Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000239
Zinia Pervin, Mehadi Hassan
ISSN Growing antibiotic resistance has been reported as a great health problem throughout the world. The threat of multidrug resistance is significantly exacerbated in biofilmassociated infection as most of the antimicrobials are rarely effective against biofilm and its virulence factors. Consequently, there is a strong demand for developing novel approaches and new materials to treat biofilm-associated bacterial infection. Engineering technology introduces nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery to reduce treatment failure and increase the synergistic effects of the drugs. Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) are usually attracted to negatively charged bacterial phospholipid membrane and kill the microbial pathogens by disintegrating their cell membrane with the subsequent collapse of infective pathogenesis. Previous studies have already provided evidence of the success of AMPs to treat the biofilm-associated multidrug-resistant bacterial infection. Although, there are some challenges to use AMPs in clinical practice such as proteolytic degradation, cytotoxicity, instability, low membrane permeability which diminishes the effects of AMPs as a wide spectral antibacterial agent. To enhance the highest therapeutic capacity of AMPs, research should need to be performed on designing a combination strategy to triumph over the difficulties of AMPs in the clinical application. The purpose of this review is to investigate the synergistic relationship of AMPs with a different type of antimicrobial agent including a nanocarrier drug delivery system to accomplish the clinical practice against drug-resistant bacterial infection. Copyright 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Synergistic therapeutic actions of antimicrobial peptides to treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infection","authors":"Zinia Pervin, Mehadi Hassan","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000239","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN Growing antibiotic resistance has been reported as a great health problem throughout the world. The threat of multidrug resistance is significantly exacerbated in biofilmassociated infection as most of the antimicrobials are rarely effective against biofilm and its virulence factors. Consequently, there is a strong demand for developing novel approaches and new materials to treat biofilm-associated bacterial infection. Engineering technology introduces nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery to reduce treatment failure and increase the synergistic effects of the drugs. Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) are usually attracted to negatively charged bacterial phospholipid membrane and kill the microbial pathogens by disintegrating their cell membrane with the subsequent collapse of infective pathogenesis. Previous studies have already provided evidence of the success of AMPs to treat the biofilm-associated multidrug-resistant bacterial infection. Although, there are some challenges to use AMPs in clinical practice such as proteolytic degradation, cytotoxicity, instability, low membrane permeability which diminishes the effects of AMPs as a wide spectral antibacterial agent. To enhance the highest therapeutic capacity of AMPs, research should need to be performed on designing a combination strategy to triumph over the difficulties of AMPs in the clinical application. The purpose of this review is to investigate the synergistic relationship of AMPs with a different type of antimicrobial agent including a nanocarrier drug delivery system to accomplish the clinical practice against drug-resistant bacterial infection. Copyright 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"06 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85852371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-03DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000272
D. Nelson, B. Millar, J. Rao, J. Moore
Antibiotic resistance presents a significant challenge to clinical, veterinary and plant health and is now recognized by the WHO as a major emerging problem of global significance. Recently, there has been a paucity of new antibiotics being developed, thus refocussing investigations into natural antimicrobials, especially from plants. Historically, plants have been a rich source of medicines, ranging from chemotherapeutic compounds, anti-inflammatories to antimicrobial agents, where such therapeutic activity has been recognized and exploited by traditional medicine in many countries, particularly in Asia. This review wishes to explore the substances in plants which are antimicrobial and to identify their broad spectrum of activity. In addition, the review discusses the ecological effects of overharvesting of medicinal plants and the consequences for species survival.
