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Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae): A potentially forgotten forensically important species in Malaysia Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae):马来西亚一个可能被遗忘的重要法医物种
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.04.006
Abby K. Jones , Nur Hidayah Shamsuddin , Chong Chin Heo

Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) has been collected in human forensic case work. This species is endemic in Malaysia but is not one of the most common species and is often found in outdoor cases. However, it is hypothesized that the presence of L. cuprina larvae may provide useful information in forensic case studies in Malaysia where this species has previously been ignored. This review will discuss the current background knowledge on L. cuprina, particularly when it comes to other forensic cases in Malaysia. General biology as well as key information for forensic work such as geographical distribution and developmental data will be reviewed. Finally, we discuss the potential for L. cuprina to provide beneficial and unique forensic insight into indoor cases with refuse.

Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) 曾在人类法医案件工作中被采集到。该物种是马来西亚的特有物种,但不是最常见的物种之一,通常在户外案件中发现。然而,据推测,L. cuprina 幼虫的存在可能会为马来西亚的法医案件研究提供有用的信息,因为该物种以前曾被忽视。本综述将讨论目前关于杯状幼虫的背景知识,特别是马来西亚其他法医案件中的相关知识。我们将回顾一般生物学以及法医工作的关键信息,如地理分布和发育数据。最后,我们将讨论 L. cuprina 为室内垃圾案件提供有益而独特的法医见解的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
3D scanning a crime scene to enhance juror understanding of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis evidence 对犯罪现场进行 3D 扫描,加深陪审员对血迹模式分析证据的理解
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.04.007
Patrick H. Home , Danielle G. Norman , Kimberley Wade , Emily Spearing , Mark A. Williams

There are numerous crime scene investigation applications of 3D scanning that have been previously documented. This paper documents the application of a 3D point cloud in the presentation of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis evidence to mock jurors. 150 mock jurors viewed a presentation of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis evidence from a murder trial in the UK. After viewing the evidence, the participants were tested on their knowledge of the evidence and repeated the test again 2 weeks later; to simulate criminal trial conditions; whereby there is a time lapse between the initial viewing of evidential material and deliberation. This paper found that the mock jurors who additionally viewed a 3D flythrough of a point cloud of the crime scene, better retained knowledge of the evidence over time, reported a greater ability to visualise the crime scene and had higher levels of interest in the evidence. Crucially, the 3D flythrough group did not report different levels of confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the evidence, nor different levels of emotional arousal to the group that viewed the evidence without the 3D presentation. Together, these findings suggest that 3D scanning of crime scenes, and the resultant point cloud’s presentation to jurors, could add further value to the justice system when spatial information, such as Bloodstain Pattern Analysis evidence, is presented.

三维扫描在犯罪现场调查中的应用有很多,之前已有文献记载。本文记录了三维点云在向模拟陪审员展示血迹模式分析证据时的应用。150 名模拟陪审员观看了英国一起谋杀案审判中的血迹模式分析证据演示。观看完证据后,测试了参与者对证据的了解程度,并在两周后再次进行测试;模拟刑事审判条件,即从最初观看证据材料到审议之间的时间间隔。本文发现,额外观看了犯罪现场点云三维透视图的模拟陪审员能在一段时间内更好地保留证据知识,报告了更强的可视化犯罪现场的能力,并对证据产生了更大的兴趣。最重要的是,3D 透视组对证据记忆的准确性没有不同程度的信心,情绪亢奋程度也与观看无 3D 展示证据组没有不同。总之,这些研究结果表明,犯罪现场的三维扫描以及由此产生的点云呈现给陪审员,可以在呈现血迹模式分析证据等空间信息时为司法系统带来更多价值。
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引用次数: 0
XRF identification of sharp-force trauma in fresh and dry human bone under varied experimental heat conditions 不同实验加热条件下新鲜和干燥人骨中锐器创伤的 XRF 鉴定
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.04.005
Joana Rosa , Luís A.E. Batista de Carvalho , Maria Paula M. Marques , Maria Teresa Ferreira , David Gonçalves , Francisco P.S.C. Gil

