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Forensic measurement comparison of foot insole impressions 脚垫印模的法医测量比较
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.03.002
Michael S. Nirenberg , Elizabeth Ansert , T.J. Minetola , Abbey Marie Esbenson , Annie L. Samuel , Jackie Campbell

In forensic podiatry, footprints have been shown to provide a valuable source of discriminatory information. Footprints may be found in various forms, such as bare footprints, sock-clad footprints, or as impressions on insoles within footwear. This study utilized quantitative measures of foot impressions on pairs of insoles from shoes worn by the same person from a population of 31 adults. The measurements were determined by using the Reel method and comprised measurements from the heel to the tips of the toes and width of the ball. The purpose of the study was to assess the margin of error for these measurements to determine whether they were sufficiently accurate for forensic use.

A secondary purpose of this study was to determine whether the analyst’s experience or lack thereof in forensic podiatry had an impact on the precision of measurement data. The insole foot impressions were assessed by two podiatrists with forensic podiatry experience in footprint analysis, footprint research, and in using the Reel method of footprint measurement, as well as by three students of podiatric medicine without any such experience. A statistical analysis of the data from the study was performed using SPSS v28 (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 28.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). The most reliable measurements were of forefoot width, heel to first toe, heel to second toe, and heel to fourth toe. The greatest variation occurred in the measurements of the heel to the third and fifth toes. The measurements of the forensic podiatrist analysts showed less variability than those of the podiatry students, suggesting that measurement precision is related to the experience of the analyst.

在法医足病学中,脚印已被证明可提供宝贵的鉴别信息。脚印的形式多种多样,如裸露的脚印、穿着袜子的脚印或鞋垫上的脚印。本研究采用定量测量的方法,从 31 个成年人中测量同一人所穿鞋的鞋垫上的脚印。测量结果采用里尔法测定,包括从脚跟到脚趾尖的测量值和脚掌的宽度。这项研究的另一个目的是确定分析师在法医足病学方面的经验是否会影响测量数据的精确性。两名在足印分析、足印研究和使用里尔足印测量方法方面具有法医足病经验的足病医生和三名没有此类经验的足病医学专业学生对鞋垫足印进行了评估。研究数据的统计分析采用 SPSS v28(IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows,28.0 版。)最可靠的测量值是前脚掌宽度、脚跟至第一脚趾、脚跟至第二脚趾和脚跟至第四脚趾。差异最大的是脚跟到第三和第五个脚趾的测量值。与足病专业学生的测量结果相比,法医足病分析师的测量结果变异性较小,这表明测量精度与分析师的经验有关。
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引用次数: 0
BM2: Council Information BM2:理事会信息
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1355-0306(24)00018-2
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引用次数: 0
BM1: Events Guide BM1:活动指南
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1355-0306(24)00017-0
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引用次数: 0
Prelim 3: Contents 预赛 3:内容
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1355-0306(24)00016-9
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引用次数: 0
Martian microbes research and lessons learnt for forensic science 火星微生物研究和法医学的经验教训
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.02.005
Max Coleman

A new method for looking for life outside the Earth is used as an example to demonstrate how ways of presenting complex scientific concepts to the general public, used in planetary science, could be used in forensic science. The work led to a pared down, practical definition of detectable Life for planetary exploration, An organised system capable of processing energy sources to its advantage. For nearly three quarters of Earth’s history the only lifeforms were microbes, which are the target for looking for extraterrestrial life. Microbes are microscopic and may be sparsely distributed, but their metabolic products can form large, durable rocks, much easier to find and which may contain the organisms or their remains.

There are similar challenges in presenting astrobiological and forensic science. Both may have to deal with very large or very small numbers which are not immediately comprehensible but can be understood by analogy. To increase the impact on the listener or reader, dramatic analogues are valuable, for example, referring to the mineralised microbial metabolic products as, “fossilised breath of bacteria” demands the audience's attention and engages them before more detailed explanations are given. The power of practical experiments or demonstrations is most important to reinforce what might otherwise be a fairly abstract concept. Surprisingly, most of these approaches can be made to work equally well in both spoken and written forms as well as in both sciences.

