Science & Justice最新文献

英文中文

Earth observation technology’s alignment with OHCHR indicators for strengthening human rights breach investigations and adjudication 地球观测技术与人权高专办加强侵犯人权行为调查和裁决指标的一致性

IF 1.9 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.09.006

Seonaid Rapach , Annalisa Riccardi , Rhonda Wheate

Human rights investigations demand reliable data sources to substantiate alleged events, and satellite imagery offers diverse options crucial for evidential support. This paper delineates how Earth Observation (EO) imagery can be tailored to align with the requirements outlined by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) indicators, facilitating stakeholders in optimising their studies with applicable technological applications. To streamline EO technology, the paper categorises it into six primary payloads capable of observing such events: multispectral visible. multispectral infrared, passive microwave, hyperspectral, synthetic aperture radar, and meteorological datasets. Given variations in versatility across applications, the study further segregates each into ’full’ and ’partial’ applications. As shown here, EO data is an emerging form of digital evidence in legal proceedings for human rights breaches. The paper outlines the current trends in court cases and then outlines future opportunities for applications, based on the OHCHR taxonomy. This paper encourages investigators to fully consider the range of EO technology available, and the likely challenges to its relevance and admissibility, in such proceedings.

人权调查需要可靠的数据来源来证实所指控的事件，而卫星图像提供了对证据支持至关重要的多种选择。本文阐述了如何调整地球观测图像，使其符合联合国人权事务高级专员办事处（人权高专办）指标概述的要求，从而促进利益攸关方利用适用的技术应用优化其研究。为了简化 EO 技术，本文将其分为能够观测此类事件的六种主要有效载荷：多光谱可见光、多光谱红外、被动微波、超光谱、合成孔径雷达和气象数据集。鉴于不同应用的多功能性存在差异，研究进一步将每种应用分为 "全面 "和 "部分 "应用。如本文所示，在侵犯人权的法律诉讼中，EO 数据是一种新兴的数字证据形式。本文概述了法庭案件的当前趋势，然后根据人权高专办的分类法概述了未来的应用机会。本文鼓励调查人员在此类诉讼中充分考虑现有的各种地球观测技术，以及其相关性和可采性可能面临的挑战。

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引用次数: 0

BM1: Events Guide BM1：事件指南

IF 1.9 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1355-0306(24)00113-8

引用次数: 0

Development of a qPCR assay for the quantification of canine autosomal DNA recovered from livestock attacks 开发一种 qPCR 检测方法，用于定量检测从牲畜攻击中回收的犬类常染色体 DNA

IF 1.9 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.10.003

N. Dawnay , P. Riley , L. Dawnay , R. Ogden , S. McColl

The absence of a standardised method to quantify canine DNA recovered from livestock attacks leaves forensic providers without an important quality control step to help support their decision making. Typically used to normalise the amount of DNA for STR amplification, modern forensic DNA quantification approaches use qPCR of target genes and can also include an Internal Positive Controls (IPC) to determine the presence of PCR inhibitors. The co-amplification of livestock DNA alongside canine DNA has meant that previously developed qPCR methods are not suitable for use so a standardised approach is needed. This research describes the development of a Taq-man multiplex qPCR assay that simultaneously quantifies the autosomal MC1R and Y-specific SRY gene to determine the concentration of canine DNA recovered from attacked livestock. Data suggests that the method is robust and reproducible with no significant difference in the standard curves produced from multiple runs or from different DNA standards derived from different canines. Assay sensitivity of between 15 and 31 pg is consistent with other forensic quantification assays and also in line with the sensitivity of the two tested canine STR kits, Canine Genotype 2.1 Kit and CaDNAP Panels 1 and 2. The assay is highly specific to canines when tested against 163 different dogs representing 33 different breeds and no cross-amplification of non-target species’ DNA was observed even from livestock DNA tested at 31.25 ng/µl. This strongly suggests that any DNA detected on evidence collected from attacked livestock is canine. The assay also shows robust tolerance to common livestock inhibitors continuing to amplify when inhibitor-spiked DNA samples were tested. Both mixed and inhibited DNA samples underwent STR typing using two canine forensic STR kits with data showing the Canine Genotype 2.1 Kit displaying pronounced cross-amplification of livestock DNA and and/or extensive PCR inhibition leading to the complete loss of amplification when using this kit. Conversely the CaDNAP Panels 1 and 2 showed little cross-amplification of livestock DNA and improved inhibitor tolerance suggesting that this approach was better suited for the analysis of livestock attack samples. Findings are discussed and the impact of the observations on future work in this area are explored.