Heat-induced fractures can be hard to distinguish from sharp force traumas. This challenge can negatively impact medico-legal analysis. The present study aimed to experimentally assess if X-ray fluorescence (XRF) can be used to detect chemical traces transferred from the blade of a sharp instrument onto both fresh and dry human bones. This was performed by inducing sharp force traumas with five different instruments on 20 fresh and 20 dry human clavicles. All bone samples were probed before and after experimental burning (at 500 °C, 700 °C, 900 °C and 1100 °C). Our results show that XRF is potentially useful for detecting iron traces in fresh human bone, both unburned and burned. However, we were not able to clearly detect iron traces from the blades in bones that have been previously inhumed, since exogenous iron acquired during diagenesis masks the iron traces originating from the blade.

热力导致的骨折很难与锐器创伤区分开来。这一难题会对医学法律分析产生负面影响。本研究旨在通过实验评估 X 射线荧光 (XRF) 是否可用于检测从锐器刀刃转移到新鲜和干燥人骨上的化学痕迹。具体方法是用五种不同的工具对 20 块新鲜和 20 块干燥的人体锁骨造成锐力创伤。所有骨骼样本在实验灼烧(500 °C、700 °C、900 °C和 1100 °C)前后都进行了探测。我们的研究结果表明,X 射线荧光光谱仪可用于检测未燃烧和已燃烧的新鲜人类骨骼中的铁痕量。不过,我们无法在先前被吸入的骨头中清楚地检测到来自刀片的铁痕迹,因为成岩过程中获得的外源铁掩盖了来自刀片的铁痕迹。
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引用次数: 0
Species discrimination from hair using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy: Application in wildlife forensics 利用 ATR-FTIR 光谱从毛发中辨别物种:在野生动物法医学中的应用
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.04.002
Dimple Bhatia , Chandra Prakash Sharma , Sweety Sharma , Rajinder Singh

Hair is a commonly encountered trace evidence in wildlife crimes involving mammals and can be used for species identification which is essential for subsequent judicial proceedings. This proof of concept study aims, to distinguish the black guard hair of three wild cat species belonging to the genus Panthera i.e. Royal Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris), Indian Leopard (Panthera pardus fusca), and Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) using a rapid and non-destructive ATR-FTIR spectroscopic technique in combination with chemometrics. A training dataset including 72 black guard hair samples of three species (24 samples from each species) was used to construct chemometric models. A PLS2-DA model successfully classified these three species into distinct classes with R-Square values of 0.9985 (calibration) and 0.8989 (validation). VIP score was also computed, and a new PLS2DA-V model was constructed using variables with a VIP score ≥ 1. External validation was performed using a validation dataset including 18 black guard hair samples (6 samples per species) to validate the constructed PLS2-DA model. It was observed that PLS2-DA model provides greater accuracy and precision compared to the PLS2DA-V model during cross-validation and external validation. The developed PLS2-DA model was also successful in differentiating human and non-human hair with R-Square values of 0.99 and 0.91 for calibration and validation, respectively. Apart from this, a blind test was also carried out using 10 unknown hair samples which were correctly classified into their respective classes providing 100 % accuracy. This study highlights the advantages of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy associated with PLS-DA for differentiation and identification of the Royal Bengal Tiger, Indian Leopard, and Snow Leopard hairs in a rapid, accurate, eco-friendly, and non-destructive way.

