Prior investigations concur that the granite plutons in Scotland which are most likely to prove favourable for geothermal exploration are the Ballater, Bennachie, Cairngorm and Mount Battock plutons, all of which have heat production values greater than 5 μW m−3. This heat production arises from the significant concentrations of potassium, uranium and thorium in some granite plutons. A new field-based gamma-ray spectrometric survey targeted plutons that were poorly surveyed in the past or near areas of high heat demand. This survey identifies several other plutons (Ben Rhinnes, Cheviot, Hill of Fare, Lochnagar and Monadhliath) with heat production rates between 3 and 5 μW m−3 that could well have geothermal gradients sufficient for direct heat use rather than higher temperatures required for electricity generation. The Criffel and Cheviot plutons are examples of Scottish granites that have concentric compositional zonation and some zones have significantly higher (up to 20%) heat production rates than others in the same plutons. However, the relatively small surface areas of individual high heat-production zones mean that it is unlikely to be worthwhile specifically targeting them. Supplementary material: The full set of heat production data is available at https://doi.org/10.5525/gla.researchdata.302
先前的调查一致认为，苏格兰最有可能被证明有利于地热勘探的花岗岩深成岩体是Ballater、Bennachie、Cairngorm和Mount Battock深成岩体，所有这些岩体的产热值都大于5 μW m−3。这种热量的产生源于一些花岗岩深成岩体中钾、铀和钍的显著浓度。一项新的基于野外的伽马射线光谱测量针对的是过去或高热量需求地区附近调查不力的深成岩体。该调查确定了其他几个热生产率在3-5之间的深成岩体（Ben Rhines、Cheviot、Hill of Fare、Lochnagar和Monadhliath） μW m−3的地热梯度足以直接使用热量，而不是发电所需的更高温度。Criffel和Cheviot深成岩体是具有同心成分分带的苏格兰花岗岩的例子，其中一些区域的产热率明显高于同一深成岩体中的其他区域（高达20%）。然而，单个高温生产区的表面积相对较小，这意味着不太可能有价值专门针对它们。补充材料：完整的热量生产数据可在https://doi.org/10.5525/gla.researchdata.302
{"title":"Ranking the geothermal potential of radiothermal granites in Scotland: are any others as hot as the Cairngorms?","authors":"A. McCay, P. Younger","doi":"10.1144/sjg2016-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg2016-008","url":null,"abstract":"Prior investigations concur that the granite plutons in Scotland which are most likely to prove favourable for geothermal exploration are the Ballater, Bennachie, Cairngorm and Mount Battock plutons, all of which have heat production values greater than 5 μW m−3. This heat production arises from the significant concentrations of potassium, uranium and thorium in some granite plutons. A new field-based gamma-ray spectrometric survey targeted plutons that were poorly surveyed in the past or near areas of high heat demand. This survey identifies several other plutons (Ben Rhinnes, Cheviot, Hill of Fare, Lochnagar and Monadhliath) with heat production rates between 3 and 5 μW m−3 that could well have geothermal gradients sufficient for direct heat use rather than higher temperatures required for electricity generation. The Criffel and Cheviot plutons are examples of Scottish granites that have concentric compositional zonation and some zones have significantly higher (up to 20%) heat production rates than others in the same plutons. However, the relatively small surface areas of individual high heat-production zones mean that it is unlikely to be worthwhile specifically targeting them. Supplementary material: The full set of heat production data is available at https://doi.org/10.5525/gla.researchdata.302","PeriodicalId":49556,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Geology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1144/sjg2016-008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45004112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Four Silurian brachiopod species from the Pentland Hills, previously ignored or designated nomina dubia, require some recognition on the basis of material identified in the collections of the National Museum of Scotland and a closer scrutiny of the published work with respect to the guidelines of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature.
{"title":"Notes on the brachiopod species from the Silurian of the Pentland Hills described by Lamont (1978)","authors":"Y. Candela, D. Harper, W. R. B. Crighton","doi":"10.1144/sjg2016-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg2016-003","url":null,"abstract":"Four Silurian brachiopod species from the Pentland Hills, previously ignored or designated nomina dubia, require some recognition on the basis of material identified in the collections of the National Museum of Scotland and a closer scrutiny of the published work with respect to the guidelines of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature.","PeriodicalId":49556,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Geology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46598456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Additional machaeridian specimens from the Wether Law Linn Formation (Telychian) have increased our knowledge of this poorly recorded but abundant group in the Pentland Hills, located a few kilometres SE of Edinburgh. A new type of anterior outer shell plate is described and is compared with material previously described from the same horizon and locality. Moreover, a new species of Plumulites is established on the basis of a disarticulated but close association of shell plates.