以一种寻找地球外生命的新方法为例,说明行星科学中向公众介绍复杂科学概念的方法可如何用于法医学。这项工作为行星探索带来了一个简洁实用的可探测生命定义,即一个有组织的系统,能够处理能源以发挥其优势。在地球近四分之三的历史中,唯一的生命形式是微生物,而这正是寻找地外生命的目标。微生物是微小的,可能分布稀少,但它们的代谢产物可以形成大而耐用的岩石,更容易找到,其中可能含有生物体或其残骸。在介绍天体生物学和法医学时也会遇到类似的挑战。两者都可能需要处理非常大或非常小的数字,这些数字无法立即理解,但可以通过类比来理解。例如,将矿化的微生物代谢产物称为 "细菌的呼吸化石",会吸引听众的注意力,并在进行更详细的解释之前吸引他们。实际实验或演示的力量对于强化原本可能相当抽象的概念最为重要。令人惊讶的是,这些方法中的大多数都能以口语和书面形式以及在两门科学中同样有效地发挥作用。
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引用次数: 0
Interpretation of a paint cross-transfer on a burglary scene – A case report 盗窃现场油漆交叉转移的解读 - 案例报告
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.02.004
Florian Vanneste , Yu Chen Lim-Hitchings , Geneviève Massonnet , Kyra Lunstroot

In forensic paint examination, paint traces retrieved on a crime scene are regularly compared to painted objects seized from a suspect. Less often, traces are only observed on the seized objects and compared to a damaged painted object on the crime scene. In some specific cases, paint traces may be found both on the crime scene and on one or multiple seized painted objects. The latter may be the result of a cross-transfer that occurred during the illicit act. However, mere coincidence is another possible explanation for these observations and may not be neglected. Proper consideration of the relevant populations and sufficient analytical data permits the evaluation of the results given activity level propositions. This allows the forensic expert to present a transparent and well-balanced statement on the value of their findings concerning the disputed issues in court.

在法医油漆检验中,在犯罪现场发现的油漆痕迹通常会与从嫌疑人身上缴获的油漆物品进行比较。比较少见的情况是,只在缴获的物品上观察油漆痕迹,然后与犯罪现场受损的油漆物品进行比较。在某些特殊情况下,在犯罪现场和一件或多件缴获的油漆物品上都可能发现油漆痕迹。后者可能是非法行为中发生的交叉转移的结果。然而,单纯的巧合也可能是这些观察结果的另一种解释,不可忽视。对相关人群和充分的分析数据进行适当考虑后,就可以根据活动水平命题对结果进 行评估。这样,法医专家就可以在法庭上就其与争议问题有关的研究结果的价值发表透明、平衡的声明。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the ethical dimensions in forensic entomology: From codes of conduct to professional accountability 探讨法医昆虫学的伦理问题:从行为守则到专业责任
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.02.003
Ashraf Mashaly , Mohammed S. Al-Khalifa

This article investigates a critical part of professional careers: adhering to a code of ethics that defines proper behavior within the context of one's specialized practice. It aims to improve the setting of forensic entomology work by highlighting the ethical issues that frequently emerge. The primary goal is to uncover common ethical issues involved in this field's everyday activities and provide informed advice on appropriate resolution options. This investigation dives into the complex interaction of religious beliefs, cultural aspects, and issues of ethics, evaluating their relevance in forensic entomology. It examines a wide range of ethical issues, from the ethics involved in collecting samples at crime scenes and morgues to the ethics created into scientific investigations, report writing, and court testimony. These guiding principles are critical in setting scientific standards and building public trust in forensic entomology's ability to provide exceptional services. Notably, regardless of whether the forensic entomology service provider is accredited by any validating organization, these ethical requirements remain critical, emphasizing their global application.

本文探讨了职业生涯中的一个关键部分:遵守道德规范,在专业实践范围内界定正确的行为。文章旨在通过强调经常出现的道德问题,改善法医昆虫学工作的环境。主要目的是揭示该领域日常活动中常见的道德问题,并就适当的解决方法提供明智的建议。本调查深入探讨了宗教信仰、文化方面和伦理问题之间的复杂互动关系,评估了它们在法医昆虫学中的相关性。它研究了广泛的伦理问题,从在犯罪现场和停尸房收集样本所涉及的伦理问题,到科学调查、报告撰写和法庭作证所涉及的伦理问题。这些指导原则对于制定科学标准和建立公众对法医昆虫学提供卓越服务能力的信任至关重要。值得注意的是,无论法医昆虫学服务提供商是否获得任何认证组织的认可,这些道德要求仍然至关重要,强调其全球适用性。
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引用次数: 0
The forensic imaging technique of age progression used within missing people cases: The Italian Missing Children association realizing age progression for Missing Child Kenya 在失踪人员案件中使用的年龄递增法医成像技术:意大利失踪儿童协会为肯尼亚失踪儿童实现年龄递增
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.02.002
Laura Donato , Douglas H. Ubelaker , Luigi Marsella , Maryana Munyendo , Michele Treglia , Jessika Camatti , Sara Dagoli , Rossana Cecchi

The age progression technique allows to update identification photos of individuals who have been missing for years. This method is based on the study of the facial variation and on the dynamics of facial growth. Knowledge about changes in the distribution of facial fat and the tone of the cartilage allows realistic predictions of the facial appearance after many years. Beside these elements, age progression is also supported by similar characters between family members. This is why photos of the missing and family members are used to create an age progression, making the new identikit accurate.

