Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology最新文献

英文中文

Progesterone receptor isoform B in the stroma of squamous cervical carcinoma: An independent favorable prognostic marker correlating with hematogenous metastasis 鳞状宫颈癌基质中的孕酮受体同工酶B：与血行转移相关的独立有利预后标志物

IF 2 4区医学 Q2 OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY

Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2024.07.017

Mun-Kun Hong , Jen-Hung Wang , Ming-Hsun Li , Cheng-Chuan Su , Tang-Yuan Chu

Objectives

To ascertain the prognostic role of the expression levels of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) within the stroma microenvironment of cervical cancer and explore their correlation with clinical parameters.

Materials and methods

This retrospective cohort study involved patients with cervical cancer diagnosed and treated at Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital between 2000 and 2010. ERα, PRB, and PR (A + B) expression levels in 169 cervical carcinoma samples, including both the tumor and stromal components, were independently scored by two pathologists, and survival and clinicopathological parameters were analyzed.

Results

ERα or PRs were predominantly expressed in the stromal compartment rather than within cervical cancer cells. Their expression was observed comprehensively within the intra- and peritumor stroma cells. A stromal PRB expression significantly correlated with a lower 5-year mortality because of cervical cancer (p = 0.011). Particularly, levels of both stromal ERα and PRB expressions correlated with lower hematogenous distant metastase rates (p = 0.013 and p = 0.011, respectively). In the multivariable logistic regression analyses, stromal PRB independently conferred a lower risk of 5-year mortality (p = 0.022), regardless of age, histology, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, tumor differentiation, lymphovascular space invasion, and lymphatic and hematogenous metastases. Moreover, the incorporation of stromal PR (A + B) and PRB expression in the FIGO stage significantly enhanced the accuracy of survival prediction.

Conclusion

Stromal PRB expression emerges as an independent and favorable prognostic marker for cervical squamous cell carcinoma and correlated with a low risk of hematogenous metastases. The findings imply that incorporating this marker into the FIGO stage better predicts the survival for cervical cancer.

材料与方法本回顾性队列研究涉及 2000 年至 2010 年期间在花莲慈济医院诊断和治疗的宫颈癌患者。结果ERα或PRs主要在基质中表达，而不是在宫颈癌细胞中表达。它们在瘤内和瘤周基质细胞中全面表达。基质 PRB 的表达与宫颈癌 5 年死亡率的降低密切相关（p = 0.011）。尤其是，基质ERα和PRB的表达水平与较低的血源性远处转移率相关（分别为p = 0.013和p = 0.011）。在多变量逻辑回归分析中，不论年龄、组织学、国际妇产科联盟（FIGO）分期、肿瘤分化、淋巴管间隙侵犯、淋巴转移和血行转移如何，基质PRB都能独立降低5年死亡率风险（p = 0.022）。此外，将基质 PR（A + B）和 PRB 表达纳入 FIGO 分期可显著提高生存预测的准确性。研究结果表明，将该标志物纳入 FIGO 分期能更好地预测宫颈癌的生存率。

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引用次数: 0

Long-term dienogest treatment in endometriosis: Consensus from Taiwanese experts 子宫内膜异位症的长期地诺孕酮治疗：台湾专家共识

IF 2 4区医学 Q2 OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY

Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2024.07.015

Jah-Yao Liu , Bor-Ching Sheu , Cherry Yin-Yi Chang, Chih-Feng Yen, Meng-Hsing Wu, Yi-Jen Chen, Tsung-Hsuan Lai, Kuo-Chung Lan, Ya-Min Cheng, Yung-Chieh Tsai, Kim Seng Law, Wen-Yih Wu, San-Nung Chen

Dienogest has been proven effective as long-term therapeutic option for pelvic pain caused by endometriosis. However, in Taiwan, there is a lack of a well-tailored consensus on its long-term administration. To address this gap, Taiwanese experts in collaboration with the Taiwan Endometriosis Society (TES), convened to provide structured recommendations on dienogest treatment and monitoring strategies. Drawing from clinical evidence and collective expertise, the experts formulated individualized treatment strategies based on treatment objectives and the patient's demographics. The experts recommend long-term dienogest administration for endometriosis patients for appropriate symptom control while reducing the risk of disease recurrence. Specifically, they recommend regular ultrasound examinations and relevant blood tests to monitor disease progression and therapeutic response with additional breast screening for patients at high risk for breast cancer. These recommendations aim to provide physicians with comprehensive guidance on the long-term administration of dienogest for endometriosis, ensuring patient safety and optimizing treatment outcomes.