来自Wether Law Linn Formation（Telychian）的更多马查里阶标本增加了我们对位于爱丁堡东南几公里的Pentland Hills中这一记录不佳但数量丰富的群的了解。描述了一种新型的前外壳板，并将其与先前描述的相同层位和位置的材料进行了比较。此外，在壳板无关节但紧密结合的基础上，建立了一个新的羽粒目物种。
{"title":"Addenda to the record of machaeridian shell plates in the Wether Law Linn Formation (Late Llandovery), Pentland Hills, Scotland","authors":"Y. Candela, W. R. B. Crighton","doi":"10.1144/sjg2016-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg2016-006","url":null,"abstract":"Additional machaeridian specimens from the Wether Law Linn Formation (Telychian) have increased our knowledge of this poorly recorded but abundant group in the Pentland Hills, located a few kilometres SE of Edinburgh. A new type of anterior outer shell plate is described and is compared with material previously described from the same horizon and locality. Moreover, a new species of Plumulites is established on the basis of a disarticulated but close association of shell plates.","PeriodicalId":49556,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Geology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1144/sjg2016-006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44760512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the first paragraph of his discussion of our paper, Burton sets up his definition of what he thinks should have been the structure and purpose of our paper, his opinion of what a review should be and then complains that we did not follow his definition. We reject his definition, having defined our purpose in the abstract of our review. We were invited to write a short review of the Precambrian–Lower Palaeozoic tectonic history of Scotland. We structured the review around the topics that interest us; the paper was not, and could not be, an in-depth review of the opinion of everyone who had published relevant data and ideas on the topics covered in the paper. Our purpose, in the space allotted, was to present an overview review rather than a lengthy document argued in detail with references to everyone who had published on the topic. A full detailed analysis and review of the kind suggested would have been far too long for the Scottish Journal of Geology. The purpose of the paper is stated in the abstract and the last paragraph of the summary. There was no conscious effort to exclude Bluck's work; his work did not feature in our review, just as that of many hundreds of geologists who have also written on the subject. Several people who reviewed the manuscript, including the referees, made no mention of the absence of references to Bluck's published work, and it simply did not occur to us as we wrote it. We regret that this has caused offence. In our short review, we outlined our views and did not try to include and argue against all the different opinions with which we disagree. To have done so would have quadrupled the reference list and at least doubled the length of the paper. The whole Highland Border issue has been argued interminably for ages (often in the Scottish Journal of Geology) and, in the end, the consensus was against Bluck's views (e.g. Henderson et al. 2009). There is no point in bringing up arguments just to shoot them down; we do not see that as a positive legacy to Bluck, whose work in fluvial sedimentology was superb.
在他讨论我们的论文的第一段，伯顿建立了他的定义，他认为应该是我们的论文的结构和目的，他的意见应该是什么审查，然后抱怨我们没有遵循他的定义。我们拒绝他的定义，因为我们已经在综述的摘要中定义了我们的目的。我们应邀写了一篇关于苏格兰前寒武纪-下古生代构造史的简短综述。我们围绕我们感兴趣的主题来组织评论;这篇论文不是，也不可能是对所有发表过相关数据和观点的人的意见的深入审查。在指定的篇幅内，我们的目的是提出一份概括性的评论，而不是一份冗长的文件，详细讨论每个在该主题上发表过文章的人。对于《苏格兰地质学杂志》来说，对这类建议进行全面详细的分析和回顾太长了。摘要和结束语的最后一段阐述了本文的目的。他们并没有刻意排斥布莱克的作品;他的工作没有出现在我们的评论中，就像成百上千的地质学家一样，他们也写了关于这个主题的文章。几位审阅过手稿的人，包括评审人，都没有提到没有参考布鲁克已发表的作品，我们在写手稿的时候根本没有想到这一点。我们很遗憾这引起了冒犯。在我们简短的评论中，我们概述了我们的观点，并没有试图包括和反对我们不同意的所有不同意见。如果这样做的话，参考文献的数量会增加四倍，论文的长度至少会增加一倍。整个高地边界问题已经争论了很多年了(通常在苏格兰地质学杂志上)，最后，共识是反对Bluck的观点(例如Henderson et al. 2009)。提出争论只是为了驳倒它们是没有意义的;我们不认为这是对布鲁克的积极遗产，他在河流沉积学方面的工作是一流的。