{"title":"The role of plants and macrofungi as a source of novel antimicrobial agents","authors":"D. Nelson, B. Millar, J. Rao, J. Moore","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000272","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotic resistance presents a significant challenge to clinical, veterinary and plant health and is now recognized by the WHO as a major emerging problem of global significance. Recently, there has been a paucity of new antibiotics being developed, thus refocussing investigations into natural antimicrobials, especially from plants. Historically, plants have been a rich source of medicines, ranging from chemotherapeutic compounds, anti-inflammatories to antimicrobial agents, where such therapeutic activity has been recognized and exploited by traditional medicine in many countries, particularly in Asia. This review wishes to explore the substances in plants which are antimicrobial and to identify their broad spectrum of activity. In addition, the review discusses the ecological effects of overharvesting of medicinal plants and the consequences for species survival.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"231 - 236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83010453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-03DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000274
Tina Downey, J. Moore, B. Millar
Vaccine uptake can greatly impact on the ability of a country or region to eliminate a disease, which could be detrimental to society if allowed free reign. A high vaccine coverage can produce herd immunity, which confers protection upon the unvaccinated individuals within the population. Although some countries take a voluntary approach to vaccination policies, other countries have mandatory vaccination for specific pathogens. There is a clear inverse correlation between vaccine uptake and incidence of disease and in many countries a trivalent vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella is included in the vaccination schedule. Although naturally acquired immunity is gained from infection by the circulating wild-type virus, the live attenuated vaccine has an effect which wanes over a period of time. In recent years, there has been a global spike in the incidence of both measles and mumps and some authorities are using a third dose of the vaccine to inhibit the spread of any outbreaks which occur. Many factors, such as concerns over vaccine safety and susceptibility to disease have had an impact on vaccine uptake and media bias and misinformation have played a role. With the occurrence of a global pandemic of COVID-19 beginning in late 2019 and continuing for the duration of 2020, access to healthcare and routine vaccination have been affected and vaccine programmes interrupted because of the need for social distancing measures. This may have an impact on future generations, as a significant decline can reduce herd immunity, allowing diseases, which had obtained elimination status to re-emerge.
{"title":"Factors affecting vaccine uptake rate: the story of measles, mumps and rubella","authors":"Tina Downey, J. Moore, B. Millar","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000274","url":null,"abstract":"Vaccine uptake can greatly impact on the ability of a country or region to eliminate a disease, which could be detrimental to society if allowed free reign. A high vaccine coverage can produce herd immunity, which confers protection upon the unvaccinated individuals within the population. Although some countries take a voluntary approach to vaccination policies, other countries have mandatory vaccination for specific pathogens. There is a clear inverse correlation between vaccine uptake and incidence of disease and in many countries a trivalent vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella is included in the vaccination schedule. Although naturally acquired immunity is gained from infection by the circulating wild-type virus, the live attenuated vaccine has an effect which wanes over a period of time. In recent years, there has been a global spike in the incidence of both measles and mumps and some authorities are using a third dose of the vaccine to inhibit the spread of any outbreaks which occur. Many factors, such as concerns over vaccine safety and susceptibility to disease have had an impact on vaccine uptake and media bias and misinformation have played a role. With the occurrence of a global pandemic of COVID-19 beginning in late 2019 and continuing for the duration of 2020, access to healthcare and routine vaccination have been affected and vaccine programmes interrupted because of the need for social distancing measures. This may have an impact on future generations, as a significant decline can reduce herd immunity, allowing diseases, which had obtained elimination status to re-emerge.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"33 1","pages":"158 - 165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91298880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-04DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000271
A. M. Spagnolo, M. Sartini, M. L. Cristina
{"title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the healthcare facility setting","authors":"A. M. Spagnolo, M. Sartini, M. L. Cristina","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000271","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72769233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-19DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000233
R. Ali, Hasan Khudhur, A. Hasan
The current study aimed to identify the bacteria from the gallbladder taken during cholecystectomy of patients with acute and chronic cholecystitis of calculus and acalculus type. The study included 100 patients taken randomly (85 women and 15 men) undergoing cholecystectomy at the general teaching Hilla Hospital from September 2016 to June 2017. For each patient, two samples were taken, which included tissue and stone (if present). All samples were cultured on different media for full bacteriological identification. The infection appears in both sexes, but the rate of infection in women (85%) was higher than men (15%). The most affected age group in both sexes was between 35 and 45 years (30%). Clinically, chronic cholecystitis was the most common (84%) compared with acute cholecystitis (16%). The results of bacterial isolation appeared to be 75% for gallbladder tissue samples and 25% for stones culture. The total number of isolated bacterial samples were 80. Gram-negative bacteria were predominant and represented 86% whereas the Gram-positive group was 13%. The most common bacterial isolates were Salmonella typhi (20%) as Gram-negative bacteria and Enterococcus faecalis (45%) as Gram-positive bacteria. Cholesterol stones were the most common types of gallstones (60%) followed by pigment stone (40%) and mixed type (32%). Also, the study showed changes in the histological structure of the gallbladder, which were characterized by the expansion of the cavity and congestion of the blood vessels in the follicular layer and an increase in the amount of lymphatic tissue diffused in the layers of the gallbladder wall.