Non-profit associations are crucial for the dissemination of information on the problem of missing persons. In Italy, the Italian Missing Children association provides for free an age progression service with the support of forensic anthropology. With the activation of a protocol, consisting of guidelines, and a form for the request for age progression by family members, the Italian Missing Children has started a collaboration with Missing Child Kenya. It allowed to disseminate up-to-date photos of the presumed current appearance of the missing children in Kenya. Thus, in the present study some cases are reported, in which age progression technique was applied.

The photos provided by Italian Missing Children were shown in video documentaries made by Missing Child Kenya, allowing to continue the dissemination of age progression photo during the Covid quarantines and to keep the population active in the search for the missing.

年龄增长技术可以更新失踪多年的人的识别照片。这种方法基于对面部变化和面部生长动态的研究。通过了解面部脂肪分布和软骨色调的变化,可以逼真地预测多年后的面部外观。除了这些因素外,家庭成员之间的相似特征也支持年龄的增长。非营利性协会对于失踪人员信息的传播至关重要。在意大利,意大利失踪儿童协会在法医人类学的支持下免费提供年龄推算服务。意大利失踪儿童协会与肯尼亚失踪儿童协会开始合作,启动了一项协议,其中包括指导原则和家庭成员申请年龄进展的表格。这使得肯尼亚失踪儿童的最新照片得以传播。意大利失踪儿童组织提供的照片在肯尼亚失踪儿童组织制作的视频纪录片中播放,从而在科维德检疫期间继续传播年龄进展照片,并让人们积极寻找失踪人员。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of DNA recovery methods and locations from regularly-worn hooded jumpers before and after use by a second wearer 比较从经常穿戴的连帽衫中提取 DNA 的方法和位置,以及第二个穿戴者使用前后的情况
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.02.001
Georgina E. Meakin , Guilherme S. Jacques , Ruth M. Morgan

Items of worn clothing are routinely examined for DNA in forensic casework, commonly with the expectation that at least some of the DNA will come from a wearer of the item, so-called ‘wearer DNA’. This study investigated DNA recovered from hooded jumpers that were regularly worn and laundered for four weeks and then subsequently worn by a different individual for four hours. This study also systematically investigated whether using different recovery methods or sampling locations on the jumpers might distinguish between DNA deposited by the regular and most recent wearers of clothing. Four volunteers each wore a new hooded jumper regularly (6 h/day, 2 days/week, washed at weekends) during two 4-week periods. At the end of each month, DNA was first recovered by cutting out and mini-taping the inside left cuff, half-collar, pocket and underarm fabric. The jumpers were then worn by a different individual for four hours, and DNA was again recovered by cutting out and mini-taping, but this time from the inside right cuff, half-collar, pocket and underarm fabric. All DNA samples (n = 128) were quantified and profiled. DNA quantities ranged from 0 to ∼40 ng with an outlier of ∼150 ng, and no significant differences were observed among recovery methods and sampling locations, nor whether one or two wearers had worn the jumpers. However, one volunteer consistently deposited significantly more DNA to their jumpers than two other volunteers, confirming the impact of ‘shedder status’ on DNA deposition during wearing of clothing. When jumpers were regularly worn by one wearer, the majority (72.7–83.3 %) of the samples for all wearers across both months comprised a major profile of the wearer with a minor profile of non-wearer alleles. When jumpers were then worn by a second wearer, the composition of the profiles obtained were generally reproducible across the recovery methods used, the sampling locations and the two replicates of the experiment for each pairing of wearers. However, profile compositions differed between wearer pairings. Overall, ∼60 % of profiles obtained gave a major profile of the regular wearer, whereas ∼30 % gave a major profile of the second wearer. The remaining profiles comprised other much less frequent observations of single-source profiles of each wearer and equal proportions of DNA from both wearers. Non-wearer DNA was also observed in the majority of samples, both before and after jumpers were worn by a second wearer. For one volunteer’s jumpers, a recurring non-wearer DNA profile was observed that could be attributed to their romantic partner, and this DNA persisted on the jumpers even after being worn by the second wearer. This study provides insight on the impact of shedder status, multiple wearers, different recovery methods and sampling locations on the quantities of DNA and compositions of DNA profiles recovered from authentically regularly-worn hooded jumpers. The findings also provide a preliminary dataset that can

