Advancing underground infrastructure: Trenchless technologies and smart asset management in the digital age 推进地下基础设施建设:数字时代的非开挖技术和智能资产管理
IF 6.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.tust.2024.106130
Hongfang Lu (Guest Editor) , John C. Matthews (Guest Editor) , Myungjin Chae (Guest Editor) , Keh-Jian Shou (Guest Editor) , Samuel Ariaratnam (Guest Editor) , Hongyuan Fang (Guest Editor) , Baosong Ma (Guest Editor) , David Tom Iseley (Guest Editor)
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引用次数: 0
Research on the prestress Regulation of double-layer lining of shield water tunnel under high internal water pressure 高内水压力下盾构输水隧道双层衬砌预应力规程研究
IF 6.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.tust.2024.106133
Shimin Wang , Xiaobin Ma , Ya Wang , Chang Liu
Prestressed double-layer lining (segmental lining and prestressed lining) of shield tunnels has good seepage resistance and strong stability, and is a new type of support structure with great potential in high internal water pressure water transmission projects. For prestressed water conveyance tunnel projects, the reasonable value of lining tensioning prestress is the key to the economy and safety of the project. Accordingly, relying on the Pearl River Delta Water Resources Allocation Project, designed similar model tests for prestressed double-layer lining of water conveyance shield tunnels under the completed cable tension condition (CCTC) and design water pressure condition (DWPC) and established the corresponding ABAQUS three-dimensional finite element model to investigate the variations in the mechanical characteristics of the double-layer lining structure under different prestress conditions. The study determined the reasonable prestress range for the inner lining under a design internal water pressure of 1.5 MPa. The results indicated that under the CCTC, the prestressed lining is pressurized in the whole ring, the overall displacement level of the segmental lining is lower than that of the prestressed lining, the double-layer lining contact surface has a tendency to be detached, and with the increase of the structural prestress, the pressurized damage of the prestressed lining concrete develops gradually. Under the DWPC, the double-layer lining contact surface is completely closed under the action of internal water pressure, and the cracking risk of prestressed lining concrete increases with the decrease of prestress. Through numerical simulation, the reasonable range of prestressing force for shield tunnel lining is 68 %σcon ∼ 137 %σcon, and the results can provide a reference for the design and construction of prestressed double-layer lining structures of similar shield water tunnels.
盾构隧道预应力双层衬砌(分段衬砌和预应力衬砌)具有良好的抗渗性和较强的稳定性,是一种新型支护结构,在高内压输水工程中具有很大的应用潜力。对于预应力输水隧洞工程而言,衬砌张拉预应力的合理取值是工程经济性和安全性的关键。因此,以珠江三角洲水资源配置工程为依托,设计了类似成缆张拉工况(CCTC)和设计水压工况(DWPC)下的输水盾构隧道预应力双层衬砌模型试验,并建立了相应的ABAQUS三维有限元模型,研究了不同预应力工况下双层衬砌结构的力学特性变化。研究确定了内衬在 1.5 兆帕设计内水压下的合理预应力范围。结果表明,在 CCTC 条件下,预应力衬砌全环受压,分段衬砌的整体位移水平低于预应力衬砌,双层衬砌接触面有脱离趋势,随着结构预应力的增加,预应力衬砌混凝土的受压破坏逐渐发展。在 DWPC 条件下,双层衬砌接触面在内部水压的作用下完全封闭,预应力衬砌混凝土的开裂风险随着预应力的减小而增大。通过数值模拟,盾构隧道衬砌预应力力的合理范围为 68%σcon ~ 137%σcon,其结果可为类似盾构输水隧道预应力双层衬砌结构的设计与施工提供参考。
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引用次数: 0
Method for determining yield state and new solutions for stress and displacement fields of cold region tunnels under freeze-thaw cycles 冻融循环下冷区隧道屈服状态的确定方法及应力场和位移场的新解决方案
IF 6.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.tust.2024.106139
Benxian Gao , Yanbin Luo , Jianxun Chen , Jieyu Bai , Hua Luo
The water-bearing surrounding rock in cold region tunnels is significantly affected by freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles generated by seasonal temperature changes, which can severely lead to tunnel lining failure due to increased loads. This study considers the non-uniform frost heave properties and the deterioration effects of F-T cycles on the surrounding rock. Six mechanical models for cold region tunnels are established based on the different yield states of frozen and unfrozen surrounding rock. Utilizing the unified strength theory, the solutions of stress and displacement fields for each model are derived, respectively, and a method for identifying the actual yield state of the tunnel is provided. The derived solutions are compared and verified, and the influence of various parameters on the solutions and yield states of cold region tunnels is explored. It is indicated herein that the proposed solutions have been validated by the results in the literature, demonstrating broad theoretical significance and practical engineering guidance value. When the F-T cycle counts increase from 0 to 75, the support pressure rises by 48.54%, and the plastic zone expands by 0.76 m. The deterioration effects of long-term F-T cycles on surrounding rocks should be quantified. As the intermediate principal stress effect increases, the support pressure decreases by 15.35%, and the development of the plastic zone is restricted. The unified strength theory should be used as the yield criterion. The greater the degree of non-uniform frost heave, the greater the load borne by the support structure. Insulation measures should be adopted to prevent excessive temperature gradients in the surrounding rock. In addition, failing to utilize the mechanical model corresponding to the actual yield state will result in significant calculation errors. The yield state determination method proposed in this study should be adopted. The results can offer theoretical references for designing cold region tunnels and safeguarding tunnel structures during service periods under F-T cycles.