{"title":"Reply to Discussion on ‘The Neoproterozoic to Mid-Devonian evolution of Scotland: a review and unresolved issues’ Scottish Journal of Geology, 51, 5–30","authors":"J. Dewey, I. Dalziel, R. J. Reavy, R. Strachan","doi":"10.1144/SJG2016-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/SJG2016-015","url":null,"abstract":"In the first paragraph of his discussion of our paper, Burton sets up his definition of what he thinks should have been the structure and purpose of our paper, his opinion of what a review should be and then complains that we did not follow his definition. We reject his definition, having defined our purpose in the abstract of our review. We were invited to write a short review of the Precambrian–Lower Palaeozoic tectonic history of Scotland. We structured the review around the topics that interest us; the paper was not, and could not be, an in-depth review of the opinion of everyone who had published relevant data and ideas on the topics covered in the paper. Our purpose, in the space allotted, was to present an overview review rather than a lengthy document argued in detail with references to everyone who had published on the topic. A full detailed analysis and review of the kind suggested would have been far too long for the Scottish Journal of Geology. The purpose of the paper is stated in the abstract and the last paragraph of the summary. There was no conscious effort to exclude Bluck's work; his work did not feature in our review, just as that of many hundreds of geologists who have also written on the subject. Several people who reviewed the manuscript, including the referees, made no mention of the absence of references to Bluck's published work, and it simply did not occur to us as we wrote it. We regret that this has caused offence. In our short review, we outlined our views and did not try to include and argue against all the different opinions with which we disagree. To have done so would have quadrupled the reference list and at least doubled the length of the paper. The whole Highland Border issue has been argued interminably for ages (often in the Scottish Journal of Geology) and, in the end, the consensus was against Bluck's views (e.g. Henderson et al. 2009). There is no point in bringing up arguments just to shoot them down; we do not see that as a positive legacy to Bluck, whose work in fluvial sedimentology was superb.","PeriodicalId":49556,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Geology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1144/SJG2016-015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64033589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Cain, G. Leslie, S. Clarke, M. Kelly, M. Krabbendam
South of the Loch Maree Fault in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland, an unexplained step-wise thickening of Torridon Group strata, from c. 200–1000 m, occurs towards the Loch Maree Fault, within the trailing edges of the stacked thrust sheets of the Achnashellach Culmination in the Caledonian Moine Thrust Zone. This thickening cannot be explained readily by Caledonian thrust tectonics alone, and suggests that thrusting was superimposed upon a pre-Caledonian non-layer-cake template giving rise to a thrust-parallel thickness change of Torridon Group strata in the thrust belt. Cross-section constructions within the culmination constrain discrete abrupt thickness changes of the Torridon Group succession preserved within the Coire nan Clach and Toll Ban thrust sheets. We infer the existence of a pre-existing discontinuity in the form of either a set of pre-Caledonian faults striking parallel or sub-parallel to the long-lived Loch Maree Fault in its southwestern wall, or palaeovalleys creating locally greater thicknesses of Torridon Group sediments in the pre-thrust template. Such palaeovalleys may have been eroded along pre-existing discontinuities. In either case, these discontinuities will have contributed to generating step-wise thickness changes in preserved Torridon Group strata prior to Cambro-Ordovician overstep and then contributed to controls on the observed (lateral) variations in thrust architecture and the northwards step-wise thinning of the Achnashellach Culmination towards the Loch Maree Fault. This northern termination of the Achnashellach Culmination demonstrates the importance of the pre-thrust template in constraining the three-dimensional architecture of lateral changes within fold-and-thrust belts.
