Science & Justice最新文献_第10页

IFC: Editorial Board and AIMS and Scope 国际金融公司：编辑委员会、目标和范围

IF 1.9 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2025-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1355-0306(25)00049-8

引用次数: 0

BM2: Council Information BM2：理事会信息

IF 1.9 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2025-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1355-0306(25)00055-3

引用次数: 0

A Comparative Analysis of Computed Tomography, Photogrammetry, and Structured Light Scanning for Biological Sex Estimation in Forensic Anthropology – A Review 计算机断层扫描、摄影测量和结构光扫描在法医人类学中用于生物性别估计的比较分析综述

IF 1.9 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2025-04-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101263

Isabella Crebert , Dilan Seckiner , Ray Nickson , Victoria Berezowski , Xanthé Mallett

Advanced scanning techniques are increasingly used to aid in forensic human identification by enabling rapid and non-destructive documentation of remains, and permitting measurements not possible on dry bone. However, to ensure that the results achieved are reliable, methods must be rigoursly tested and validated. By reviewing relevant literature, this paper compares the use of three popular advanced imaging techniques used to aid forensic human identification – computed tomography (CT), structured light scanning (SLS), and photogrammetry – with a focus on biological sex estimation from 3D rendered models of the cranium, mandible, and pelvis. Each technology was assessed based on its accuracy, speed, cost, portability, level of training, and software requirements in a forensic context. This review highlights that while CT continues to be considered the ‘gold standard’, structured light scanners and photogrammetry offer significant practical advantages for virtual skeletal analysis. Despite their accuracy and reliability, CT machines are expensive, difficult to transport, and require significant training to operate and utilise relevant software. SLSs can be easy to transport and do not demand significant training to operate, but extensive training is preferable for data interpretation. Further research is required to establish the accuracy of using SLS for sex estimation. Photogrammetry is cost effective, yields a high accuracy, requires minimal training, and the required equipment is easily transported. This paper highlights that both SLS and photogrammetry are viable alternatives to CT for creating accurate models of bones for biological sex estimation. This study intends to act as a guide for forensic anthropologists when selecting which advanced imaging techniques to employ in various forensic contexts.

先进的扫描技术越来越多地用于帮助法医鉴定人类，使遗骸的快速和非破坏性的文件记录，并允许测量不可能在干骨。然而，为了确保获得的结果是可靠的，必须对方法进行严格的测试和验证。通过回顾相关文献，本文比较了用于辅助法医鉴定的三种流行的先进成像技术的使用-计算机断层扫描（CT），结构光扫描（SLS）和摄影测量-重点是通过头盖骨，下颌骨和骨盆的3D渲染模型进行生物性别估计。每种技术都是根据其准确性、速度、成本、可移植性、培训水平和取证环境中的软件需求进行评估的。这篇综述强调，虽然CT仍然被认为是“金标准”，但结构光扫描仪和摄影测量为虚拟骨骼分析提供了显著的实用优势。尽管CT机具有准确性和可靠性，但它们价格昂贵，运输困难，并且需要大量培训才能操作和使用相关软件。SLSs易于运输，不需要大量的培训就可以操作，但广泛的培训更适合数据解释。需要进一步的研究来确定使用SLS进行性别估计的准确性。摄影测量具有成本效益，准确度高，需要最少的培训，所需的设备易于运输。本文强调，SLS和摄影测量都是CT的可行替代方案，用于创建准确的骨骼模型以进行生物性别估计。本研究旨在作为法医人类学家在选择在各种法医环境中使用哪种先进成像技术时的指南。

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引用次数: 0

Bridging research and practice: A critical review of biological profile estimation methods applied to the Mexican population 桥接研究和实践：应用于墨西哥人口的生物剖面估计方法的关键审查

IF 1.9 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2025-04-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101260

Arodi Farrera , Mónica Silvy Morales Ríos , María García-Velasco , Jessica Alejandra Campos-Rodríguez

Mexico faces an unprecedented humanitarian crisis of human identification that demands comprehensive efforts to increase the number of identified individuals. Reliable and accurate biological profile estimations are crucial in this process. This study presents a literature review of methods for estimating age, sex, and stature in the Mexican population, assessing their validity and suitability for specific contexts. Specifically, we extracted and critically analyzed information on sample characteristics, methodological details, reliability and accuracy metrics, and operational aspects. Out of 125 screened articles, 28 met the eligibility criteria: 12 focused on age, 12 on sex, 3 on stature estimation, and 1 on sex and age. General methods such as Demirjian’s, Íşcan’s, and Cameriere’s have proven effective for age estimation across various Mexican populations, while discriminant function analysis has been successful in estimating sex using different anatomical elements, and regression analysis of long bones in estimating height. These findings highlight the variety of methods available for reliable biological profile estimation in Mexico. Based on these results, we offer recommendations for both academic research and forensic practice, aiming to guide forensic practitioners in selecting suitable methods and to stimulate discussions on establishing minimum acceptable methodological practices in the field.