由于缺乏对从禽畜袭击中提取的犬科动物 DNA 进行定量的标准化方法，因此法医提供者没有一个重要的质量控制步骤来帮助他们做出决策。现代法医 DNA 定量方法通常用于对用于 STR 扩增的 DNA 量进行归一化，使用 qPCR 对目标基因进行定量，还可包括内部阳性对照 (IPC)，以确定是否存在 PCR 抑制剂。家畜 DNA 与犬 DNA 的共同扩增意味着以前开发的 qPCR 方法不适合使用，因此需要一种标准化的方法。本研究介绍了一种 Taq-man 多重 qPCR 检测方法的开发情况，该方法可同时对常染色体 MC1R 和 Y 特异性 SRY 基因进行量化，以确定从被攻击家畜中回收的犬 DNA 的浓度。数据表明，该方法稳健且可重复，多次运行或不同犬类的不同 DNA 标准所产生的标准曲线无明显差异。检测灵敏度在 15 到 31 pg 之间，与其他法医定量检测方法一致，也与两种测试过的犬 STR 试剂盒（犬基因型 2.1 试剂盒和 CaDNAP 面板 1 和 2）的灵敏度一致。在对代表 33 个不同品种的 163 种不同犬类进行测试时，该检测方法对犬类具有高度特异性，即使对家畜 DNA 进行 31.25 纳克/微升的测试，也未观察到非目标物种 DNA 的交叉扩增。这有力地表明，从被攻击家畜身上收集的证据中检测到的任何 DNA 都是犬科动物的。在对添加了抑制剂的 DNA 样品进行检测时，该检测方法对常见的家畜抑制剂也有很强的耐受性，可以继续扩增。使用两种犬类法医 STR 检测试剂盒对混合和抑制 DNA 样品进行 STR 分型，数据显示犬类基因型 2.1 检测试剂盒显示出明显的家畜 DNA 交叉扩增和/或广泛的 PCR 抑制，导致使用该试剂盒时完全丧失扩增能力。相反，CaDNAP 1 号和 2 号试剂盒几乎没有出现家畜 DNA 交叉扩增的现象，而且对抑制剂的耐受性更好，这表明这种方法更适合分析家畜攻击样本。本文对研究结果进行了讨论，并探讨了观察结果对该领域未来工作的影响。

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引用次数: 0

BM2: Council Information BM2：理事会信息

IF 1.9 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1355-0306(24)00114-X

引用次数: 0

How 3D printing technologies could undermine law enforcement strategies targeting the production and distribution of designer drugs 3D 打印技术如何破坏针对特制毒品生产和分销的执法战略

IF 1.9 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.10.004

Victoria Gilpin , Robert B. Smith , Jason W. Birkett , James Davis

Countering the supply of counterfeit and designer drug pills laced with fentanyl or its analogues has long been a challenge with the potency of the drug and the ease with which it can be obtained impacting greatly on families and the wider society. The introduction of legislative measures to restrict access to the machinery that allows the production of the pills has yielded considerable gains with numerous seizures of pill presses reported. However, the increasing availability of bench top milling machines and advances in 3D printing could render this a short term victory where the technology may be set to outpace the capabilities of conventional law enforcement. While pill presses were once born from high specification industrial machining, low cost mills and 3D printing systems are already at the stage of producing small format presses within the domestic home. Here, a spotlight is trained on fentanyl (and its analogues) from the perspective of pill manufacture and their supply. An overview of pill press mechanics and the approaches presently taken to counter distribution is provided and the potential influence that both milling systems and 3D printing technologies could have in the future is critically evaluated.

长期以来，打击含有芬太尼或其类似物的假药和特制药丸的供应一直是一项挑战，因为这种药物的药效很强，而且很容易获得，这对家庭和广大社会造成了极大的影响。通过采取立法措施限制获得生产这种药丸的机器，已经取得了相当大的成果，据报告已经查获了许多压片机。然而，台式铣床的日益普及和 3D 打印技术的进步可能会使这一措施在短期内无法奏效，因为该技术可能会超越传统执法部门的能力。虽然压丸机曾经诞生于高规格的工业加工，但低成本的铣床和三维打印系统已经可以在家庭中生产小型压丸机。在此，我们将从药丸制造和供应的角度聚焦芬太尼（及其类似物）。本文概述了压片机的机械原理和目前采取的反分销方法，并对铣削系统和三维打印技术在未来可能产生的潜在影响进行了批判性评估。

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引用次数: 0

Metaverse forensics framework: A NIST based investigation framework for metaverse 元数据取证框架：基于 NIST 的元海外调查框架