{"title":"Microbiology and histological study of gallbladder among acute and chronic cholecystitis in Babylon City, Iraq","authors":"R. Ali, Hasan Khudhur, A. Hasan","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000233","url":null,"abstract":"The current study aimed to identify the bacteria from the gallbladder taken during cholecystectomy of patients with acute and chronic cholecystitis of calculus and acalculus type. The study included 100 patients taken randomly (85 women and 15 men) undergoing cholecystectomy at the general teaching Hilla Hospital from September 2016 to June 2017. For each patient, two samples were taken, which included tissue and stone (if present). All samples were cultured on different media for full bacteriological identification. The infection appears in both sexes, but the rate of infection in women (85%) was higher than men (15%). The most affected age group in both sexes was between 35 and 45 years (30%). Clinically, chronic cholecystitis was the most common (84%) compared with acute cholecystitis (16%). The results of bacterial isolation appeared to be 75% for gallbladder tissue samples and 25% for stones culture. The total number of isolated bacterial samples were 80. Gram-negative bacteria were predominant and represented 86% whereas the Gram-positive group was 13%. The most common bacterial isolates were Salmonella typhi (20%) as Gram-negative bacteria and Enterococcus faecalis (45%) as Gram-positive bacteria. Cholesterol stones were the most common types of gallstones (60%) followed by pigment stone (40%) and mixed type (32%). Also, the study showed changes in the histological structure of the gallbladder, which were characterized by the expansion of the cavity and congestion of the blood vessels in the follicular layer and an increase in the amount of lymphatic tissue diffused in the layers of the gallbladder wall.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"158 1","pages":"95 - 101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84953108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-19DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000259
R. Raoofi, M. Bagherzadeh, Ahmadreza Bazmjoo, H. Shakeri, A. Abbasi, A. Abdoli
The recent coronavirus disease 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has more sequels among patients with comorbidities and coinfections. There are limited data regarding HIV/AIDS associated-coronavirus disease 2019 infection. We present a case of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a 37-year-old HIV-positive female patient. The patient admitted due to dry cough, headache, fatigue and a mild fever (37.6 degrees C) as well as bilateral ground-glass opacification in computed tomography. Her samples were positive by real-time PCR. She recovered and discharged after 16 days of hospitalization with stable conditions. This article presents the clinical symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of the first case of SARS-CoV-2 infection in an Iranian HIV-positive patient. Copyright (C) 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in an Iranian HIV-positive patient","authors":"R. Raoofi, M. Bagherzadeh, Ahmadreza Bazmjoo, H. Shakeri, A. Abbasi, A. Abdoli","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000259","url":null,"abstract":"The recent coronavirus disease 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has more sequels among patients with comorbidities and coinfections. There are limited data regarding HIV/AIDS associated-coronavirus disease 2019 infection. We present a case of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a 37-year-old HIV-positive female patient. The patient admitted due to dry cough, headache, fatigue and a mild fever (37.6 degrees C) as well as bilateral ground-glass opacification in computed tomography. Her samples were positive by real-time PCR. She recovered and discharged after 16 days of hospitalization with stable conditions. This article presents the clinical symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of the first case of SARS-CoV-2 infection in an Iranian HIV-positive patient. Copyright (C) 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85395886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-19DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000256
S. Tumer, M. Bayraktar, A. Öztürk
Background: The incidence of fungal infections, especially by Candida species, has increased in recent years. This study was designed to isolate and identify Candida species from various clinical samples, and to examine their susceptibility to antifungal agents. Methods: A total of 175 Candida species were isolated from different clinical samples, and were identified using germ tube test, Cornmeal agar, and API C 20 AUX and VITEK 2 Compact Systems. Antifungal susceptibility of these isolates was determined using ATB Fungus 3 strip and VITEK 2 antifungal susceptibility cards. The results of these two methods were comparatively assessed. Results: A total of 175 Candida strains were isolated from 114 (65.1%) urine, 42 (24%) blood, eight (4.6%) sputum, seven (4%) endotracheal, and four (2.3%) wound samples. Of isolated Candida species, 102 (58.2%) were Candida albicans, 31 (17.6%) Candida tropicalis, 17 (9.6%) Candida parapsilosis, 13 (7.4%) Candida glabrata, three (1.8%) Candida kefyr, three (1.8%) Candida krusei, two (1.2%) Candida lusitaniae, and one (0.6%) Candida famata. By VITEK 2 antifungal susceptibility cards, the overall resistance rates were 0.6% to each of amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine, and 1.8% to fluconazole. In ATB Fungus 3 strip, the resistance (1.8%) was observed only to fulconazole. All isolates were uniformly susceptible to voriconazole in both methods. Conclusion: Valuable information and data on distribution and susceptibility of Candida strains were obtained. These data may be valuable from epidemiological point of view as well as for proper and optimal therapy of Candida infections in our region (Şanliurfa, Turkey).