在法医办案过程中,通常会对穿过的衣物进行 DNA 检测,预计至少有部分 DNA 来自于衣物的穿着者,即所谓的 "穿着者 DNA"。本研究调查了从连帽式连身衣中提取的 DNA,这些连帽式连身衣被定期穿着并清洗四周,然后由不同的人穿着四小时。这项研究还系统地调查了采用不同的回收方法或在连体衣上不同的取样位置是否可以区分衣物的经常穿着者和最近穿着者所沉积的 DNA。四名志愿者在两个为期 4 周的时间内,每人定期(每天 6 小时,每周 2 天,周末清洗)穿着一件新的连帽衫。每个月末,首先将左袖口内侧、半领、口袋和腋下的布料剪下并用小胶带粘好,以回收 DNA。然后,由不同的人穿上连体衣四小时,再次剪下并用小胶带粘贴,但这次是从右袖口内侧、半领、口袋和腋下的布料中提取DNA。对所有 DNA 样品(n = 128)进行了量化和分析。DNA数量从0到40纳克不等,离群值为150纳克,不同的回收方法和取样位置,以及是否有一个或两个穿着者穿过连体衣,都没有发现明显的差异。然而,一名志愿者的连体衣上的DNA沉积量一直明显高于其他两名志愿者,这证实了 "脱落者身份 "对穿衣时DNA沉积的影响。当一名穿着者经常穿着连体衣时,两个月中所有穿着者的大部分样本(72.7%-83.3%)都是由穿着者的主要等位基因和非穿着者的次要等位基因组成的。当第二位穿着者再穿连体衣时,在每对穿着者使用的回收方法、取样地点和两个重复实验中,所获得的等位基因谱组成基本一致。不过,不同配对佩戴者的轮廓组成也不尽相同。总体而言,60%的特征描述以正常穿戴者为主要特征,30%的特征描述以第二位穿戴者为主要特征。其余的图谱中,每个穿戴者的单一来源图谱和来自两个穿戴者的相同比例 DNA 的观察次数要少得多。在大多数样本中还观察到了非穿着者的 DNA,无论是在第二位穿着者穿着连体衣之前还是之后。在一名志愿者的连体衣上,反复观察到了非穿着者的 DNA 图谱,这可能是他们的恋爱伴侣所为,即使在第二名穿着者穿着连体衣后,这种 DNA 在连体衣上依然存在。这项研究深入探讨了脱落者身份、多次穿戴者、不同的回收方法和取样地点对从真正定期穿戴的连帽衫中回收的DNA数量和DNA图谱组成的影响。研究结果还提供了一个初步数据集,可用于推断案件工作中的活动水平概率。
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引用次数: 0
Study of the fingerprints of a Spanish sample for the determination of the hand and finger 研究西班牙样本的指纹,以确定手和手指的特征
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.01.005
Noemí Rivaldería , Ariadna Moreno-Piedra , Ainhoa Álvarez , Esperanza Gutiérrez-Redomero

The individuality and permanence of fingerprints make of them a very useful feature in the identification of individuals. There are now automated computer programmes that allow a quick comparison between a fingermark and a database. However, in order to assess the strength of evidence in fingerprint identification, complementary information on the frequencies of the different morphological features of the dermopapillary ridges is required. This idea is used in this work as a starting point to evaluate the frequencies of the parameters used in the determination of the hand and finger in a large sample of 2600 fingerprints taken from 134 male and 127 female Spanish population. Based on these fingerprints, the frequencies of different categories of the following parameters were obtained: type of pattern, slope of the apex ridge, subtype of two-delta pattern, ridge tracing, major angle, major ridge count, bisector, rotation of the central ridge, assimilation to loops and slant. Moreover, the results have shown that these characters are useful for the determination of the hand in whorls (two-delta pattern) and loops (one-delta pattern), but not for the determination of the finger. The most useful and classificatory parameter when determining the hand of origin of a two-delta fingerprint is the slope of the apex ridge, and for the one-delta pattern, knowing the location of the delta allows the correct estimation of the hand of a fingerprint in more than 93% of the cases. The data presented in this paper are novel and can be used by latent print examiners to improve the statistical basis of their decisions in reaching conclusions.

指纹的个性化和持久性使其成为识别个人身份的一个非常有用的特征。现在已经有了自动计算机程序,可以快速对比指印和数据库。然而,为了评估指纹识别中证据的强度,还需要有关真皮乳头脊不同形态特征频率的补充信息。在这项工作中,我们以此为出发点,评估了从西班牙 134 名男性和 127 名女性的 2600 个指纹样本中确定手和手指所用参数的频率。根据这些指纹,得出了以下不同类别参数的频率:图案类型、顶脊斜度、双三角图案亚型、脊线追踪、主要角度、主要脊线数量、二等分、中央脊线旋转、环形同化和斜度。此外,研究结果表明,这些特征对于确定手的轮状(双三角纹)和环状(单三角纹)很有用,但对于确定手指却没有用。在确定双三角形指纹的原手时,最有用的分类参数是顶脊的斜率,而在单三角形指纹中,了解三角形的位置可以在 93% 以上的情况下正确估计指纹的原手。本文所提供的数据非常新颖,潜伏指纹检验员可以利用这些数据来改进他们在得出结论时所依据的统计基础。
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