IF 1.9 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.10.005

Shishir Kumar Shandilya , Yuvraj Singh , Ivan Izonin , Lesia Hentosh

The Metaverse is an intersection of virtual, augmented, and mixed reality that offers users an interactive virtual environment. This new technology has enormous possibilities for both people and companies. However, owing to the existence of inherent vulnerabilities associated with Metaverse, misconduct is a major concern. The Metaverse is set to greatly impact the global technology and commercial landscapes as it develops into a substantial technological platform. The Metaverse operates as an online platform that enables users to access and move about in virtual worlds through the usage of gadgets. Through the use of the digital twin design, which is frequently used in smart cities, closely mimics the real world. Even if the Metaverse is still in its early phases, there is already cause for alarm because of the possibility of criminal activity there. Therefore, conducting a digital forensic investigation within the Metaverse is essential to investigate crimes like virtual theft, fraud, money laundering, and burglary. In this research, the authors present a Metaverse forensic framework that classifies artifacts and maps them with the phases of the Cyber Kill Chain (CKC). The framework is based on the latest NIST digital forensic framework. The applicability of the proposed framework has been demonstrated by an application example that follows a typical malware attack.

Metaverse 是虚拟现实、增强现实和混合现实的交汇点，它为用户提供了一个交互式虚拟环境。这项新技术为人们和公司带来了巨大的可能性。然而，由于 Metaverse 存在固有的漏洞，行为不当是一个主要问题。随着 Metaverse 发展成为一个重要的技术平台，它必将对全球技术和商业领域产生巨大影响。Metaverse 是一个在线平台，用户可以通过使用小工具进入虚拟世界并在其中活动。通过使用数字孪生设计，这种设计在智能城市中得到了广泛应用，与现实世界非常相似。尽管 Metaverse 仍处于早期阶段，但由于存在犯罪活动的可能性，已经引起了人们的警惕。因此，在元宇宙中开展数字取证调查对于调查虚拟盗窃、欺诈、洗钱和入室盗窃等犯罪至关重要。在这项研究中，作者提出了一个元宇宙取证框架，对人工制品进行分类，并将它们与网络杀人链（CKC）的各个阶段进行映射。该框架基于最新的 NIST 数字取证框架。通过一个典型恶意软件攻击的应用实例，证明了所建议框架的适用性。

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引用次数: 0

Prelim 3: Contents 前言3：内容

IF 1.9 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1355-0306(24)00112-6

引用次数: 0

Balancing validity and reliability as a function of sampling variability in forensic voice comparison 在法医语音比对中平衡有效性和可靠性，因为取样存在差异

IF 1.9 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.10.002

Bruce Xiao Wang , Vincent Hughes

In forensic comparison sciences, experts are required to compare samples of known and unknown origin to evaluate the strength of the evidence assuming they came from the same- and different-sources. The application of valid (if the method measures what it is intended to) and reliable (if that method produces consistent results) forensic methods is required across many jurisdictions, such as the England & Wales Criminal Practice Directions 19A and UK Crown Prosecution Service and highlighted in the 2009 National Academy of Sciences report and by the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology in 2016. The current study uses simulation to examine the effect of number of speakers and sampling variability and on the evaluation of validity and reliability using different generations of automatic speaker recognition (ASR) systems in forensic voice comparison (FVC). The results show that the state-of-the-art system had better overall validity compared with less advanced systems. However, better validity does not necessarily lead to high reliability, and very often the opposite is true. Better system validity and higher discriminability have the potential of leading to a higher degree of uncertainty and inconsistency in the output (i.e. poorer reliability). This is particularly the case when dealing with small number of speakers, where the observed data does not adequately support density estimation, resulting in extrapolation, as is commonly expected in FVC casework.

在法医比对科学中，专家需要对已知和未知来源的样本进行比对，以评估证据的强度，假设它们来自相同和不同的来源。许多司法管辖区都要求应用有效（如果该方法能测量其预期的结果）和可靠（如果该方法能产生一致的结果）的法医方法，例如英格兰和威尔士刑事实践指南 19A 和英国皇家检察院，2009 年美国国家科学院的报告和 2016 年美国总统科技顾问委员会的报告都强调了这一点。目前的研究使用模拟方法来研究发言人数量和采样变异性的影响，以及在法医语音比对 (FVC) 中使用不同代的自动发言人识别 (ASR) 系统对有效性和可靠性评估的影响。结果表明，与不太先进的系统相比，最先进的系统具有更好的整体有效性。然而，更好的有效性并不一定带来高可靠性，很多时候情况恰恰相反。更好的系统有效性和更高的可辨别性有可能导致输出结果的不确定性和不一致性更高（即可靠性更差）。在处理少量说话人的情况时尤其如此，因为在这种情况下，观察到的数据不能充分支持密度估算，从而导致外推法，这在快速口语评定个案工作中很常见。

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引用次数: 0

Advancing justice: The impact of Brazil’s convict genetic profile identification project after 5 years 促进正义：巴西罪犯基因图谱鉴定项目 5 年后的影响