寒冷地区隧道中的含水围岩受季节性温度变化产生的冻融循环(F-T)影响很大,会因荷载增加而严重导致隧道衬砌失效。本研究考虑了冻融循环对围岩的非均匀性和恶化效应。根据冻结和未冻结围岩的不同屈服状态,为寒冷地区隧道建立了六个力学模型。利用统一强度理论,分别推导出了每个模型的应力场和位移场的解,并提供了确定隧道实际屈服状态的方法。对推导出的解进行了比较和验证,并探讨了各种参数对冷区隧道解和屈服状态的影响。本文指出,所提出的解决方案已得到文献结果的验证,具有广泛的理论意义和实际工程指导价值。当 F-T 循环次数从 0 增加到 75 时,支撑压力上升了 48.54%,塑性区扩大了 0.76 m。随着中间主应力效应的增加,支撑压力降低了 15.35%,塑性区的发展受到限制。应采用统一强度理论作为屈服标准。非均匀冻胀程度越大,支撑结构承受的荷载越大。应采取隔热措施,防止围岩温度梯度过大。此外,如果不使用与实际屈服状态相对应的力学模型,将导致严重的计算误差。应采用本研究提出的屈服状态确定方法。研究结果可为寒冷地区隧道的设计以及在 F-T 循环下隧道结构服役期的保护提供理论参考。
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引用次数: 0
Seepage field and drainage system in the connection part of underwater tunnel based on conformal mapping method 基于共形制图法的水下隧道连接部分渗流场和排水系统
IF 6.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.tust.2024.106146
Helin Fu , Kaixun Hu , Yimin Wu , Yong Yu , Wenjun Liu
Composite construction methods may be adopted for some underwater tunnels due to complex geological conditions. However, the seepage field and the drainage system at connection part characterized by irregular cross-section are rarely reported. This study used the Zhujiangkou underwater tunnel as an engineering case, where the non-circular cross-section of the connection part was converted to the circular shape through the combination of the conformal mapping method and genetic algorithm. Additionally, the longitudinal seepage law in geotextile was developed, allowing for the theoretical deduction of the seepage field of tunnel with irregular cross-section while considering the role of the drainage system. The analytical results were validated through degradation tests and compared with numerical simulations and practical monitoring data. Moreover, the impacts of waterproofing and drainage system parameters on water inflow and water pressure were discussed. The results indicate that the water inflow increases as the distance between circumferential drainage pipes decreases and both the thickness and permeability coefficient of the geotextile increase, while the water pressure on lining decreases conversely, highlighting the significant influence of the drainage system. These findings can guide the design of the waterproofing and drainage system through parameter optimization for the consideration of safety and economy.