{"title":"Distribution of clinical Candida species and their susceptibility to antifungal agents","authors":"S. Tumer, M. Bayraktar, A. Öztürk","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000256","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The incidence of fungal infections, especially by Candida species, has increased in recent years. This study was designed to isolate and identify Candida species from various clinical samples, and to examine their susceptibility to antifungal agents. Methods: A total of 175 Candida species were isolated from different clinical samples, and were identified using germ tube test, Cornmeal agar, and API C 20 AUX and VITEK 2 Compact Systems. Antifungal susceptibility of these isolates was determined using ATB Fungus 3 strip and VITEK 2 antifungal susceptibility cards. The results of these two methods were comparatively assessed. Results: A total of 175 Candida strains were isolated from 114 (65.1%) urine, 42 (24%) blood, eight (4.6%) sputum, seven (4%) endotracheal, and four (2.3%) wound samples. Of isolated Candida species, 102 (58.2%) were Candida albicans, 31 (17.6%) Candida tropicalis, 17 (9.6%) Candida parapsilosis, 13 (7.4%) Candida glabrata, three (1.8%) Candida kefyr, three (1.8%) Candida krusei, two (1.2%) Candida lusitaniae, and one (0.6%) Candida famata. By VITEK 2 antifungal susceptibility cards, the overall resistance rates were 0.6% to each of amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine, and 1.8% to fluconazole. In ATB Fungus 3 strip, the resistance (1.8%) was observed only to fulconazole. All isolates were uniformly susceptible to voriconazole in both methods. Conclusion: Valuable information and data on distribution and susceptibility of Candida strains were obtained. These data may be valuable from epidemiological point of view as well as for proper and optimal therapy of Candida infections in our region (Şanliurfa, Turkey).","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"92 Suppl 2 1","pages":"176 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86629205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-19DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000253
Xiaoqiang Shi, Zhe Wang
Although much progresses have been made, preventing and curing infectious diseases have proven increasingly unable to keep pace with the spread of these pandemics. Therefore, there is fueled demanding for accurate, speed, affordable, and convenient diagnostic assays. Recent years, tremendous efforts to develop the point-of-care (POC) testing have provided plenty of solutions to meet above requirements, their application will be especially useful in resource-limited countries and areas. In this perspective, we discuss the recent advances and emerging potentials of POC diagnostic, mainly focusing on lateral flow immunoassay (LFA), to overview how this powerful and portable platform facilitates to fighting diverse pathogens in our real world. We hope this review can be helpful for interested infectious disease researchers and physicians.