IF 1.9 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.10.001

Aline Costa Minervino , Ronaldo Carneiro Silva Júnior , Francisco Corte-Real

This comprehensive study analyzed the implementation and impacts of the Convict Genetic Profile Identification Project in Brazil. By examining semiannual reports from the Integrated Network of DNA Databases (RIBPG) alongside a literature review covering the period from January 2018 to February 2024, the study evaluated the project’s relevance. The project’s primary aim was to enhance DNA databases, thereby fortifying crime prevention and resolution efforts. Notably, the results revealed a substantial increase in genetic profiles of convicted offenders included into the Brazilian National DNA Database (from 2,008 in 2017 to 54,657 in 2019) − a development that aligns with legislative goals. Despite legal and ethical debates, the project demonstrated a positive impact on criminal investigations, with a notable rise in database matches (from 376 in 2017 to 1,418 in 2019). Scientific literature had highlighted the project’s effectiveness in resolving crimes. The project has matured into a well-established process, characterized by continuous insertions and advancements, emphasizing a comprehensive operational framework. Beyond quantitative milestones, it has made qualitative contributions to justice. This collaborative model serves as an example for impactful public policies under Brazil’s Ministry of Justice and Public Security.

这项综合研究分析了巴西罪犯基因档案鉴定项目的实施情况和影响。通过研究 DNA 数据库综合网络（RIBPG）的半年度报告以及涵盖 2018 年 1 月至 2024 年 2 月期间的文献综述，本研究评估了该项目的相关性。该项目的主要目的是加强 DNA 数据库，从而加强犯罪预防和破案工作。值得注意的是，研究结果显示，巴西国家 DNA 数据库收录的已定罪罪犯基因图谱大幅增加（从 2017 年的 2 008 份增加到 2019 年的 54 657 份）--这一发展符合立法目标。尽管在法律和伦理方面存在争议，但该项目对刑事调查产生了积极影响，数据库匹配率显著上升（从 2017 年的 376 例增加到 2019 年的 1 418 例）。科学文献强调了该项目的破案效率。该项目已成熟为一个完善的流程，其特点是不断插入和推进，强调全面的业务框架。除了数量上的里程碑，它还为司法做出了质量上的贡献。这一合作模式为巴西司法和公共安全部制定有影响力的公共政策树立了榜样。

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引用次数: 0

A cut above the rest? The value of post-mortem examinations in undergraduate forensic science education 高人一等？尸检在法医学本科教育中的价值

IF 1.9 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.09.009

Kirsty Squires, Francesca Snelleksz

Very few people have the opportunity to witness a post-mortem first-hand in a mortuary environment. These spaces are typically reserved for those in the medical profession, including doctors in training. However, students enrolled on other programmes may go on to future careers that involve interacting with deceased individuals. Forensic Science graduates, for example, may enter professional roles that require the recovery, sampling, analysis and/or identification of the dead. In only a small number of cases will forensic students have had the opportunity to attend a post-mortem in person. In this article, we explore the value of incorporating post-mortem visits on undergraduate forensic science degrees from an academic (KS) and a student (FS) perspective. As part of this research, we obtained supplementary feedback from students who had also attended a post-mortem as part of their undergraduate degree at the University of Staffordshire. This research shows that while there can be logistical challenges when arranging post-mortem visits, students find the experience to be incredibly valuable, allowing them to improve their own personal and professional practice, and learn about up-to-date methods and processes used by practitioners. It could be argued that these visits are invaluable as they facilitate observational learning, especially the practical application of theoretical knowledge and understanding of post-mortems and the identification process, which in turn improves the employability of students.

很少有人有机会在太平间环境中亲眼目睹尸体解剖。这些场所通常是为医疗专业人员（包括正在接受培训的医生）保留的。不过，就读其他课程的学生将来可能会从事与逝者打交道的职业。例如，法医学毕业生可能会进入需要对死者进行复原、取样、分析和/或鉴定的专业岗位。只有在少数情况下，法医学学生才有机会亲自参加验尸。在本文中，我们从学术界（KS）和学生（FS）的角度探讨了将尸检纳入法医学本科学位课程的价值。作为研究的一部分，我们从斯塔福德郡大学参加过尸检的学生那里获得了补充反馈。这项研究表明，虽然在安排尸检参观时可能会遇到后勤方面的挑战，但学生们认为这种经历非常宝贵，可以让他们提高自己的个人和专业实践能力，并了解从业人员使用的最新方法和流程。可以说，这些参观是非常宝贵的，因为它们促进了观察学习，特别是理论知识的实际应用和对验尸及鉴定过程的理解，这反过来又提高了学生的就业能力。

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