在苏格兰西北高地的Maree湖断层以南，一个无法解释的Torridon群地层从约200-1000米逐渐增厚，发生在加里东莫因逆冲带的achnashelach顶点叠置逆冲片的后缘内，朝向Maree湖断层。这种增厚不能简单地用加里东期逆冲构造来解释，表明逆冲作用叠加在前加里东期的非层状饼模板上，导致了逆冲带Torridon群地层的逆冲平行厚度变化。顶点内的剖面构造限制了Coire nan Clach和Toll Ban逆冲层内保存的Torridon群演替的离散突变厚度变化。我们推断存在一个预先存在的不连续性，其形式可能是一组前加里东期断层平行或亚平行于其西南壁上的长期存在的Maree湖断层，或者是在前逆冲模板中形成局部较大厚度的Torridon群沉积物的古山谷。这些古山谷可能是沿着先前存在的不连续面被侵蚀的。在这两种情况下，这些不连续性都有助于在寒武纪-奥陶系越阶之前形成保存的Torridon群地层的逐级厚度变化，然后有助于控制冲断构造的观测(侧向)变化和achnashelach隆起向北向Maree湖断裂的逐级减薄。阿克纳斯拉克隆起的北端表明，逆冲前构造模板在控制褶皱-冲断带内横向变化的三维构造方面具有重要意义。
{"title":"Evidence for pre-Caledonian discontinuities in the Achnashellach Culmination, Moine Thrust Zone: the importance of a pre-thrust template in influencing fold-and-thrust belt development","authors":"T. Cain, G. Leslie, S. Clarke, M. Kelly, M. Krabbendam","doi":"10.1144/sjg2015-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg2015-002","url":null,"abstract":"South of the Loch Maree Fault in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland, an unexplained step-wise thickening of Torridon Group strata, from c. 200–1000 m, occurs towards the Loch Maree Fault, within the trailing edges of the stacked thrust sheets of the Achnashellach Culmination in the Caledonian Moine Thrust Zone. This thickening cannot be explained readily by Caledonian thrust tectonics alone, and suggests that thrusting was superimposed upon a pre-Caledonian non-layer-cake template giving rise to a thrust-parallel thickness change of Torridon Group strata in the thrust belt. Cross-section constructions within the culmination constrain discrete abrupt thickness changes of the Torridon Group succession preserved within the Coire nan Clach and Toll Ban thrust sheets. We infer the existence of a pre-existing discontinuity in the form of either a set of pre-Caledonian faults striking parallel or sub-parallel to the long-lived Loch Maree Fault in its southwestern wall, or palaeovalleys creating locally greater thicknesses of Torridon Group sediments in the pre-thrust template. Such palaeovalleys may have been eroded along pre-existing discontinuities. In either case, these discontinuities will have contributed to generating step-wise thickness changes in preserved Torridon Group strata prior to Cambro-Ordovician overstep and then contributed to controls on the observed (lateral) variations in thrust architecture and the northwards step-wise thinning of the Achnashellach Culmination towards the Loch Maree Fault. This northern termination of the Achnashellach Culmination demonstrates the importance of the pre-thrust template in constraining the three-dimensional architecture of lateral changes within fold-and-thrust belts.","PeriodicalId":49556,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Geology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1144/sjg2015-002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64033683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reviews existing information on the last glaciation of Caithness and presents new evidence for additional till units and for long distance ice-flow paths based on till palynomorphs, indicator erratics and striae. Early, radial expansion of Northern Highland ice probably occurred at 31 – 29 ka. After ice withdrawal from the north coast, Moray Firth ice returned before a second withdrawal. Thereafter Moray Firth ice advanced to limits close to the Atlantic shelf edge between 21 and 18 ka. Deglaciation of hill summits was completed by 18.4 – 17.8 ka but the low ground south of Wick only became ice free after 16.5 ka. Recognition of these multiple ice-flow events is consistent with the dynamic behaviour of the last ice sheet exhibited in mathematical simulations. The event sequence differs, however, from nineteenth century and recent two-stage flow set reconstructions as each main flow set is shown to represent multiple events following similar paths but under different ice sheet configurations. Various configurations allow ice to flow northwards across Caithness and so remove any requirement for the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet to directly block and divert the outflow of ice from the Moray Firth during the last glaciation.