在涉及哺乳动物的野生动物犯罪中,毛发是一种常见的痕迹证据,可用于物种鉴定,这对后续的司法程序至关重要。这项概念验证研究旨在使用快速、无损的 ATR-FTIR 光谱技术并结合化学计量学,区分属于豹属的三种野生猫科动物的黑色护毛,即皇家孟加拉虎(Panthera tigris tigris)、印度豹(Panthera pardus fusca)和雪豹(Panthera uncia)。训练数据集包括三个物种的 72 个黑色护毛样本(每个物种 24 个样本),用于构建化学计量学模型。PLS2-DA 模型成功地将这三个物种划分为不同的类别,R 平方值分别为 0.9985(校准)和 0.8989(验证)。还计算了 VIP 分数,并使用 VIP 分数≥ 1 的变量构建了新的 PLS2DA-V 模型。为了验证所构建的 PLS2-DA 模型,使用了包括 18 个黑色卫兵毛发样本(每个物种 6 个样本)的验证数据集进行外部验证。交叉验证和外部验证结果表明,与 PLS2DA-V 模型相比,PLS2-DA 模型具有更高的准确度和精确度。所建立的 PLS2-DA 模型还成功地区分了人类和非人类头发,校准和验证的 R 平方值分别为 0.99 和 0.91。除此以外,还使用 10 个未知头发样本进行了盲测,这些样本均被正确归入各自的类别,准确率达到 100%。这项研究凸显了 ATR-FTIR 光谱与 PLS-DA 相结合的优势,可以快速、准确、环保和无损地区分和识别孟加拉皇家虎、印度豹和雪豹的毛发。
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引用次数: 0
The importance of assessing the ghosting phenomenon in dynamic footprints when estimating stature – Forensic implications 在估测身材时评估动态脚印重影现象的重要性 - 对法医的影响
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.04.004
Petra Švábová , Katarína Hanzelyová , Mária Chovancová , Soňa Masnicová , Radoslav Beňuš

In cases where multiple footprints are found at a crime scene, it is unusual that all are static, and some are likely dynamic. Depending on how the footprint was made, we distinguish between dynamic and static footprints. A distinguishing feature that has only recently been associated with dynamic footprints is the fact that dynamic footprints differ from static footprints by the presence of additional markings around the back of the heel and the tops of the toe prints, the so-called ghosting phenomenon. The present study aims to analyse the ghosting phenomenon on dynamic footprints – its occurrence in relation to sex, laterality, and different areas of footprints as well as length features. Additionally, it aims to investigate the assessment of the ghosting phenomenon on dynamic footprints when estimating stature for biological profiling in the forensic field. The study sample comprised of 170 young adults aged 18 – 30 years of both biological sexes. Stature was measured and dynamic footprints were obtained where the ghosting phenomenon was analysed together with length measurements of the same footprint with and without ghosting. In the first and second toes of footprints, the ghosting phenomenon occurred most frequently in both sexes and in the sex-mixed group. Sex differences were not significant in ghosting occurrence on right and left footprints (p > 0.05), except for the area of the left fifth toe (p = 0.045). All the footprints’ lengths with ghosting were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than those without ghosting. Statures calculated from footprint length measurements with ghosting predicted stature more accurately than statures calculated from the same footprint length measurements without ghosting. In the case of finding dynamic footprints at crime scenes, it is necessary to correctly identify and evaluate ghosting of the footprint. This comparison can be helpful in interpreting how ghosting should be taken into account when estimating a person's stature.

在犯罪现场发现多个脚印的案件中,所有脚印都是静态脚印的情况并不常见,有些脚印很可能是动态脚印。根据脚印的制作方式,我们将脚印分为动态脚印和静态脚印。动态脚印与静态脚印的不同之处在于脚跟后部和脚趾顶部有额外的印记,即所谓的鬼影现象,这一特征直到最近才与动态脚印联系起来。本研究旨在分析动态脚印上的重影现象--其发生与性别、侧位、脚印的不同区域以及长度特征有关。此外,本研究还旨在调查在法医领域进行生物特征分析时,在估算身材时对动态脚印重影现象的评估。研究样本包括 170 名年龄在 18-30 岁之间的男女青年。研究人员测量了他们的身材,并获得了动态脚印,在分析重影现象的同时,还测量了有重影和无重影的同一脚印的长度。在脚印的第一趾和第二趾中,重影现象最常出现在男女和性别混合组中。除左侧第五趾区域外(p = 0.045),左右脚印出现重影的性别差异不显著(p > 0.05)。所有出现鬼影的脚印长度都明显高于未出现鬼影的脚印长度(p < 0.001)。通过测量有重影的脚印长度计算出的身材比通过测量无重影的脚印长度计算出的身材更准确。在犯罪现场发现动态脚印时,有必要正确识别和评估脚印的重影。这种比较有助于解释在估计一个人的身材时应如何考虑重影。
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引用次数: 0
Micro-CT in a forensic examination of a fatal child abuse case: A case report 虐童致死案法医检查中的显微 CT:案例报告
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.04.001
Charlotte Primeau , Danielle G. Norman , Waltraud Baier , Sofia Goia , Stuart Blaik , Mark A. Williams