墨西哥面临着前所未有的人类身份识别人道主义危机，需要作出全面努力，增加身份识别个人的数量。在这个过程中，可靠和准确的生物剖面估计是至关重要的。本研究提出了估计墨西哥人口的年龄、性别和身材的方法的文献综述，评估其有效性和适合于具体情况。具体来说，我们提取并批判性地分析了样本特征、方法细节、可靠性和准确性指标以及操作方面的信息。在125篇筛选的文章中，28篇符合资格标准：12篇关注年龄，12篇关注性别，3篇关注身高估计，1篇关注性别和年龄。一般的方法，如Demirjian， Íşcan和Cameriere的方法已被证明对各种墨西哥人群的年龄估计是有效的，而判别函数分析已成功地利用不同的解剖元素估计性别，并对长骨进行回归分析以估计身高。这些发现突出了墨西哥可靠的生物剖面估计方法的多样性。基于这些结果，我们为学术研究和法医实践提供了建议，旨在指导法医从业者选择合适的方法，并激发在该领域建立最低限度可接受的方法实践的讨论。

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引用次数: 0

Ivory or Bone? discrimination using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics 象牙还是骨头？利用ATR-FTIR光谱和化学计量学进行鉴别

IF 1.9 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2025-04-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101261

Chandra Prakash Sharma , Dimple Bhatia , Rajinder Singh

Elephant ivory is one of the most priced items/products in the illegal wildlife trade. Its increased demand and the dwindling population of elephants have led to a heavy influx of many natural and artificial elephant ivory substitutes in the illegal wildlife market. Identification of genuine elephant ivory and distinguishing it from substitutes is mandatory for subsequent legal proceedings and successful implementation of the related laws. In this study, 30 Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) ivory and 29 cattle (Bubalus bubalis) bone samples were evaluated using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy with chemometrics. ATR-FTIR spectra of ivory and bone samples in the mid-IR range were visually compared and subjected to advanced chemometric analysis. The developed PCA model differentiated the ivory and cattle bone samples, with 98.30 % accuracy. PLS-DA model successfully differentiated ivory and bone samples into discrete classes with a calibration R square value of 0.99. A PLSDA-V model was also developed utilizing X-variables with a VIP score > 1 that distinguished ivory and bone samples into discrete classes. It was observed that the PLS-DA model outperformed the PLSDA-V model in terms of high accuracy and low error rates. Subsequently, the PLS-DA model was employed solely for external validation and blind tests. Furthermore, resin-based fake ivory samples were also differentiated from genuine ivory samples through visual comparison of their ATR-FTIR spectra. The findings of the study showed that ATR-FTIR spectroscopy could identify and differentiate ivory and bone samples, even when they are in powdered form and have lost their morphological characteristics in a quick, precise, non-destructive manner.

象牙是非法野生动物贸易中价格最高的物品/产品之一。需求的增加和大象数量的减少导致许多天然和人工象牙替代品大量涌入非法野生动物市场。鉴别真象牙并将其与替代品区分开来是后续法律诉讼和相关法律成功实施的必要条件。本研究采用化学计量学的ATR-FTIR光谱技术对30个亚洲象象牙和29个牛骨样品进行了分析。象牙和骨样品的ATR-FTIR光谱在中红外范围内进行了视觉比较，并进行了高级化学计量分析。所建立的PCA模型区分了象牙和牛骨样本，准确率为98.30%。PLS-DA模型成功地将象牙和骨样品划分为离散类，其校准R平方值为0.99。PLSDA-V模型还利用具有VIP评分的x变量进行了开发；将象牙和骨骼样本区分为不同的类别。结果表明，PLS-DA模型在准确率高、错误率低方面优于PLSDA-V模型。随后，单独采用PLS-DA模型进行外部验证和盲测。此外，通过ATR-FTIR光谱的视觉比较，树脂基假象牙样品也与真象牙样品进行了区分。研究结果表明，ATR-FTIR光谱可以快速、精确、无损地识别和区分象牙和骨骼样品，即使它们是粉末状的，并且已经失去了它们的形态特征。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing forensic shoeprint analysis: Application of the Shoe-MS algorithm to challenging evidence 加强法医鞋印分析：Shoe-MS算法在挑战证据中的应用

