Science & Justice最新文献

英文中文

BM2: Council Information BM2：理事会信息

IF 2 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1355-0306(25)00149-2

引用次数: 0

Does explaining the meaning of likelihood ratios improve lay understanding? 解释似然比的含义能提高外行的理解吗？

IF 2 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101352

William C. Thompson , Rebecca Hofstein Grady , Geoffrey Stewart Morrison

Most previous research exploring the understanding of likelihood ratios by laypersons has not provided participants with an explanation of the meaning of likelihood ratios. Although triers of fact in common-law jurisdictions usually receive oral testimony, most previous research has presented experiments in written format. The research reported in this paper presented participants with videoed testimony and tested the effect of the expert witness providing participants with an explanation of the meaning of likelihood ratios. Analysis included comparing each participant’s effective likelihood ratio (the posterior odds elicited from the participant divided by the prior odd elicited from the participant) with the presented likelihood ratio. The percentage of participants whose effective likelihood ratios equalled the presented likelihood ratios was higher for participants who were provided with the explanation of the meaning of likelihood ratios than for participants who were not provided with the explanation. The difference was, however, small. The percentage of participants whose posterior odds were consistent with them having committed the prosecutor’s fallacy was not lower for participants who were provided with the explanation of the meaning of likelihood ratios than for participants who were not provided with the explanation. The full set of results do not constitute convincing evidence that presenting the explanation of the meaning of likelihood ratios resulted in better understanding of likelihood ratios. We discuss whether there are factors other than participants not understanding the meaning of likelihood ratios that could have contributed to the results.

大多数以前的研究探索了外行人对似然比的理解，并没有向参与者提供对似然比含义的解释。虽然普通法司法管辖区的事实审判员通常接受口头证词，但大多数先前的研究都以书面形式提出了实验。本文的研究向参与者提供了视频证词，并测试了专家证人的效果，为参与者提供了似然比的含义解释。分析包括比较每个参与者的有效似然比（从参与者得到的后验几率除以从参与者得到的先验奇数）与呈现的似然比。得到似然比含义解释的参与者比没有得到解释的参与者，其有效似然比等于呈现似然比的参与者的百分比更高。然而，差异很小。对于那些得到似然比含义解释的参与者来说，后验概率与他们犯了检察官谬误一致的参与者的百分比并不比那些没有得到解释的参与者低。完整的结果并不构成令人信服的证据，证明对似然比的含义进行解释可以更好地理解似然比。我们讨论除了参与者不理解似然比的含义之外，是否还有其他因素可能导致结果。

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引用次数: 0

Age estimation of the pubic symphysis from 3D printed proxies 从3D打印代理体估算耻骨联合的年龄

IF 2 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101353

Rhys Williams , Phoebe Baker

3D imaging has seen widespread application in forensic science due to the ability to view, share and inspect forensic evidence without accessibility issues. The ability to reproduce objects through 3D scanning and printing has been of particular interest for education, research and the repatriation efforts of human remains. However, whilst 3D technology shows excellent precision in metric comparisons of original and reproduced objects, standard methods of assessing bone may be unsuitable for applying on 3D printed replicas and need to be explored in greater detail.

A selection of archaeological and cast pubic symphyses were 3D scanned and printed. Participants (n = 34, average experience = 5.24 years) assigned a Suchey-Brooks age estimation phase to each symphysis to allow comparisons of assigned scores between the original and printed proxy. Samples were assigned a correct age phase with 48.3 – 55.0 % accuracy (r = 0.67 – 0.82, κ = 0.70 – 0.81), and were assigned an age phase matching their real bone counterpart with 60.1 % frequency (r = 0.78, κ = 0.81). Accuracy and confidence generally increased with experience level. These findings reflect the accuracies reported by other research for the Suchey-Brooks method and the potential for miscategorising landmarks and features. Overall, this study found that 3D printed proxies were a suitable alternative for studying real bone, but caution is required when assessing subtle features and topography of printed proxies. There also exists a need for standardised protocols when examining 3D printed human remains to ensure consistent decision-making processes and reduced cognitive biases.

由于能够查看、共享和检查法医证据而没有可访问性问题，3D成像在法医科学中得到了广泛的应用。通过3D扫描和打印来复制物体的能力在教育、研究和人类遗骸的遣返工作中特别感兴趣。然而，虽然3D技术在原始和复制对象的度量比较中显示出出色的精度，但评估骨骼的标准方法可能不适合应用于3D打印复制品，需要更详细地探索。选择考古和铸造耻骨联合进行3D扫描和打印。参与者（n = 34，平均经验= 5.24岁）为每个关节分配了一个苏希-布鲁克斯年龄估计阶段，以便比较原始和打印代理之间的分配分数。为样本分配正确年龄阶段的准确率为48.3 - 55.0% (r = 0.67 - 0.82, κ = 0.70 - 0.81)，为样本分配与真实骨骼相匹配的年龄阶段的准确率为60.1% （r = 0.78, κ = 0.81）。准确度和信心通常随着经验水平的提高而提高。这些发现反映了Suchey-Brooks方法的其他研究报告的准确性，以及对地标和特征进行错误分类的可能性。总体而言，本研究发现3D打印替代物是研究真实骨骼的合适选择，但在评估打印替代物的细微特征和地形时需要谨慎。在检查3D打印的人体遗骸时，还需要标准化的协议，以确保一致的决策过程，减少认知偏差。