由于地质条件复杂,一些水下隧道可能会采用复合施工方法。然而,关于不规则断面连接部位的渗流场和排水系统的研究却鲜有报道。本研究以珠江口水下隧道为工程案例,通过保角制图法和遗传算法的结合,将连接部分的非圆形截面转换为圆形截面。此外,还建立了土工织物纵向渗流规律,在考虑排水系统作用的同时,对不规则截面隧道的渗流场进行了理论推导。分析结果通过降解试验进行了验证,并与数值模拟和实际监测数据进行了比较。此外,还讨论了防水和排水系统参数对进水和水压的影响。结果表明,随着圆周排水管间距的减小以及土工织物厚度和渗透系数的增加,进水量会增加,而衬里上的水压则会反向减小,这突出了排水系统的重要影响。这些研究结果可以指导防水和排水系统的设计,在考虑安全性和经济性的前提下优化参数。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation into the properties of two-component backfilling grouts prepared by substituting bentonite with slurry from slurry shield tunnelling treated by a hydrocyclone 研究用水力旋流器处理的泥浆盾构隧道泥浆替代膨润土制备的双组分回填灌浆料的性能
IF 6.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.tust.2024.106142
Dengfeng Wang , Fanlu Min , Zhen Li , Lei Zhang , Yazhou Zhang
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引用次数: 0
Dynamic planning of crowd evacuation path for metro station based on Dynamic Avoid Smoke A-Star algorithm 基于动态避烟 A-Star 算法的地铁站人群疏散路径动态规划
IF 6.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.tust.2024.106145
Songtao Zuo , Zhanli Mao , Chuangang Fan , Xin Chen , Meiling Gong , Jianxing Ren , Xiaoxiao Fan , Yongnan Guo
Considerable casualties can easily be caused once a fire occurs in a metro station, and a safe and effective evacuation path in time should be provided, taking on critical significance in the rapid evacuation of the crowd. In existing research, crowd evacuation paths have been generally planned without considering the fire environment and the real-time effect of fire products on the evacuation paths, such that the planned paths do not fit the realistic environment of crowd evacuation. An algorithm is proposed in this study to dynamically plan evacuation paths in fire scenarios in metro stations. First, the equivalent length of the path under the effect of fire on evacuation speed is determined in accordance with the effects of ambient temperature, visibility, and CO concentration, and then the fire risk model is built. Second, the fire risk model is incorporated into the A-Star algorithm, and the evaluation function of the A-Star algorithm is optimized, such that the determined path is capable of avoiding areas with higher fire risk. Subsequently, a dynamic update mechanism considering time factor is introduced to update the search environment information data of the algorithm in real time for dynamic path planning, with the aim of coping with the dynamically changing fire environment. Lastly, the A-Star algorithm is optimized, and the Dynamic Avoid-Smoke A-Star (DASA-Star) algorithm is built. As indicated by the simulation results, the DASA-Star algorithm is capable of making a trade-off between the fire risk and geometric length of the path in an underground station fire scenario and achieving dynamic planning of evacuation paths based on FDS fire simulation results. Accordingly, the algorithm conforms to the real-time requirements of path planning under fire conditions, and it is capable of more effectively planning the optimal evacuation path under the effect of fire.
地铁站一旦发生火灾,极易造成重大人员伤亡,因此,及时提供安全有效的疏散通道,对快速疏散人群具有重要意义。在现有的研究中,人群疏散路径的规划一般都没有考虑火灾环境和火灾产物对疏散路径的实时影响,导致规划的疏散路径不符合人群疏散的实际环境。本研究提出了一种算法,用于动态规划地铁站火灾场景下的疏散路径。首先,根据环境温度、能见度和 CO 浓度的影响,确定火灾对疏散速度影响下的路径等效长度,然后建立火灾风险模型。其次,将火灾风险模型纳入 A-Star 算法,并优化 A-Star 算法的评估函数,使确定的路径能够避开火灾风险较高的区域。随后,引入考虑时间因素的动态更新机制,实时更新算法的搜索环境信息数据,进行动态路径规划,以应对动态变化的火灾环境。最后,对 A-Star 算法进行了优化,建立了动态避烟 A-Star 算法(DASA-Star)。仿真结果表明,DASA-Star 算法能够在地下车站火灾场景中对火灾风险和路径几何长度进行权衡,并根据 FDS 火灾仿真结果实现疏散路径的动态规划。因此,该算法符合火灾条件下路径规划的实时性要求,能够更有效地规划火灾影响下的最优疏散路径。
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引用次数: 0
Mechanism of structural defects in cut-and-cover tunnels within high-fill regions and gradient pile foundation reinforcement technology 高填方地区明挖隧道结构缺陷的机理及梯度桩基加固技术
IF 6.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.tust.2024.106123
Qiang Xu , Xiaohan Zhou , Xinrong Liu , Guanghua Yang , Ben Xu , Yiliang Tu
Tunnel traverses high-fill soil-rock mixtures regions will often be susceptible to structural defects, which necessitate strata reinforcement. To mitigate the extent of these defects, this study employs a combination of model tests and numerical simulations to investigate the stability of tunnel structures. The mechanisms of structural defects were clarified, the influence of different soil-rock mixture strata shapes on structural defects was investigated, and a gradient pile foundation reinforcement technique was proposed based on this engineering case. The findings reveal that the primary manifestations of structural defects are various types of cracks, which developed in regard to the depth of the high-fill soil-rock mixture at the tunnel base, the self-settlement of the mixture, and the layer-by-layer backfilling at the tunnel vault. The differences between the model test and numerical simulation results are minimal, indicating that the shape of the soil-rock mixture stratum can significantly influence structural defects. The gradient pile reinforcement technology reduced tunnel settlement by up to 73.0%, while the foundation’s bearing capacity met the required standards, effectively controlling both tunnel settlement and structural defects. In terms of reinforcement for non-horizontal strata, gradient pile reinforcement technology demonstrates good adaptability, providing a feasible solution for similar engineering projects.