Child abuse is a serious concern that can cause the death of a child. In such cases the medico-legal evidence is often pivotal but complex, drawing across multiple medical disciplines and techniques. One key specialism is histopathology, which is considered the gold standard for estimating the age of individual fractures. Another is micro-CT imaging, which can visualise the location of trauma across the body. This case report demonstrates how micro-CT was used to contextualise the histological evidence in the Criminal Justice Proceedings of a fatal child abuse case. This was achieved by overlaying the aged fracture evidence from histopathology onto the visuals rendered from micro-CT imaging. The case was a suspected child abuse of a deceased 1-month old infant who was reported unresponsive by their parents. The child was taken to hospital where they were pronounced dead. Suspicion was raised and post-mortem imaging confirmed head trauma and rib fractures, and the case was escalated for a forensic investigation. This case report details how the micro-CT imaging was merged with the gold standard of histopathology for visualisation of trauma, and how the court presentation was planned alongside Senior Investigating Officers and various medical experts. The presentation was used in court by the histopathologist to present the evidence. The resulting presentation provided additional clarity to jury members regarding the location, severity, frequency, and timings of the injuries. From the perspective of the investigating police force, the resulting presentation was crucial in ensuring understanding of the medico-legal evidence of how the infant died. The prosecuting lawyer noted that combining the histological and micro-CT evidence in this way allowed the evidence to be presented in a sensitive, clear, and impactful manner.

虐待儿童是一个可能导致儿童死亡的严重问题。在此类案件中,医学法律证据往往至关重要,但也非常复杂,涉及多个医学学科和技术。组织病理学是关键的专业技术之一,被认为是估算个别骨折年龄的黄金标准。另一项专业技术是显微 CT 成像技术,它可以直观地显示全身创伤的位置。本病例报告展示了在一起虐待儿童致死案的刑事司法程序中,如何利用显微 CT 将组织病理学证据背景化。这是通过将组织病理学中的陈旧性骨折证据叠加到显微 CT 成像所呈现的视觉效果上实现的。该案件是一起疑似虐待儿童的案件,死者是一名 1 个月大的婴儿,其父母称婴儿没有任何反应。孩子被送往医院后被宣布死亡。医生提出怀疑,尸检成像证实了头部外伤和肋骨骨折,案件被升级为法医调查。本案例报告详细介绍了如何将显微 CT 成像与组织病理学的黄金标准相结合,以直观地显示创伤情况,以及如何与高级调查官和各种医学专家一起策划法庭陈述。组织病理学家在法庭上使用了这一演示来提供证据。由此产生的演示文稿使陪审团成员更加清楚地了解了受伤的位置、严重程度、频率和时间。从调查警方的角度来看,由此产生的演示文稿对于确保理解婴儿死亡的医学法律证据至关重要。公诉律师指出,通过这种方式将组织学证据和显微 CT 证据结合起来,能够以敏感、清晰和有影响力的方式展示证据。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing the student learning experience through memes 通过备忘录提升学生的学习体验
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.03.004
Helen Tidy , Rachel S. Bolton-King , Ruth Croxton , Carrie Mullen , Leisa Nichols-Drew , Felicity Carlysle-Davies , Kimberlee S. Moran , Joanne Irving-Walton

Meme-making is an effective method for engaging students and enhancing the learning environment. Memes are a social media cultural phenomenon that the majority of those in Higher Education are exposed to on an almost daily occurrence. This research examined the use of meme-making within the forensic sciences to allow students to reflect on their knowledge. Students studying modules in forensic science across six universities in the UK and USA participated in the study. At the end of a teaching session, students produced a meme (using Meme Generator) to reflect on what they had learned; memes were then shared with the class anonymously via Padlet. This allowed all class members to see and engage with the memes created. At the end of the activity students were anonymously surveyed on their experience using Microsoft Forms and analysis of the results were undertaken using SPSS software.