{"title":"The current advances and future perspectives of lateral flow immunoassay for infectious diseases","authors":"Xiaoqiang Shi, Zhe Wang","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000253","url":null,"abstract":"Although much progresses have been made, preventing and curing infectious diseases have proven increasingly unable to keep pace with the spread of these pandemics. Therefore, there is fueled demanding for accurate, speed, affordable, and convenient diagnostic assays. Recent years, tremendous efforts to develop the point-of-care (POC) testing have provided plenty of solutions to meet above requirements, their application will be especially useful in resource-limited countries and areas. In this perspective, we discuss the recent advances and emerging potentials of POC diagnostic, mainly focusing on lateral flow immunoassay (LFA), to overview how this powerful and portable platform facilitates to fighting diverse pathogens in our real world. We hope this review can be helpful for interested infectious disease researchers and physicians.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"70 1","pages":"183 - 189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81799418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-13DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000263
Ba X Hoang, Bo Han
SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) has caused a high number of hospitalizations and deaths. There are currently no approved antiviral drugs or vaccine options available for treatment. Patients with severe cases of COVID-19 are receiving supportive care to manage life-threatening symptoms of viral pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Clinical and pathological evidence suggests that patients with severe COVID-19 infections suffer from cytokine storm syndrome, which leads to unfavorable health outcomes. Unfortunately, the conventional pharmacotherapies for cytokine storm syndrome are associated with immunosuppression and various other side effects that may worsen the patients’ health status and healing capability. This study is to review the literature on how zinc status may affect susceptibility and outcomes of a viral infection, as well as to explore the possible beneficial effects of supplementing zinc to alleviate COVID-19 duration and severity. We propose zinc supplementation as a viable therapeutic approach when used alone or in combination with other drugs to combat cytokine storm syndrome in COVID-19 patients. The supplementation may be especially effective for elderly patients or patients with co-morbidity already deficient in zinc. More level I randomized controlled studies are needed to determine the clinical efficacy of zinc supplementation as a potential low-cost intervention to reduce morbidity and mortality due to pneumonia and ARDS in COVID-19 patients.
{"title":"Micronutrient zinc roles in adjunctive therapy for COVID-19 by enhancing patients immunoregulation and tolerance to the pathogen","authors":"Ba X Hoang, Bo Han","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000263","url":null,"abstract":"SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) has caused a high number of hospitalizations and deaths. There are currently no approved antiviral drugs or vaccine options available for treatment. Patients with severe cases of COVID-19 are receiving supportive care to manage life-threatening symptoms of viral pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Clinical and pathological evidence suggests that patients with severe COVID-19 infections suffer from cytokine storm syndrome, which leads to unfavorable health outcomes. Unfortunately, the conventional pharmacotherapies for cytokine storm syndrome are associated with immunosuppression and various other side effects that may worsen the patients’ health status and healing capability. This study is to review the literature on how zinc status may affect susceptibility and outcomes of a viral infection, as well as to explore the possible beneficial effects of supplementing zinc to alleviate COVID-19 duration and severity. We propose zinc supplementation as a viable therapeutic approach when used alone or in combination with other drugs to combat cytokine storm syndrome in COVID-19 patients. The supplementation may be especially effective for elderly patients or patients with co-morbidity already deficient in zinc. More level I randomized controlled studies are needed to determine the clinical efficacy of zinc supplementation as a potential low-cost intervention to reduce morbidity and mortality due to pneumonia and ARDS in COVID-19 patients.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"44 1","pages":"149 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80915124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-22DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000227
R. Sarmah, R. Khan, K. R. Devi
The oral cavity being one of the important opening encounter huge number of microorganisms via air, water and food. Some of them establish, grow and multiply, form communities inside the cavity. The selection and growth of these microorganisms depend upon the physiochemical environment in the cavity. Various molecules of the host and resident microorganisms are responsible for the environmental conditions. Literatures indicate that change in this molecular content in the cavity may likely change the microbial communities in it. Therefore, in case of various diseased conditions/changed food habit may invite changes in microorganisms inside the oral cavity. Thus association of certain microorganisms or increased number of certain microorganisms in the oral cavity may be a good indicator for disease diagnosis.
{"title":"Microbes in human oral cavity: a review","authors":"R. Sarmah, R. Khan, K. R. Devi","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000227","url":null,"abstract":"The oral cavity being one of the important opening encounter huge number of microorganisms via air, water and food. Some of them establish, grow and multiply, form communities inside the cavity. The selection and growth of these microorganisms depend upon the physiochemical environment in the cavity. Various molecules of the host and resident microorganisms are responsible for the environmental conditions. Literatures indicate that change in this molecular content in the cavity may likely change the microbial communities in it. Therefore, in case of various diseased conditions/changed food habit may invite changes in microorganisms inside the oral cavity. Thus association of certain microorganisms or increased number of certain microorganisms in the oral cavity may be a good indicator for disease diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"41 1","pages":"75 - 82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74925290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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