隧道穿越高填充土岩混合物区域时往往容易出现结构缺陷,因此需要对地层进行加固。为了减轻这些缺陷的程度,本研究采用了模型试验和数值模拟相结合的方法来研究隧道结构的稳定性。阐明了结构缺陷的机理,研究了不同土岩混合物地层形状对结构缺陷的影响,并根据该工程案例提出了一种梯度桩基加固技术。研究结果表明,结构缺陷的主要表现形式是各种类型的裂缝,裂缝的形成与隧道基底高填方土岩混合料的深度、混合料的自沉降以及隧道拱顶的分层回填有关。模型试验结果与数值模拟结果之间的差异很小,这表明土岩混合物地层的形状会对结构缺陷产生重大影响。梯度桩加固技术使隧道沉降量减少达 73.0%,地基承载力达到要求标准,有效控制了隧道沉降和结构缺陷。在非水平地层加固方面,梯度桩加固技术表现出良好的适应性,为类似工程项目提供了可行的解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
A rapid method for measuring the rock brittleness index: Rapid characterization of rock brittleness based on LIBS technology 岩石脆性指数的快速测量方法:基于 LIBS 技术的岩石脆性快速表征方法
IF 6.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.tust.2024.106143
Qinghe Zhang , Weiguo Li , Liang Yuan , Chao Liang , Honggui Pan
The brittle index is a crucial indicator in the assessment of rockbursts. The mineral brittle index (MBI) is widely utilized due to its simplicity and accessibility. However, the lengthy and inefficient mineral composition testing cycle presents a significant challenge. A novel approach using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to rapidly convert spectral elements into minerals and measure the rock brittleness index was introduced in this paper. The laser spectra of metamorphic sandstone and granite were measured by LIBS, and some rock elements were tested by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to construct a spectral-elemental model. Furthermore, the mineral composition of the rocks was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Eight major elements, Si, Al, K, Ca, Na, Fe, Mg, and Ti, were selected as independent variables. Element-mineral correlation analysis was performed using centered log-ratio transformation (CLR) processing. A random forest regression (RF-R) element-mineral transformation model was established for rapid conversion of spectral-element-mineral brittle index. Finally, mechanical testing of rock embrittlement in the DJ Tunnel was conducted to verify the efficacy of MBI in characterizing rock embrittlement in the DJ Tunnel. The results demonstrate that predicted values of mineral compositions are in good agreement with experimental values and that predicted values of brittleness indices are also in good agreement with experimental values. The rapid and effective application of LIBS in determining rock mineral composition and rock brittleness index has been realised, which is of great significance for further realising the rapid assessment of rock brittleness and rockburst prediction at engineering sites.
脆性指数是评估岩爆的一个重要指标。矿物脆性指数(MBI)因其简单易行而被广泛使用。然而,矿物成分测试周期长、效率低,是一项重大挑战。本文介绍了一种利用激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)快速将光谱元素转换为矿物并测量岩石脆性指数的新方法。利用激光诱导击穿光谱仪测量了变质砂岩和花岗岩的激光光谱,并通过 X 射线荧光(XRF)检测了部分岩石元素,从而构建了光谱元素模型。此外,还利用 X 射线衍射(XRD)测定了岩石的矿物成分。选取了 Si、Al、K、Ca、Na、Fe、Mg 和 Ti 八种主要元素作为自变量。采用居中对数比率变换(CLR)处理法进行元素-矿物相关性分析。建立了随机森林回归(RF-R)元素-矿物转换模型,用于快速转换光谱-元素-矿物脆性指数。最后,对 DJ 隧道中的岩石脆性进行了机械测试,以验证 MBI 在表征 DJ 隧道中岩石脆性方面的功效。结果表明,矿物成分的预测值与实验值十分吻合,脆性指数的预测值与实验值也十分吻合。在确定岩石矿物成分和岩石脆性指数方面实现了 LIBS 的快速有效应用,这对进一步实现工程现场岩石脆性的快速评估和岩爆预测具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
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Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology
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