Meme-making was found to be an inclusive learning activity with no limitations, including age (part-time, distance learning and visually impaired students were not part of the study parameters). Results showed that not only did students find the practice fun, but it also helped with the retention of the class content suggesting that the meme-making process is an effective way to enhance the learning environment while engaging students.

Student feedback suggests that to maximise participation the educator should stress reflection and learning as the key purpose of generating a meme, rather than being witty or entertaining. The forensic science educator should be mindful of selecting appropriate subject matter for this often-humorous activity.

制作备忘录是吸引学生和改善学习环境的有效方法。备忘录是一种社交媒体文化现象,高等教育中的大多数人几乎每天都会接触到。本研究探讨了在法医学课程中使用 "制作备忘录 "来让学生反思自己的知识。英国和美国六所大学学习法医学模块的学生参与了这项研究。在一个教学环节结束时,学生们制作了一个备忘录(使用备忘录生成器)来反思他们所学到的知识;然后通过 Padlet 以匿名的方式与全班分享备忘录。这样,全班所有成员都能看到并参与创作的备忘录。活动结束后,使用微软表格对学生的体验进行了匿名调查,并使用 SPSS 软件对结果进行了分析。研究发现,制作备忘录是一项包容性学习活动,没有年龄等限制(非全日制、远程学习和视障学生不在研究参数之列)。结果表明,学生们不仅觉得这种做法很有趣,而且还有助于课堂内容的记忆,这表明制作备忘录的过程是一种有效的方法,既能增强学习环境,又能吸引学生。学生的反馈表明,为了最大限度地提高参与度,教育者应强调反思和学习是制作备忘录的主要目的,而不是诙谐或娱乐。法医学教育者应注意为这一往往幽默的活动选择适当的主题。
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引用次数: 0
Application of augmented reality for crime scene investigation training and education 增强现实技术在犯罪现场调查培训和教育中的应用
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.03.005
Holly Vanessa Wilkins, Val Spikmans, Robert Ebeyan, Brenden Riley

The role of the crime scene investigator is complex, and investigators need to be able to conduct multiple frequently performed tasks. Appropriate training and education are critical to impart the crime scene investigator with the necessary capabilities. For a range of reasons, including the COVID-19 pandemic and the need for multi-disciplinary capabilities, training and education requirements have evolved in recent times to be more flexible and accessible.

The skills of a crime scene investigator can be broadly categorised into two types of fundamental skills: decision-making and psychomotor skills. Both these skills need to be taught and assessed within training and education programs. The most common approach to impart these skills is by incorporating a crime scene simulation facility; however, not everyone has access to these facilities. Furthermore, crime scene staff often undertake refresher courses and are required to complete proficiency assessments. Conducting these activities in a dedicated crime scene simulation facility is time consuming and costly. Virtual tools have been developed in recent years to address this, but these tools only assess decision-making skills and not psychomotor skills.

This paper argues that the implementation of augmented reality (AR) technology should be considered in crime scene investigator training and university education, because it can provide significant advantages when paired with conventional methods of training and education. When appropriately managed, AR can provide an avenue of training where both decision-making and psychomotor skills can be addressed simultaneously, while providing a more flexible and accessible approach. The implementation of AR has the potential to significantly improve the standards of teaching, resulting in better equipped crime scene investigators.