{"title":"The last glaciation in Caithness, Scotland: revised till stratigraphy and ice-flow paths indicate multiple ice flow phases","authors":"A. Hall, J. Riding","doi":"10.1144/sjg2016-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg2016-001","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews existing information on the last glaciation of Caithness and presents new evidence for additional till units and for long distance ice-flow paths based on till palynomorphs, indicator erratics and striae. Early, radial expansion of Northern Highland ice probably occurred at 31 – 29 ka. After ice withdrawal from the north coast, Moray Firth ice returned before a second withdrawal. Thereafter Moray Firth ice advanced to limits close to the Atlantic shelf edge between 21 and 18 ka. Deglaciation of hill summits was completed by 18.4 – 17.8 ka but the low ground south of Wick only became ice free after 16.5 ka. Recognition of these multiple ice-flow events is consistent with the dynamic behaviour of the last ice sheet exhibited in mathematical simulations. The event sequence differs, however, from nineteenth century and recent two-stage flow set reconstructions as each main flow set is shown to represent multiple events following similar paths but under different ice sheet configurations. Various configurations allow ice to flow northwards across Caithness and so remove any requirement for the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet to directly block and divert the outflow of ice from the Moray Firth during the last glaciation.","PeriodicalId":49556,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Geology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1144/sjg2016-001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64033574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The discovery of a sauropod tooth and a single sauropod footprint from the Valtos Formation supplements our knowledge of these dinosaurs from the Middle Jurassic of the Isle of Skye. Although the family cannot be determined from this single tooth, it is thought that it represents a primitive eusauropod and may belong to a similar sauropod to that previously described from limited isolated osteological evidence (caudal vertebra, damaged humerus and a rib). The characteristics that suggest this affinity include evidence of denticles on one edge of the tooth, wrinkling and granulation of the enamel, wear suggesting crown-to-crown occlusion, and the spatulate tooth shape. The single sauropod footprint is the oldest record of a sauropod footprint from the Middle Jurassic of Skye. Supplementary material: Surface models of the sauropod footprint from the Valtos Formation produced using Agisoft Photoscan software in obj, ply and stl formats are available at: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3435984
{"title":"New Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) sauropod remains from the Valtos Formation, Isle of Skye, Scotland","authors":"N. Clark, P. Gavin","doi":"10.1144/sjg2015-010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg2015-010","url":null,"abstract":"The discovery of a sauropod tooth and a single sauropod footprint from the Valtos Formation supplements our knowledge of these dinosaurs from the Middle Jurassic of the Isle of Skye. Although the family cannot be determined from this single tooth, it is thought that it represents a primitive eusauropod and may belong to a similar sauropod to that previously described from limited isolated osteological evidence (caudal vertebra, damaged humerus and a rib). The characteristics that suggest this affinity include evidence of denticles on one edge of the tooth, wrinkling and granulation of the enamel, wear suggesting crown-to-crown occlusion, and the spatulate tooth shape. The single sauropod footprint is the oldest record of a sauropod footprint from the Middle Jurassic of Skye. Supplementary material: Surface models of the sauropod footprint from the Valtos Formation produced using Agisoft Photoscan software in obj, ply and stl formats are available at: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3435984","PeriodicalId":49556,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Geology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1144/sjg2015-010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64033561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Loch Lomond Stadial (LLS) (12.9 – 11.7 ka BP) was the last climatic episode in which Scotland possessed a significant ice mass. Loch and Glen Etive represent one of the best-preserved glacial landsystems in western Scotland, having formed a conduit for ice draining from high on Rannoch Moor. Loch Etive is a glacially over-deepened trough 6 km north of Oban, now a sea loch 30 km long and up to 1.5 km wide, extending from the Firth of Lorn NE towards Rannoch Moor. It is a key site in which to understand the glacial processes that shaped the Western Highlands during the LLS, leading to full glacial retreat by 11.4 ka BP. Based on a comprehensive high-resolution multibeam bathymetric sonar survey, the morphology of the seabed was analysed using ArcGIS to create a series of detailed geomorphological maps. Morphological interpretations, backscatter and seismic reflection data from the loch were combined to reconstruct the deglaciation of Loch Etive. The presence of transverse ridges interpreted as recessional moraines and submarine eskers indicates a dynamic glacial retreat from the maximum seaward extent west of the present-day coastline. At its maximum extent, the glacier formed a proglacial delta generating large volumes of meltwater that flowed over the rock sill of the present-day Falls of Lora. The confluence of glacial ice masses, flowing from the Pass of Brander and tributary corrie glaciers, created a complex glaciofluvial environment in the outer basin of Loch Etive. This is reflected in the formation of a large submarine esker. In the inner loch basin, the presence of recessional moraines at intervals suggests a dynamic glacier, responding to seasonal temperature fluctuations, possibly subsequently retreating northeastwards c. 50 m annually as the LLS ended.