IF 1.9 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2025-04-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101255

Moonsoo Jang , Alicia Carriquiry , Soyoung Park

Quantitative assessment of pattern evidence is a challenging task, particularly in the context of forensic investigations where the accurate identification of sources and classification of items in evidence are critical. Emerging deep learning approaches can become useful tools for examiners responsible for pattern recognition and analysis. This paper explores the Shoe-MS algorithm, a deep learning-based framework specifically designed for forensic footwear analysis where the input consists of two paired images, and the output is an estimated similarity score that takes on a value between zero and one. We implement Shoe-MS on two different databases that permit assessing the algorithm’s performance for source identification and for the classification of degraded images. Our experimental results demonstrate that the Shoe-MS algorithm achieves high performance across both tasks, highlighting its potential for forensic footwear analysis. No algorithm can substitute examiners, but Shoe-MS produces reliable similarity scores and can help examiners make probabilistic, reproducible, and repeatable assessments. Initial findings suggest that Shoe-MS can be a valuable tool for examiners evaluating pattern evidence, especially when crime scene images are not of the highest quality.

模式证据的定量评估是一项具有挑战性的任务，特别是在法医调查的背景下，准确识别证据来源和对证据物品进行分类是至关重要的。新兴的深度学习方法可以成为负责模式识别和分析的审查员的有用工具。本文探讨了Shoe-MS算法，这是一种专门为法医鞋类分析设计的基于深度学习的框架，其中输入由两个配对图像组成，输出是估计的相似度得分，其值在0到1之间。我们在两个不同的数据库上实现了Shoe-MS，这两个数据库允许评估算法在源识别和退化图像分类方面的性能。我们的实验结果表明，Shoe-MS算法在这两个任务中都实现了高性能，突出了其在法医鞋类分析方面的潜力。没有算法可以替代审查员，但是Shoe-MS产生可靠的相似性分数，并可以帮助审查员进行概率性、可再现性和可重复的评估。初步研究结果表明，Shoe-MS可以成为鉴定人评估模式证据的一种有价值的工具，尤其是在犯罪现场图像质量不高的情况下。

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引用次数: 0

Investigating handheld near-infrared spectroscopy for forensic body fluid analysis 研究手持近红外光谱法用于法医体液分析

IF 1.9 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2025-04-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101259

Álvaro Varela Morillas, Nunzianda Frascione

Forensic casework and crime scene examination will often involve the identification and analysis of biological evidence found on a wide variety of surfaces. One type of biological evidence most commonly encountered at the crime scene is body fluids, such as blood, semen and saliva. During an investigation, it is crucial to confirm the nature of a stain, determine if it is a body fluid and identify which specific body fluid it is. Common chemical tests for the identification of body fluid stains, like Kastle-Meyer or Phadebas test, are presumptive in nature, meaning that they present limited specificity and a certain risk of cross-reactivity. Due to their drawbacks, current literature focuses on developing confirmatory tests that target fluid-specific biomarkers or chemical signatures. The study presented explores the capability of a handheld commercial near-infrared spectrometer for the identification of body fluid stains, as well as obtaining relevant information concerning the donor source of the evidence, such as their biological sex. For this purpose, samples of blood, semen and saliva from healthy human male and female volunteers were gathered, deposited on glass substrates, and analysed at different points in time up to 4 weeks. The spectral data collected was used to build a training library from which chemometric models were designed for the discrimination of body fluids and the identification of the biological sex of the individual source of the evidence. Once suitable models were designed, these were tested against new samples of blood, semen, and saliva, along with samples of household products—fake blood, toothpaste, apple juice— known to appear similar to a body fluid stain or produce false positive results with routine presumptive tests. Although additional data gathering and modelling are still required for the identification of other body fluids, as well as the biological sex of the donor, the results in this study further confirm the capability of this technique to identify blood stains with a low incidence of false positives, presenting itself as an alternative to current presumptive tests that is fast, affordable, and non-destructive.