经证实，地诺孕酮对子宫内膜异位症引起的盆腔疼痛具有长期治疗效果。然而，在台湾，对该药物的长期用药还缺乏完善的共识。为了弥补这一不足，台湾专家与台湾子宫内膜异位症协会（TES）合作，就地诺孕酮的治疗和监测策略提出了结构化建议。专家们借鉴临床证据和集体专业知识，根据治疗目标和患者的人口统计学特征制定了个性化治疗策略。专家们建议子宫内膜异位症患者长期服用地诺孕酮，以适当控制症状，同时降低疾病复发的风险。具体而言，他们建议定期进行超声波检查和相关血液化验，以监测疾病进展和治疗反应，并为乳腺癌高危患者提供额外的乳腺筛查。这些建议旨在为医生长期使用地诺孕酮治疗子宫内膜异位症提供全面指导，确保患者安全并优化治疗效果。

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引用次数: 0

The risks of emergency C-section, infant health conditions and postpartum complications in Taiwanese primiparous women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A propensity matched cohort study 患有妊娠糖尿病的台湾初产妇紧急剖腹产、婴儿健康状况和产后并发症的风险：倾向匹配队列研究

IF 2 4区医学 Q2 OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY

Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2024.01.039

Hsiang-Yu Chiu , Hung-Hui Chen , Chien-Wei Wang , Hsinyen Lu , Chia-Hui Wu , Chi-Chiang Yang , Shen-Ling Lee , Jerry Cheng-Yen Lai

Objective

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a disorder that can occur during the second trimester of pregnancy. Our main objective was to perform a retrospective propensity-score matched analysis of a general population and to examine commonly occurring adverse maternal and infant outcomes in Taiwanese primiparous women with GDM.

Materials and methods

We conducted a nationwide population-based, retrospective propensity-score matched cohort study using the claims data from the Taiwan's National Health Insurance program between 2000 and 2015. A 1:4 propensity matched cohort of women who aged 18 years or older with GDM (n = 5981) were compared with women without GDM (n = 23,924). Propensity score was calculated based on women's age, residential urbanicity, delivery mode, antepartum comorbidity, and index year of delivery.

Results

The GDM group had a significantly higher risk of overall emergency caesarean section, infant health conditions, and postpartum complications than the comparison group. Women in the GDM group were more likely to undergo emergency C-section for fetal distress, uterine atony, obstructed labor, delayed delivery, failed induction of labor, and umbilical cord prolapse. Infants of women with GDM were also more likely to encounter pregnancy complications of malpresentation, pre-maturity and post-maturity. Being the most common infant conditions, roughly one-third (36.41%) of all infant were affected by jaundice, particularly in women with GDM than those without GDM (45.96% vs 34.02%). There were also significant differences in perinatal period infection, congenital anomalies, transitory tachypnea, fetal distress and asphyxia, respiratory distress, and birth injury between the groups. Women with GDM were associated with increased risks of developing postpartum complications in perineum laceration, mastitis, postpartum hemorrhage, and subinvolution of uterus.

Conclusion

The present study suggests that GDM is associated with increased risks of adverse maternal and infant outcome in primiparous women without pre-existing mental diseases.

目的妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）是一种可发生在妊娠后三个月的疾病。我们的主要目的是对一般人群进行回顾性倾向得分匹配分析，并研究台湾初产妇 GDM 患者常见的不良母婴结局。材料与方法我们利用 2000 年至 2015 年期间台湾国民健康保险计划的理赔数据，在全国范围内开展了一项基于人群的回顾性倾向得分匹配队列研究。我们将患有 GDM 的 18 岁及以上女性（5981 人）与未患有 GDM 的女性（23924 人）进行了 1:4 的倾向匹配队列比较。根据妇女的年龄、居住地城市化程度、分娩方式、产前合并症和分娩指数年计算倾向得分。GDM组产妇更有可能因胎儿窘迫、子宫无张力、难产、延迟分娩、引产失败和脐带脱垂而进行紧急剖腹产。患三高症妇女的婴儿也更容易出现妊娠并发症，如胎位不正、早产和晚产。作为最常见的婴儿疾病，大约三分之一（36.41%）的婴儿受到黄疸的影响，特别是患 GDM 的妇女比未患 GDM 的妇女（45.96% 对 34.02%）。在围产期感染、先天性畸形、短暂性呼吸过速、胎儿窘迫和窒息、呼吸窘迫和产伤方面，两组之间也存在明显差异。本研究表明，GDM 与无精神疾病的初产妇产后并发症风险增加有关。