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引用次数: 0

Sequential application of Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry after vacuum metal deposition on glass, polyethylene terephthalate and polyvinyl chloride 玻璃、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯和聚氯乙烯真空金属沉积后的飞行时间-二次离子质谱法序贯应用

IF 2 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101351

Deborah Charlton , Aaron Dove , Steve Hinder , Catia Costa , Andreas Ruediger , John F. Watts , Melanie J. Bailey

In forensic laboratories, a common and versatile process to develop fingerprints is vacuum metal deposition (VMD). In some instances, however, it creates the phenomenon of ‘empty prints’, where the only development on the surface is outside of the fingerprint area, yielding no ridge detail. Previous work has shown that Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) can enhance fingerprint recovery after ninhydrin, black powder suspension or cyanoacrylate stained with basic yellow 40 (standard processes used by forensic laboratories) on paper, stainless steel and polyethylene surfaces. ToF-SIMS has not yet been compared in sequence with VMD on non-porous surfaces. In particular, it has not been assessed to see if ridge detail can be enhanced following VMD development.

This study aims to further inform forensic practitioners of when and how to incorporate ToF-SIMS into the fingermark development workflow. The main focus of the study is to assess the suitability of ToF-SIMS to enhance fingerprints deposited on two surfaces commonly problematic for VMD: polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). In this work, a fingerprint expert compared the friction ridge detail developed by VMD to the ridge detail after ToF-SIMS enhancement. Fingerprints were deposited on glass, PET and PVC, developed with VMD and then enhanced with ToF-SIMS. This work demonstrates that ToF-SIMS is compatible with VMD in sequential processing. Overall, in >83 % of samples, the ridge detail produced by ToF SIMS was at least equivalent to VMD. Importantly, ToF-SIMS was able to visualise ridge detail on all samples where VMD gave ‘empty prints’ or no visible development, which was on 75 % of all PVC samples. ToF-SIMS also overcame some background interferences (such as ink) that affected optical imaging of fingerprints following VMD.

在法医实验室，一种常见的和通用的方法来开发指纹是真空金属沉积（VMD）。然而，在某些情况下，它会产生“空指纹”现象，即表面上唯一的发展是在指纹区域之外，没有山脊细节。先前的工作表明，飞行时间-二次离子质谱法（ToF-SIMS）可以在纸、不锈钢和聚乙烯表面用茚三酮、黑粉悬浮液或氰基丙烯酸酯染色后（法医实验室使用的标准工艺）增强指纹恢复。ToF-SIMS尚未与非多孔表面上的VMD进行顺序比较。特别是，还没有评估在VMD发展后脊的细节是否能得到改善。本研究旨在进一步告知法医从业者何时以及如何将ToF-SIMS纳入手印开发工作流程。该研究的主要重点是评估ToF-SIMS增强沉积在两种常见的VMD表面上的指纹的适用性：聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）和聚氯乙烯（PVC）。在这项工作中，指纹专家将VMD开发的摩擦脊细节与ToF-SIMS增强后的摩擦脊细节进行了比较。指纹沉积在玻璃、PET和PVC上，用VMD显影，然后用ToF-SIMS增强。这项工作证明了ToF-SIMS在顺序处理中与VMD兼容。总体而言，在 >；83 %的样品中，ToF SIMS产生的脊状细节至少相当于VMD。重要的是，ToF-SIMS能够在VMD给出“空打印”或没有可见显影的所有样品上可视化脊状细节，这在75% %的PVC样品上。ToF-SIMS还克服了一些影响VMD后指纹光学成像的背景干扰（如墨水）。

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引用次数: 0

BM1: Events Guide BM1：事件指南

IF 2 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1355-0306(25)00148-0

引用次数: 0

Prelim 3: Contents 前言3：内容

IF 2 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1355-0306(25)00147-9

引用次数: 0

PedaLEGOgy – Using LEGO® crime scenes as an inclusive way to ‘build’ student learning, engagement and educational experience in forensic science PedaLEGOgy -使用乐高®犯罪现场作为一种包容性的方式来“建立”学生在法医学方面的学习，参与和教育经验

IF 2 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101347

Louise Dawnay , Helen Tidy , Katherine Brown , Lorna Dawson , Iain Macaulay , Nick Dawnay