法医案件工作和犯罪现场检查通常涉及识别和分析在各种各样的表面上发现的生物证据。在犯罪现场最常见的一种生物证据是体液，如血液、精液和唾液。在调查过程中，至关重要的是要确认污渍的性质，确定它是否是体液，并确定它是哪种特定的体液。用于识别体液污渍的常见化学测试，如卡斯特-迈耶测试或Phadebas测试，本质上是推测性的，这意味着它们的特异性有限，并且存在一定的交叉反应风险。由于它们的缺点，目前的文献主要集中在开发针对流体特异性生物标志物或化学特征的验证性测试。该研究探讨了手持式商用近红外光谱仪识别体液污渍的能力，以及获取有关供体证据来源的相关信息，如生物性别。为此，收集了健康男性和女性志愿者的血液、精液和唾液样本，将其存放在玻璃基板上，并在长达4周的不同时间点进行分析。收集到的光谱数据用于建立一个训练库，根据该库设计化学计量模型，用于区分体液和识别个体证据来源的生物性别。一旦设计出合适的模型，这些模型就会与新的血液样本、精液样本、唾液样本以及家用产品样本（假血液、牙膏、苹果汁）进行测试，这些样本已知与体液污渍相似，或者在常规推定测试中产生假阳性结果。虽然还需要收集更多的数据和建立模型来识别其他体液，以及捐赠者的生理性别，但本研究的结果进一步证实了这种技术能够识别血渍，假阳性发生率低，是目前推定检测的一种快速、负担得起和非破坏性的替代方法。

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引用次数: 0

Long-term qualitative analysis of clothing degradation associated with surface-decomposition in Cape Town, South Africa 南非开普敦与表面分解相关的服装降解的长期定性分析

IF 1.9 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2025-04-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101258

Adeyemi Daniel Adetimehin , Maximilian Jan Spies , Devin Alexander Finaughty , Victoria Elaine Gibbon

The effect of clothing on the decomposition process of human and non-human animal bodies has received considerable attention. Yet, little attention has been given to the effect of decomposing bodies on the integrity of carrion-associated clothing globally, with no data from Africa. We conducted a long-term (over three years) micro- and macroscopic qualitative analysis of the degradation of synthetic, natural, and mixed-fiber clothing associated with surface-decomposing porcine bodies in Cape Town, South Africa. Five porcine bodies dressed in seasonally appropriate clothing were surface deployed and allowed to decompose over multiple seasons in the thicketed Cape Flats Dune Strandveld, an environment of forensic interest in Cape Town. Microscopically, the yarns of synthetic (acrylic pullover jerseys), natural (cotton T-shirts), and mixed-fiber (denim jeans) clothing were distorted and degraded within two to six months, one to three months, and one and a half to two years, respectively. Macroscopically, synthetic, and mixed-fiber clothing showed no visible damage after three years and ten months. Conversely, damage in the form of multiple small holes was noticeable on the natural fiber clothing within two to seven months, with complete disintegration of the clothing evident within two and a half years or less. This study is the first to elucidate the degradation of clothing associated with surface-decomposing bodies in Africa. Our findings reveal that the yarns of synthetic, natural, and mixed-fiber clothing associated with surface-decomposing bodies will degrade over time in different ways and can be used as indicators of the minimum time-since-death of clothed deceased individuals.

服装对人类和非人类动物尸体分解过程的影响受到了相当大的关注。然而，很少有人关注腐烂的尸体对全球腐肉相关服装完整性的影响，也没有来自非洲的数据。我们在南非开普敦对与表面分解的猪尸体相关的合成纤维、天然纤维和混合纤维衣服的降解进行了长期（超过三年）的微观和宏观定性分析。五具猪的尸体穿着适合季节的衣服，在开普敦法医感兴趣的茂密的Cape Flats Dune Strandveld上被放置在地面，并在多个季节中分解。从微观上看，合成纤维（腈纶套头衫）、天然纤维（纯棉t恤）和混合纤维（牛仔牛仔裤）的纱线分别在2 ~ 6个月、1 ~ 3个月和1年半~ 2年内发生变形和降解。从宏观上看，合成纤维和混合纤维的衣服在3年零10个月后没有明显的损伤。相反，天然纤维的衣服在2 - 7个月内就会出现多个小洞的损伤，在两年半或更短的时间内，衣服就会完全解体。这项研究首次阐明了与非洲表面分解体相关的衣服降解。我们的研究结果表明，与表面分解的尸体相关的合成纤维、天然纤维和混合纤维衣服的纱线会随着时间的推移以不同的方式降解，这可以作为穿着衣服的死者死亡后最短时间的指标。

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引用次数: 0

Accurate forensic identification of asphyxial deaths: Differentiating strangulation and drowning using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy 窒息死亡的准确法医鉴定：利用ATR-FTIR光谱区分勒死和溺水

IF 1.9 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2025-04-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101257

Hao Wu , Ruina Liu , Gongji Wang , Chen Shen , Xinggong Liang , Run Chen , Mingyan Deng , Shuo Wu , Kai Zhang , Zhenyuan Wang