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引用次数: 0

The clinical experience of fetoscopic repair of myelomeningocele in Taiwan: The dilemma in prenatal decision-making and first successful case 台湾胎儿内窥镜修复脊髓膜膨出症的临床经验：产前决策的困境与首例成功案例

IF 2 4区医学 Q2 OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY

Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2024.07.018

Ming Feng , Pei-Chen Chen , Guan-Ru Lin , Tzu-Yi Lin , T'sang-T'ang Hsieh , Steven W. Shaw

Objective

Objective: Myelomeningocele (MMC) is the most severe type of spina bifida, with an incidence of 1.87 per 10,000 live births in Taiwan. Exposure of the lesion to amniotic fluid exacerbates neurological outcomes, while fetal surgery for MMC repair, now a routine practice, improves postnatal outcomes. However, Asian women and their families often find it difficult to accept prenatal defects, leading nearly all pregnancies with fetal MMC to opt for termination without considering fetal surgery.

Materials and methods

In Taiwan's first approved trial of fetoscopic MMC repair, we prospectively recruited 15 cases from 2020 to 2023. Final diagnoses were confirmed using MRI and ultrasound. The medical team provided non-direct consultations to discuss possible outcomes of fetal surgery with family members. For those opting for fetal surgery, we offered total percutaneous fetoscopic MMC repair.

Results

Over 30 months, 14 of 15 cases (93%) chose to terminate their pregnancies between 18 and 26 weeks of gestational age. Decision factors included potential disabilities, morbidities, economic, social, and psychological aspects. Despite supportive groups in the country, the termination rate remained high among the Chinese population. One out of the 15 cases underwent fetal surgery successfully, resulting in a 30-month-old child without motor function delays, able to walk and run naturally.

Conclusion

We initiated the first fetoscopic MMC repair in Taiwan with promising outcomes, though we faced a high termination rate here and similar situation in other Asian countries. Continuous social education through media could play a crucial role in changing perceptions and increasing acceptance of fetal surgery.

目的Objective：脊柱裂（Myelomeningocele，MMC）是脊柱裂中最严重的一种，在台湾的发病率为每万名活产婴儿中有 1.87 例。病变部位暴露在羊水中会加重神经系统的预后，而胎儿手术修补脊柱裂已成为常规做法，可改善产后预后。然而，亚洲妇女及其家庭往往难以接受产前缺陷，导致几乎所有胎儿MMC妊娠都选择终止妊娠，而不考虑胎儿手术。材料与方法在台湾首次批准的胎儿镜下MMC修复试验中，我们在2020年至2023年期间前瞻性地招募了15个病例。最终诊断由核磁共振成像和超声波确诊。医疗团队提供非直接咨询，与家属讨论胎儿手术的可能结果。对于选择胎儿手术的患者，我们提供了全经皮胎儿镜MMC修补术。结果在30个月内，15例患者中有14例（93%）选择在胎龄18至26周之间终止妊娠。决定因素包括潜在的残疾、疾病、经济、社会和心理因素。尽管中国有很多支持终止妊娠的团体，但终止妊娠率仍然很高。15例中有1例成功进行了胎儿手术，术后患儿30个月大，无运动功能障碍，能自然行走和奔跑。通过媒体持续开展社会教育，对于改变人们的观念和提高胎儿手术的接受度至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Minimally invasive surgery for endometrial cancer: The better choice? 子宫内膜癌微创手术：更好的选择？

IF 2 4区医学 Q2 OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY

Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2024.09.001

Yiu-Tai Li, Szu-Ting Yang, Peng-Hui Wang

引用次数: 0

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is associated with worse prognosis in patients with advanced-stage epithelial ovarian cancer: Is it real? 新辅助化疗与晚期上皮性卵巢癌患者预后恶化有关：这是真的吗？

IF 2 4区医学 Q2 OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY

Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2024.09.002

Yiu-Tai Li, Szu-Ting Yang, Peng-Hui Wang

引用次数: 0

Drug-induced thrombotic microangiopathy after adjuvant chemotherapy in malignant ovarian germ cell tumor: A case report and literature review 恶性卵巢生殖细胞瘤辅助化疗后药物诱发的血栓性微血管病：病例报告和文献综述

IF 2 4区医学 Q2 OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY

Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2024.03.025

Kuang-Yen Lee , Szu-Yu Pan , Thomas Tao-Min Huang , Wei-Chou Lin , Ying-Cheng Chiang

Objective

We presented a rare case of drug-induced thrombotic microangiopathy (DI-TMA) following chemotherapy with the regimen of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP) in a patient with malignant ovarian germ cell tumor (MOGCT). The objective is to highlight the difficulty in diagnosing and treating DI-TMA associated with BEP chemotherapy.