The paper will explore how AR has the potential to improve accessibility of training, increase safety, enhance the student experience, enhance collaboration and feedback through connectivity and potentially reduce cost. This paper will also provide an insight into what would need to be considered before implementing AR technology into crime scene investigation training and education alongside current approaches. It is argued that the inclusion of AR into the current training and education arsenal provides significant benefits that are worthy of exploration.

犯罪现场调查员的职责很复杂,调查员需要能够执行多种经常执行的任务。适当的培训和教育对犯罪现场调查员掌握必要的能力至关重要。由于一系列原因,包括 COVID-19 大流行和对多学科能力的需求,培训和教育要求近来已发展得更加灵活和易于获得。这两种技能都需要在培训和教育计划中传授和评估。传授这些技能的最常见方法是使用犯罪现场模拟设施;然而,并非每个人都能使用这些设施。此外,犯罪现场工作人员经常要参加进修课程,并被要求完成能力评估。在专门的犯罪现场模拟设施中开展这些活动既费时又费钱。本文认为,在犯罪现场调查人员的培训和大学教育中应考虑采用增强现实(AR)技术,因为该技术与传统的培训和教育方法相结合,可提供显著的优势。如果管理得当,增强现实技术可以提供一种培训途径,在这种途径中,决策技能和心理运动技能可以同时得到锻炼,同时还能提供一种更灵活、更方便的方法。本文将探讨 AR 如何能够改善培训的可及性、提高安全性、改善学员体验、通过连接加强协作和反馈,并有可能降低成本。本文还将深入探讨在犯罪现场调查培训和教育中采用 AR 技术之前需要考虑的事项以及当前的方法。本文认为,将 AR 技术纳入当前的培训和教育体系可带来显著的益处,值得探讨。
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引用次数: 0
Introduction to the Special Issue of work presented at the 8th meeting of the Forensic Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (FIRMS) Network (2022) 法证同位素比质谱(FIRMS)网络第 8 次会议(2022 年)工作特刊简介
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.03.003
Helen Salouros, Jim Carter
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引用次数: 0
Inkjet printer prediction under complicated printing conditions based on microscopic image features 基于微观图像特征的复杂打印条件下喷墨打印机预测
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.03.001
Yan-ling Liu , Zi-feng Jiang , Guang-lei Zhou , Ya-wen Zhao , Yu-yu Hao , Jing-yuan Xu , Xu Yang , Xiao-hong Chen

A novel technique is introduced to predict the printer model used to produce a given document. Samples containing only a few letters printed under varying conditions (i.e., different printing modes, letter types, fonts) were collected to establish a dataset of 41 inkjet printer models from common manufacturers, such as HP, Canon, and Epson. Morphological features were analyzed by extraction of image features using several algorithms in a series of microscopic images and a Wilcoxon test was used to measure the significance of variations between printed samples. Significant differences between various printing conditions might post potential challenge to questioned document examination. Discriminant analysis and the k-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm were also employed for source printer prediction under varying printing condition on 30% images with the rest images as training dataset. The results of a validation experiment demonstrated that while quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) achieved an accuracy of 96.3%, a combination of KNN and QDA reached 98.6%. As such, this technique could aid in the forensic examination of printed documents.

本文介绍了一种新技术,用于预测生成给定文档所使用的打印机型号。通过收集在不同条件(如不同打印模式、字母类型、字体)下打印的仅包含几个字母的样本,建立了一个包含惠普、佳能和爱普生等常见制造商的 41 种喷墨打印机型号的数据集。通过在一系列显微图像中使用多种算法提取图像特征来分析形态特征,并使用 Wilcoxon 检验来衡量打印样本之间差异的显著性。各种印刷条件之间的显著差异可能会给被质疑文件的检验带来潜在的挑战。此外,还采用了判别分析和 k-nearest neighbor(KNN)算法,在不同印刷条件下对 30% 的图像进行源打印机预测,其余图像作为训练数据集。验证实验结果表明,二次判别分析(QDA)的准确率为 96.3%,而 KNN 和 QDA 的组合准确率则达到了 98.6%。因此,这项技术有助于对印刷文件进行法证检验。
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引用次数: 0
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Science & Justice
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