Asphyxial death is a leading cause of violent death, strangulation is more frequently seen in murder and domestic abuse cases, while drowning is one of the most common causes of accidental death. Therefore, studies on these two causes of death are beneficial to ensuring the administration of justice and increasing detection rate of criminal cases. This study investigated the viability of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy as a method for distinguishing between strangulation and drowning in autolysis and putrefaction cadavers of forensic cases. Utilizing C57BL/6 mice death models, lung tissue samples were analyzed post-mortem using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, alongside traditional histological methods such as Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLSDA) were employed to enhance the spectral data interpretation, demonstrating high accuracy in distinguishing between the two causes of death. The PLSDA model showed a 100 % accuracy in external validations for strangulation and drowning cause of death identification, highlighting the potential of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy combined with machine learning algorithms in forensic applications. The results revealed distinct biochemical signatures for strangulation and drowning, with significant changes observed in the spectral peaks associated with Amide band, protein secondary structures and nucleic acids. The integration of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy provides a non-destructive, rapid, and reliable method for forensic investigators, especially when traditional autopsy results are inconclusive due to autolysis and putrefaction. The study emphasizes how crucial it is to combine ATR-FTIR spectroscopic with histopathological examination and chemometrics to increase the precision and dependability of forensic investigations and support the administration of justice.

窒息死亡是暴力死亡的主要原因，勒死在谋杀和家庭虐待案件中更为常见，而溺水是意外死亡的最常见原因之一。因此，对这两种死因的研究，有利于保障司法公正，提高刑事案件侦破率。本研究探讨了ATR-FTIR光谱作为区分法医自溶尸体和腐烂尸体的勒死和溺水方法的可行性。利用C57BL/6小鼠死亡模型，采用ATR-FTIR光谱分析死后肺组织样本，同时采用苏木精和伊红（HE）染色等传统组织学方法。采用主成分分析（PCA）和偏最小二乘判别分析（PLSDA）来提高光谱数据的解释，在区分两种死亡原因方面显示出较高的准确性。PLSDA模型在绞杀和溺水死因鉴定的外部验证中显示出100%的准确性，突出了ATR-FTIR光谱与机器学习算法相结合在法医应用中的潜力。结果显示，在与酰胺带、蛋白质二级结构和核酸相关的光谱峰中观察到明显的变化，具有明显的绞杀和溺水的生化特征。ATR-FTIR光谱的集成为法医调查员提供了一种无损、快速、可靠的方法，特别是当传统的尸检结果由于自溶和腐烂而无法确定时。该研究强调了将ATR-FTIR光谱与组织病理学检查和化学计量学相结合，以提高法医调查的准确性和可靠性，并支持司法行政的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluation of silver mirror chemical delamination on dusted fingermarks 银镜化学分层对沾尘手印的评价

IF 1.9 4区医学 Q2 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Science & Justice

Pub Date : 2025-04-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101256

R.J. Accioly , E.G. Silva , K.C. Mariotti , C. Fridman

Airborne substances are common contaminants and often interfere on fingermarks compositions and their development procedures. This study analyzed the efficiency of silver mirror delamination technique to develop fingerprints deposited on mirrors submitted to an airflow. The silver mirror delamination consists of subjecting the mirror into a chemical treatment in order to obtain a transparent substrate and improve the conditions for recording fingerprints with simple photography equipment. The fingerprint images were evaluated with LCMetric software and ACE-V methodology. The results showed that fingerprints suffered severe degradation by dust deposition and mirror delamination assessment was unable to recover the vast majority of fingerprints. However, there were fingermarks that achieved “good” quality score in LCMetric software evaluation and were considered with comparison value by human evaluation (ACE-V), making the mirror delamination procedure suitable as a prior and contactless technique among the attempts to recover the contaminated fingermarks.

空气传播的物质是常见的污染物，经常干扰手印成分及其形成过程。本研究分析了银镜分层技术在气流作用下在银镜上沉积指纹的效率。银镜分层是通过对银镜进行化学处理，以获得透明的基片，改善用简单的摄影设备记录指纹的条件。采用LCMetric软件和ACE-V方法对指纹图像进行评价。结果表明，指纹受到粉尘沉积的严重退化，镜像分层评估无法恢复绝大部分指纹。然而，有一些手印在LCMetric软件评估中获得了“良好”的质量分数，并被认为具有人工评估（ACE-V）的比较值，这使得镜像分层程序适合作为恢复污染手印的首选和非接触式技术。

引用次数: 0