Since Francis Glessner Lee created the Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death in the 1940 s, the use of miniature crime scene representations has become an accepted and reliable method of allowing students and practitioners to explore, interact, and learn from representations of crime scenes without risk of contamination. Although Lee’s dioramas are still utilised in teaching and training within the forensic sciences these realistic models are expensive and time consuming to create. This research explores an alternative approach to creating miniature crime scenes through the use of Lego® in a workshop developed primarily for undergraduate students. The workshop was developed to align with the Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences CSI Component Standard Matrix and can be easily altered, augmented and re-set to generate new crime scenes to explore different case contexts. The workshop compared two activities: 1) a 30-minute Lego® model activity, and 2) a 30-minute paper-based (non-Lego®) descriptive activity. Questionnaire data collected from 76 students explored demographics, prior experience of Lego® and their engagement in each of the two activities (Lego® verses descriptive). Both activities included the same prompts to discuss CSI team roles, methods for recovery and documentation of different evidence types, and to highlight which evidence items should be prioritised. Questionnaire responses were captured following each activity for a series of seven-point Likert scale questions. While student responses to both activities were generally positive, significantly higher engagement was demonstrated for all measurements when an explorable Lego® model was used compared with descriptive methods. Students commented that the Lego® model activity was fun, interesting and engaging, and made them feel more prepared for their physical crime scene examination assessment work. It was also noted that the Lego® crime scene was inclusive across cohort, sex and disability.

自从Francis Glessner Lee在20世纪40年代创建了“无法解释的死亡的果核研究”以来，使用微型犯罪现场表征已经成为一种被接受和可靠的方法，允许学生和从业者探索，互动，并在没有污染风险的情况下从犯罪现场表征中学习。虽然李的立体模型仍然在法医学的教学和培训中使用，但这些逼真的模型制作起来既昂贵又耗时。本研究探索了一种通过使用乐高®在一个主要为本科生开发的研讨会上创建微型犯罪现场的替代方法。该工作坊是为了配合特许法医学学会CSI组件标准矩阵而开发的，可以很容易地改变、增强和重新设置，以产生新的犯罪现场，以探索不同的案件背景。研讨会比较了两种活动：1)30分钟的乐高®模型活动，以及2)30分钟的基于纸张（非乐高®）的描述性活动。从76名学生中收集的问卷数据探讨了人口统计学，乐高®的先前经验以及他们在两项活动中的参与度（乐高®与描述性）。这两个活动都包括同样的提示，讨论CSI团队的角色，不同证据类型的恢复方法和文件，并强调哪些证据项目应该优先考虑。问卷的回答是在每个活动之后收集的一系列7分李克特量表问题。虽然学生对这两项活动的反应总体上是积极的，但与描述性方法相比，当使用可探索的乐高®模型时，所有测量结果都显示出显着更高的参与度。学生们评价乐高®模型活动有趣、有趣、引人入胜，使他们对实际的犯罪现场检查评估工作有了更充分的准备。还值得注意的是，乐高®犯罪现场不分群体、性别和残疾。

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引用次数: 0

Correspondence: Authors response to correspondence by the Association of Forensic Science Providers (AFSP), Body Fluid Forum (BFF) 通信：作者对法医科学提供者协会（AFSP），体液论坛（BFF）的通信的回应

IF 2 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101318

Nick Dawnay, Kayleigh Sheppard

引用次数: 0

IFC: Editorial Board and Aims and Scope 国际金融公司:编辑委员会、目标和范围

IF 2 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1355-0306(25)00143-1

引用次数: 0

Direct analysis of THC containing edibles using Py-GC/MS 使用Py-GC/MS直接分析含四氢大麻酚的食品

IF 2 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101346

Fatma Almadani , Samar Gewily , Adnan Lanjawi , Hind Alshuhomi , Rashed Alremeithi , Saif-eldin Khalil , Mohamad J. Altamimi

Edible cannabinoid products have been in high demand for the past century due to their ease of use, discretion, and most importantly due to the induced long lasting psychoactive effect. Therefore, monitoring and analyzing THC edibles is critical. In this study, THC edibles were analyzed qualitatively using pyrolysis coupled with GC/MS as an innovative application to compare its sensitivity and effectiveness to other traditional techniques such as GC/MS, by analyzing seven different edible cannabinoids that were collected from Dubai Police Forensic Laboratories from the years 2017–2022. Pyrolysis GC/MS is known to provide an easier, and faster analysis technique and this study validates its use in the analysis of cannabis edible products. Results showed that Py-GC/MS is a reliable technique for the analysis of edible cannabinoids as a linear regression was obtained between concentration and abundance with R² = 0.99, also it was found that matrix effect was significantly reduced in comparison to GC/MS analysis. Sample preparation time and the use of chemical reagents were reduced, saving both time, cost and most importantly limiting human error impact on the analysis.

在过去的一个世纪里，食用大麻素产品一直需求量很大，因为它们易于使用，自由裁量，最重要的是由于其诱导的持久的精神活性作用。因此，监测和分析四氢大麻酚食品至关重要。在本研究中，通过分析2017-2022年从迪拜警察法医实验室收集的七种不同的食用大麻素，将热解结合GC/MS作为一种创新应用，对四氢大麻酚食品进行定性分析，以比较其与GC/MS等其他传统技术的灵敏度和有效性。热解GC/MS是一种简单、快速的分析技术，本研究验证了其在大麻食用产品分析中的应用。结果表明，Py-GC/MS是一种可靠的分析食用大麻素的方法，浓度与丰度之间具有线性回归关系（R2 = 0.99），基质效应明显低于GC/MS。减少了样品制备时间和化学试剂的使用，节省了时间和成本，最重要的是限制了人为错误对分析的影响。

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