Case report

A 21-year-old woman presented with a pelvic mass. Fertility-sparing staging surgery was performed, and a diagnosis of endodermal sinus tumor was confirmed. The patient received the first course of adjuvant chemotherapy with BEP regimen, but she developed symptoms of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury. DI-TMA was diagnosed after thorough examinations, and she improved gradually by three courses of plasma exchange. Adjuvant chemotherapy was discontinued due to DI-TMA, and she kept disease-free for 17 months after the operation.

Conclusion

DI-TMA, a rare lethal complication in MOGCT patients receiving the BEP regimen, requires prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatments.

目的我们介绍了一例罕见的恶性卵巢生殖细胞瘤（MOGCT）患者在接受博莱霉素、依托泊苷和顺铂（BEP）化疗后发生药物诱发血栓性微血管病（DI-TMA）的病例。病例报告一名 21 岁女性因盆腔肿块就诊。病例报告：一名 21 岁女性因盆腔肿块就诊，接受了保胎分期手术，确诊为内胚窦肿瘤。患者接受了第一个疗程的 BEP 方案辅助化疗，但出现了贫血、血小板减少和急性肾损伤症状。经过全面检查，她被确诊为 DI-TMA，经过三个疗程的血浆置换，她的病情逐渐好转。结论DI-TMA 是接受 BEP 方案治疗的 MOGCT 患者中罕见的致命并发症，需要及时诊断和适当治疗。

{"title":"Drug-induced thrombotic microangiopathy after adjuvant chemotherapy in malignant ovarian germ cell tumor: A case report and literature review","authors":"Kuang-Yen Lee , Szu-Yu Pan , Thomas Tao-Min Huang , Wei-Chou Lin , Ying-Cheng Chiang","doi":"10.1016/j.tjog.2024.03.025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjog.2024.03.025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We presented a rare case of drug-induced thrombotic microangiopathy (DI-TMA) following chemotherapy with the regimen of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP) in a patient with malignant ovarian germ cell tumor (MOGCT). The objective is to highlight the difficulty in diagnosing and treating DI-TMA associated with BEP chemotherapy.</div></div><div><h3>Case report</h3><div>A 21-year-old woman presented with a pelvic mass. Fertility-sparing staging surgery was performed, and a diagnosis of endodermal sinus tumor was confirmed. The patient received the first course of adjuvant chemotherapy with BEP regimen, but she developed symptoms of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury. DI-TMA was diagnosed after thorough examinations, and she improved gradually by three courses of plasma exchange. Adjuvant chemotherapy was discontinued due to DI-TMA, and she kept disease-free for 17 months after the operation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>DI-TMA, a rare lethal complication in MOGCT patients receiving the BEP regimen, requires prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49449,"journal":{"name":"Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology","volume":"63 6","pages":"Pages 944-947"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142539994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) results are less accurate the later applied during pregnancy 孕期越晚，无创产前检测（NIPT）结果越不准确

IF 2 4区医学 Q2 OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY

Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2024.05.027

Thomas Liehr

Objective

Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) has been introduced in prenatal genetics, recently. Even though it is connected with biological, technical, medical and ethical issues also reviewed here, it is meanwhile applied as a standard screening test. One of the obvious, but yet not further reviewed peculiarities of NIPT is that the reported false positives rates are variant, specifically in European, compared with Chinese publications.

Materials and methods

Here the only 15 suited studies on >600,000 cases were identified in which at least average pregnancy age was reported for the time NIPT was done.

Results and conclusion

It could be shown, that NIPT is done in China in later weeks of gestation, than in other countries. Besides, here for the first time it is highlighted that false positive NIPT results are less frequent, the earlier the screening is performed. Most likely this is related to two biological phenomena: loss of trisomic pregnancies and preferential survival of fetuses which underwent trisomic rescue, however, with major trisomic populations in placenta. This yet not considered aspect needs to be kept in mind especially in late stage high risk pregnancies.