洛蒙德湖(LLS) (12.9 - 11.7 ka BP)是苏格兰拥有大量冰块的最后一个气候事件。Loch和Glen Etive代表了苏格兰西部保存最完好的冰川陆地系统之一，形成了一条从Rannoch Moor高处排出冰的管道。埃提湖是奥班以北6公里处的一个冰川过度加深的海槽，现在是一个长30公里，宽1.5公里的海湖，从洛恩东北湾延伸到兰诺克沼泽。它是了解在LLS期间形成西部高地的冰川过程的关键遗址，导致11.4 ka BP的冰川完全退缩。基于全面的高分辨率多波束测深声纳测量，利用ArcGIS对海底形态进行了分析，绘制了一系列详细的地貌图。结合湖泊的形态解释、后向散射和地震反射数据，重建了湖泊的消冰过程。横脊的存在被解释为后退的冰碛和海底冰碛，表明冰川从现今海岸线以西的最大向海范围开始动态退缩。在其最大范围内，冰川形成了一个前冰川三角洲，产生了大量的融水，这些融水流过今天的劳拉瀑布的岩石基座。来自布兰德山口(Pass of Brander)和支流科利冰川(corrie glacier)的冰川冰块汇合在一起，在埃提湖(Loch Etive)外盆地形成了复杂的冰川-河流环境。这反映在一个大型潜艇的形成上。在内湖盆地，每隔一段时间就会出现退潮的冰碛，这表明存在一个动态冰川，它对季节温度波动做出反应，可能随着LLS的结束，每年向东北退缩50米。
{"title":"A geomorphological reconstruction of the deglaciation of Loch Etive during the Loch Lomond Stadial","authors":"Allan Audsley, R. Arosio, J. Howe","doi":"10.1144/sjg2015-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg2015-004","url":null,"abstract":"The Loch Lomond Stadial (LLS) (12.9 – 11.7 ka BP) was the last climatic episode in which Scotland possessed a significant ice mass. Loch and Glen Etive represent one of the best-preserved glacial landsystems in western Scotland, having formed a conduit for ice draining from high on Rannoch Moor. Loch Etive is a glacially over-deepened trough 6 km north of Oban, now a sea loch 30 km long and up to 1.5 km wide, extending from the Firth of Lorn NE towards Rannoch Moor. It is a key site in which to understand the glacial processes that shaped the Western Highlands during the LLS, leading to full glacial retreat by 11.4 ka BP. Based on a comprehensive high-resolution multibeam bathymetric sonar survey, the morphology of the seabed was analysed using ArcGIS to create a series of detailed geomorphological maps. Morphological interpretations, backscatter and seismic reflection data from the loch were combined to reconstruct the deglaciation of Loch Etive. The presence of transverse ridges interpreted as recessional moraines and submarine eskers indicates a dynamic glacial retreat from the maximum seaward extent west of the present-day coastline. At its maximum extent, the glacier formed a proglacial delta generating large volumes of meltwater that flowed over the rock sill of the present-day Falls of Lora. The confluence of glacial ice masses, flowing from the Pass of Brander and tributary corrie glaciers, created a complex glaciofluvial environment in the outer basin of Loch Etive. This is reflected in the formation of a large submarine esker. In the inner loch basin, the presence of recessional moraines at intervals suggests a dynamic glacier, responding to seasonal temperature fluctuations, possibly subsequently retreating northeastwards c. 50 m annually as the LLS ended.","PeriodicalId":49556,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Geology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1144/sjg2015-004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64033761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This report describes the first recorded occurrence of microbial wrinkle structures in Lower Devonian sediments in Scotland. A shale horizon at Wormit, NE Fife, has yielded a distinctive puckered surface that is interpreted as the product of microbial mats on a soft sediment substrate. This assemblage reflects a shallow-water lacustrine or sub-tidal environment.
{"title":"Microbial wrinkle structures in Lower Devonian shales, Wormit, Fife","authors":"R. Batchelor","doi":"10.1144/sjg2015-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg2015-006","url":null,"abstract":"This report describes the first recorded occurrence of microbial wrinkle structures in Lower Devonian sediments in Scotland. A shale horizon at Wormit, NE Fife, has yielded a distinctive puckered surface that is interpreted as the product of microbial mats on a soft sediment substrate. This assemblage reflects a shallow-water lacustrine or sub-tidal environment.","PeriodicalId":49556,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Geology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1144/sjg2015-006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64033452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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