目的无创产前检测（NIPT）最近被引入产前遗传学。尽管 NIPT 与生物学、技术、医学和伦理问题有关，但目前 NIPT 已被用作标准筛查试验。NIPT 的一个明显但尚未进一步审查的特殊性是，报告的假阳性率存在差异，特别是在欧洲的出版物中，与中国的出版物相比。此外，本文首次强调，越早进行筛查，NIPT 假阳性结果的发生率越低。这很可能与两种生物学现象有关：三体妊娠的丢失和经过三体抢救的胎儿的优先存活，然而，胎盘中存在大量三体胎儿。特别是在晚期高风险妊娠中，需要牢记这一点。

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引用次数: 0

Predictors and outcomes of Mid-urethral sling continence surgeries for stress urinary incontinence among Taiwanese women: What works best? 台湾妇女因压力性尿失禁而接受尿道中段悬吊术的预测因素和结果：什么方法最有效？

IF 2 4区医学 Q2 OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY

Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2024.07.016

Tsia-Shu Lo , Maherah Kamarudin , Mou-Jong Sun , Tsung-Hsien Su

Mid urethral sling (MUS) surgery is a widely accepted and safe procedure performed for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) with excellent cure rate besides its minimal complications. There are various types of MUS which can be offered. In this review we collated published data on MUS surgery performed among Taiwanese women with SUI in search for the best techniques and its outcome. We reviewed 77 articles, searched using PubMed platform related to MUS in USI among Taiwanese women from 1998 to 2023.24 articles, total 2733 participants with at least 12 months follow up after MUS. Objective cure rate for trans-obturator tape (TOT), retropubic sling (TVT, tension vaginal tape), single incision sling (SIS) (Solyx) and SIS (MiniArc) are 80%–92%, 88%–94%, 87%–90% and 87%–91% respectively, while subjective cure is 60%–90% in TOT, 86% in SIS (Solyx) and almost 90% in SIS (MiniArc), Predictors for surgical failure analyzed in 5 papers of 1006 women. Identifiable risk includes low maximal urethral closure pressure, intrinsic sphincter deficiency, previous anti SUI or prolapse surgery, presence of neurogenic disease, constipation, decreased bladder sensation, age >65 years, high pad test, Diabetes, detrusor overactivity, post-menopausal, reduced postoperative urethral mobility and tape percentile. Subsequently we dwell into complications of each type of MUS. This review showed the evolution of MUS and its comparable therapeutic efficacy. However, with certain complication rates and predictors for failure. This will add value in preoperative counselling while taking into accounts patients’ factors in choosing the appropriate types of MUS. Future research is needed on long term effectiveness and risk of future recurrence.

中段尿道吊带（MUS）手术是一种被广泛接受的治疗压力性尿失禁（SUI）的安全手术，除了并发症少之外，治愈率也非常高。MUS 有多种类型。在这篇综述中，我们整理了台湾女性 SUI 患者接受 MUS 手术的公开数据，以寻找最佳技术及其结果。我们通过PubMed平台检索了1998年至2023年期间与台湾女性USI MUS手术相关的77篇文章，共24篇，2733名参与者接受了MUS手术后至少12个月的随访。经尿道胶带（TOT）、耻骨后吊带（TVT，张力阴道胶带）、单切口吊带（SIS）（Solyx）和 SIS（MiniArc）的客观治愈率分别为 80%-92%、88%-94%、87%-90% 和 87%-91%，而 TOT 的主观治愈率为 60%-90%，SIS（Solyx）为 86%，SIS（MiniArc）接近 90%。可识别的风险包括最大尿道闭合压低、内在括约肌缺陷、既往接受过抗 SUI 或脱垂手术、存在神经源性疾病、便秘、膀胱感觉减退、年龄 65 岁、尿垫试验高、糖尿病、逼尿肌过度活动、绝经后、术后尿道活动度降低和胶带百分位数。随后，我们深入探讨了每种 MUS 的并发症。这篇综述展示了 MUS 的演变及其可比的疗效。不过，也存在一定的并发症发生率和失败预测因素。这将增加术前咨询的价值，同时在选择合适的 MUS 类型时考虑到患者的因素。未来还需要对长期疗效和未来复发风险进行研究。

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引用次数: 0

Rapid confirmation of maternal origin of trisomy 21 by quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction in a fetus associated with increased nuchal translucency, abnormal first-trimester maternal serum screening result and positive non-invasive prenatal testing for trisomy 21 通过定量荧光聚合酶链反应快速确认 21 三体综合征的母体来源，胎儿伴有颈项透明度增高、产前母体血清筛查结果异常和 21 三体综合征无创产前检测阳性

IF 2 4区医学 Q2 OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY

Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2024.09.015

Chih-Ping Chen

引用次数: 0

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